Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) for Chemistry 2

To the learner:
This worksheet serves as your reference in learning the most essential learning competency/ies in Chemistry 2. The topics included are
simplified for you to easily understand the concepts and principles for you to perform the learning activities and assessment tasks you are required to
do.

You are also given the opportunity to produce a home-based project or solve a problem as application of your learning in this lesson. This
project or problem gives you the opportunity to express your creativity and develop critical thinking skills. This project maybe simple or complex but
having produced one ensures you of active engagement in hands-on activity and collaboration with your co-learners, siblings, parents, neighbors and
experts/industry practitioners in the community.

The learning content in this worksheet might not be enough as source of information to support your solution to the problems or to produce
learning outputs, thus, you are expected to do additional research work through the online resources or internet or conduct interview of experts or
industry practitioners in your community like the carpenters, bakers, chef, auto mechanics, farmers, entrepreneurs, etc.
Your teacher will always be available to support you in your learning journey especially in the course of learning the concepts and skills.
Good luck and stay safe!

Learning Content
The concentration of a solution of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A
concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute. A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute.
In order to calculate the concentration of a solution, each substance that is referenced in the problem must first be classified as a solute or
a solvent. It is useful to describe solution concentration quantitively, in terms of relative masses or volumes.
One method is percent by mass, which is the ratio of the solute’s mass to the solution’s mass, expressed as percent.
mass of the solute x 100
Percent by mass = mass of the solution
Example 1: What is the percent by mass of potassium nitrate (KNO2) in an aqueous solution made by mixing 5.4 g of this substance with 260.0 mL of
water.
(Note: An aqueous solution is a solution that uses water as the solvent)

The mass in grams of water is numerically equal to the volume of the water in milliliters, because
1 mL water has a mass of 1 g. Thus, the mass of the solvent (water) is 260.0 g the mass of the solution is the sum of the masses of the solute and
solvent.
Mass of solution = 5.4 g + 260.0 g = 265.4 g
Substitute the mass of solution and the given mass of solute into the equation for percent by mass and solve
Percent by mass = 5.4 g x 100 = 2.0% (the solution is made up of 2% KNO2)
265.4 g

Example 2: What is the amount (in g) of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) needed to make a 6.00 kg , 3.00 % (by mass) H2O2 solution?
Given: mass of H2O2 solution = 6.00 kg or 6000 g
: 3% H2O2 solution. This means that there are 3 g H2O2 for every 100 g H2O2 solution.
Find : mass of H2O2 (in g)

Using dimensional analysis:

6000 g H2O2 solution x 3 g H2O2 = 180 g H2O2
100 g H2O2 solution

Practice Exercises on Percent by Mass. Practice on solving the following problems. Write your answers on a piece of lined paper. To get the
highest score in each problem (10 points), it is advised you completely show your solutions (what is given in the problem, the equation for solving the
problem, the solution and the final answer with the correct unit)
1. A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has 36.5 g of NaCl dissolved in it. What is the mass/mass percent concentration of the solution?
2. A 7.9% dextrose (also called D-glucose, C6H12O6) solution has a mass of 2.00 × 102 g. What is the mass of the solute in the solution?

Percent by volume is a method of expressing the concentration of solute in a solution made by mixing two liquids.
volume of solute
Percent by volume = volume of solution x 100
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For example, 100 mL of a solution made by mixing water with 50 mL of acetone has a percent by volume of (50 mL/100 mL) x 100 or 50%.

Practice Exercises on Percent by Volume. Practice on solving the following problems. Write your answers on a piece of lined paper. To get the
highest score in each problem (10 points), it is advised you completely show your solutions (what is given in the problem, the equation for solving the
problem, the solution and the final answer with the correct unit)

1. A solution of propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) is prepared by dissolving 67 mL in enough water to have a final volume of 250 mL. What is the volume
percent of the ethanol?
2. What is the percent in volume of isopropyl alcohol in a solution that contains 24 ml of isopropyl alcohol in 1.1 L of water?

Percent by mass/volume. Another version of a percentage concentration is percent by mass/volume which measures the mass or weigh of a
solute (in grams) vs. the volume of solution (in mL)
mass of solute (g) x 100
Mass/Volume Percent = volume of solution(mL)
During the multiplication and division processes that are used to solve this equation, no unit cancelation occurs, because the units that are
present in the numerator and denominator, "g" and "mL," respectively, do not match one another. Therefore, the unit that results from the division of
the indicated quantities is "g/mL," which is a unit that is typically utilized to report the density of a substance. However, these measurements are
distinctive quantities and, consequently, cannot be expressed using the same unit. Therefore, the mass and volume units are eliminated during the
simplification of the mass/volume percent equation, even though "g" and "mL" do not cancel, mathematically. The unit in which a mass/volume percent
concentration is reported is "% m/v," and the chemical formula of the solute is written as the secondary unit on this calculated quantity.
For example, calculate the mass/volume percent of a 762.5 milliliter solution that is prepared by dissolving 289.15 grams of calcium azide,
Ca(N3)2, in water.

As stated, to solve the problem, we need to know what is the solute ad what is the solvent. Because the indicator word "in" is present in the given
statement, the chemical that is mentioned after this word, water, H2O, is the solvent in this solution, and the remaining substance, calcium azide,
Ca(N3)2, is the solute, "by default."
289.15 g Ca(N3)2 x 100
Mass/Volume Percent = 762.5 mL solution
= 37.92131...% m/v Ca(N3)2
= 37.92% m/v Ca(N3)2

For those of you who are interested in getting a career in Foods and Nutrition, here’s one for you.
For example, a can of tomato sauce contains tomatoes, water and spices. You need have to calculate the mass/volume of each ingredient in order to
minimize manufacturing cost yet come up with a product that will sell well in the market. For example, 7 cups (1660 mL) of homemade tomato sauce
was prepared using 1300 g of tomatoes. What is the mass/volume percent of the tomatoes in the sauce?
Using equation 4, we get:
1300 g tomatoes x 100
% m/v (tomatoes) = 1660 mL tomato sauce
= 78 % tomatoes
The other 22% is made of other ingredients like carrots, spices, garlic, onion, olive oil etc.

Practice Exercises on Percent by Mass/ Volume. Practice on solving the following problems.
1. 2 L of an aqueous solution of potassium chloride contains 45 g of KCl. What is the mass/volume percentage concentration of this solution in 100
g/mL?
2. 15 mL of an aqueous solution of sucrose contains 750 mg of sucrose. What is the mass/volume concentration of this solution in g/100mL?

Parts per million. Why is chlorine added to swimming pools? To kill germs and sanitize the water, thus, and making the pool a safer place to swim in.
The chlorine demands needed to maintain a clean pool differs from pool to pool. To express concentration for very dilute concentrations like those
encountered in pollution or in a swimming pool, parts per million (ppm) is the term used.
Mass of solute (g) x 1,000,000
ppm = Mass of solution (g)
Example 1: If there are 0.551 mg of Astatine in 348 g of solution, what is the concentration in ppm?
The answer is 1.58 ppm
Example 2: An aqueous solution has 0.0070 gram of oxygen dissolved in 1000 grams of water. Find the concentration of dissolved oxygen of this
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solution in parts per million.
(Note: A solution contains the entire quantity of solute and solvent: Solution = solute + solvent)
0.0070 g X 1,000,000
ppm = 1000.0 g + 0.0070 g
= 7.0 ppm

Practice Exercises on parts per million (ppm). Practice on solving the following problems.
1. If 0.035 gram of KCl is dissolved in 180 grams of water, what is the concentration of the resulting solution, in ppm?
2. What is the total mass of solute in 2100 g of a solution having a concentration of 5.8 ppm?

The word concentration simply refers to the how strong or weak a solute is in a given solvent. If you prepare calamansi juice in a glass, we
know that putting more calamansi juice than water will make your juice more concentrated while putting less calamansi juice and more water will
make it less concentrated. Likewise, you were introduced to percent by mass, percent by volume and parts per million as a way of expressing the
concentration of a solution.

This will be a lesson on three other ways of expressing concentration of a solution: molarity, molality and mole fraction. These three methods will
describe solution concentrations in terms of the number of moles of the solute.

Before we go any further, let us recall how to get the molar mass of a compound, say Ca(OH)2. The periodic table tells us the following atomic mass:
Ca = 40 x 1 = 40
O = 16 x 2= 32
H= 1x2= 2
74 g/mole This means that if you have 6.02 x 1023 molecules
of Ca(OH)2, it would have a mass of 74 grams
Molarity. One of the most common methods is molarity. It's such a common unit, it has its own symbol, which is a capital letter M. It is also known as
the molar concentration of a solution.
The molarity or molar concentration of a solute is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (not per liter of solvent!)
Equation 1

Sometimes, it may be useful to know the equation for finding the number of moles (n) of the solute: Equation 2
Example: What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 15.0 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in enough water to make a total of 225 mL of
solution?
First, calculate the number of moles of solute present using Eq. 2
mol NaOH = 15.0 g NaOH x 1 mol
40.0 g NaOH
mol NaOH = 0.375 mol NaOH
Then, calculate the number of liters of solution present.
L soln = 225 mL x 1L
1000 mL
= 0.225 L soln
Finally, using equation 1, divide the number of moles of solute by the number of liters of solution
0.375 mol NaOH
M = 0.225 L soln
= 1.69 M NaOH
Another method that you can use is to use dimensional analysis to convert the volume of solution to liters of solution (if necessary)
Step1: Divide the amount of solute by the volume of solution regardless of the initial units given
15 g NaOH
M = 223 mL solution
Step 2: Use dimensional analysis. I find the box method more convenient.
15 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH 1000 mL
225 mL solution 40 g NaOH 1 L solution
or 15 g NaOH x 1 mol NaOH x 1000 mL
M = 225 mL soln 40 g NaOH 1 L soln
= 1.67 mol NaOH
1 L soln
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 M = 1.67 M NaOH

Molality Like molarity, molality also involves moles. The molality or molal concentration of a solution is calculated by taking the moles of solute and
dividing by the kilograms of solvent. It is a measure of solute concentration in a solution.
Equation 3

A solution is composed of two components; solute and solvent. Molality needs

to calculate the mass of the solvent and moles of solute. If you know molarity,
solving problems in molality is not a problem.
The table shows how we compare molarity and molality

Example 1: What is the molality when 0.750 mol is dissolved in 2.50 L of solvent?
0.750 mol
Molality (m) = 2.50 kg
The answer is 0.300 mol/kg. Notice that both the units of mol and kg remain. Neither cancels.

Example 2: Suppose you had 47.33 grams of NaCl and you dissolved it in exactly 2.00 kg of pure water (the solvent). What would be the molality of the
solution?
The solution to this problem involves two steps.
Step 1: convert 47.33 grams of NaCl to moles. (Use equation 2)
n = 47.33 g NaCl = 0.81 mol
58.45 g/mol
Step 2: solve for molality
Molality (m) = 0.81 mol = 0.41 m
2.00 kg
Example 3: Calculate the molality when 75.0 grams of MgCl2 is dissolved in 500.0 g of solvent.
1 mol 1 = 1.58 mol/kg
75.0 g MgCl2 x 95.21 g MgCl2 x 0.500 kg solvent

Example 4: Calculate the molality of 25.0 grams of KBr dissolved in 750.0 mL pure water.
(Note: 1 mL = 0.001 kg)
1 mol 1 = 0.280 mol/kg
25.0 g KBr x 119 g KBr x 0.750 kg

A 4-g sugar cube (Sucrose: C12H22O11) is dissolved in a 350 ml teacup of 800C water. If the density of the water at 800C is 0.975 g/ml, what is the
molality of the sugar solution?
Step 1: Determine the number of moles of 4 grams of sucrose (C12H22O11)
1 mol
4 g x 342 g = 0.0117 mol
Step 2: Determine the mass of the solvent (water) from d = m/v
m = (d)(v)
= 0.975 g/ml x 350 ml
= 341.25 g or 0.341 kg
Step 3: Determine the molality of the sugar solution using Eq. 3
0.0117 mol
m = 0.341 kg = 0.034 mol/kg

Mole fraction. The mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of solute or solvent to the total number of moles of solute plus solvent in a
solution. The mole fraction for the solvent (XA) and the mole fraction for the solute (XB) are equal to
nA nB
XA = nA + nB Xb = nA + nB Equation 4

where nA is the number of moles of solvent and nB is the number of moles of solute.

For example, suppose you want to find the mole fraction of the solvent and of the solute in a solution that contains 215 g of water and 44.0 g of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH).
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 Step 1: Equation 4 shows that the number of moles of the solvent and the solute are needed, thus,
determine the number of moles of the solute and the solvent by dividing each mass by its
molar mass
1 mol H2O
nH2O = 215 g H2O x 18 g H2O = 11.94 mol H2O

1 mol NaOH
nNaOH = 44.0 g NaOH x 40 g NaOH = 1.10 mol NaOH

Step 2: substitute the values into Equation 4

XH2O = 11.9 mol H2O = 0.915
11.9 mol + 1.10 mol
XNaOH = 1.10 mol NaOH = 0.0846
11.9 mol + 1.10 mol
What do these numbers mean? Simply, in the solution, 91.5% of the molecules are water and 8.46% are NaOH.

Practice Exercises on Molarity. Practice on solving the following problems. You need to have a copy of the periodic table and a calculator.
1. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 1.724 moles of H2SO4 in 2.50 L of solution?
2. What is the molarity of the following solutions:
a. 10 moles of potassium fluoride (KFl) dissolved in 0.10 L solution
b. 10 grams of potassium fluoride (KFl) dissolved in 010ml solution
c. 952 g of ammonium carbonate (NH2)2CO3 dissolved to make 1750 mL solution
This is a molarity concept map. You had used concept maps before, so this is nothing new to you.
Use the concept map to solve the problems below

3. How many moles of solute are contained in 3.0 L of a 1.5 M solution?

4. Determine the molarity of 500 mL of a solution with 0.035 mol of dissolved solute.

Practice exercises on Molality (same directions as above)

1. Find the molality of 9.0 g of Benzene (C6H6) dissolved in 30.2 g of CCl4.
2. Find the molality of 2.2 mol of KCl in 22 mol of water.

Practice exercises on Mole fraction (same directions as above)

1. determine the mole fraction of the solvent and the solute in each of the following:
a. 855 g of water and 448 g of ethanol (C2H5OH)
b. 761.0 g water and 70.o g of calcium chloride (CaCl2)
c. 945 g of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and 265 g of benzene (C6H6)
2. What is the mole fraction of MgF2 in a solution that has 20.0g of MgF2 dissolved in 80.0g of
water?

References

Chemistry Matter and Change Handbook. Solution Concentration (Glencoe McGraw-Hill, n.a,2015) New York.

Estrella Mendoza and Teresita Religioso. Chemistry (Phoenix Publishing House, 1994) Manila

Chemistry Libretexts Library. Units of Concentration. (Mindtouch, 2020). Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Ch
emistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Solution_Basics/Units_Of_Concentration

Ye, Molarity Practice Problems (n.a. 2020) retrieved from

http://chemistrye.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/7/0/37707825/u2ws7_molarity_and_dilutions.pdf
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