Commission on Higher Education

Region V
CALABANGA COMMUNITY COLLEGE
San Isidro, Calabanga, Camarines Sur

MODULE 3
Learning objectives:

At the end of this module, student should be able to:

1. Define painting, tempera, water color, pastel, acrylic and fresco.

2. Describe the mediums of visual arts.
3. Enumerate the kinds of materials used by the painters applied to wet plaster, canvas, wood or paper.
4. Explain the three possible interpretations of the painting.
5. Define sculpture.
6. Enumerate the kinds of architectural designs.
7. Demonstrate how the mediums of visual arts are used to create works of art.

Introduction:

Medium is referring to the material which are used by an artist. It is the means by which
communicate his ideas. Many mediums have been used by in creating different work of art. The architect
uses wood, bamboo, bricks, stone; the sculptor uses wood and metals like bronzes; while the painter uses
pigments on wood or canvass. Medium is very essential to art.

Pre-Competency Checklist: (Formative/Diagnostic Assessment)

Answer the following question for at least 3-5 sentences as you respond in every query.

1. What are the different mediums in painting? Describe each briefly.

2. What mediums is popular to painters? Why?

Learning Resource:

1. Discussion of PowerPoint Presentation through Google classroom

2. Sanchez, Custodiosa, Loreto V. Jao and Paz Abad. INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMANITIES.
3. Ballo, Guido. THE CRITICAL EYE. A New Approach to Art Appreciation.
4. Calsado, Tony. ARCHITECTURE.
5. Horst, Louise. MODERN DANCE FORMS.
6. Dudley, L. and Austin, Faricy. THE HUMANITIES.
7. Ortis, Ma. Aurora R. Teresita Erestain, A. Guillermo, and M. Montano. ART: PERCEPTION AND
APPRECIATION.
8. https://www.slideshare.net/janril/art-appreciation-creativity-imagination-and-expression
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJZVuu-L2wk
10. https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Art/
A_World_Perspective_of_Art_Appreciation_(Gustlin_and_Gustlin)/
01%3A_A_World_Perspective_of_Art_Appreciation/1.01%3A_What_Is_Art_Appreciation#:~:text=Art
%20appreciation%20centers%20on%20the,and%20a%20sense%20of%20beauty.
11. https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/

Explore: (Task/Activity)

MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

MEDIUM - is refers to the material which are used by an artist. It is the means by which
communicate his ideas. Many mediums have been used by in creating different work of art.
PAINTING

Is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by

the use of pigments. Different mediums are used in painting. The
materials of a painter are pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas,
wood or paper.

Oil

In oil paintings, the pigment is mixed in oil. The surface use is usually canvas although other
surfaces is wood, paper and metal maybe used. This method is been used since15th century. There are 2
types of oil painting. The direct and Indirect method.

1. The direct methods, the paint is opaque and are applied to the surface as they are look to the finish
product.

2. The indirect method, the paints are applied in thin layer of transparent color.

Advantages of Oil Painting

The oil paint dries slowly and has the tendency to rise to the surface and form a film over the picture
making it appear dull, and also has a tendency to become yellow and crack so thy preservation usually
become a problem.

Carlos “Batong “Francisco-Oil Painting

Tempera

Before oils were in general use, a type of painting called tempura was popular. This is a mixture of
ground pigments and an albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg, gum or glue, used by Egyptian.
Medieval and Renaissance painters. It is still used today.

The characteristic of tempera is being an emulsion. Usually done on a wooden panel

 Watercolor

Good water color is not easy to make. It requires a high

degree of technical dexterity. In watercolor, the pigments are mixed
with water and applied to fine, white paper. The colors are applied in
very thin layers.

FRESCO

The most popular painting is fresco. The color is mixed

with water and applied to fresh plaster which absorb the colors.
flourished during 15th to 16th century when Messasio,
Michelangelo, Raphael, Tintoretto and others covered the wall of
Italian churches with their masterpiece.

Pastel

Pastel is the more recent medium. Pastel color

possesses only surface of light give no glazed effect and
mostt closely resembles dry pigment. The pigment is
bound so as to form crayon which is applied to the
surface, usually a paperr.

Acrylic

The newest medium and one that is uses widely by

painters today. The combine the transparency and quick drying
qualities of watercolor and arecas flexible

SOME OF FAMOUS FILIPINO PAINTERS AND THEIR WORKS

1. Fernando Amorsolo

He was portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscape. In all paintings, his nationalistic fervor
was evident. His painting often portrayed traditional Filipino culture, customs, fiestas, and occupation. He
used natural light in his paintings. He painted outdoors to be able to catch the effect of light on objects
through the use of colors.

He developed the back-lightning technique that brilliantly depicted the luminous golden glow of the
sun's ray on his subject. These techniques became his trademark and his greatest contribution to the
Philippine paintings.
2. Fabian Dela Rosa

He was noted for being an outstanding painter of

women's portrait. He was also best remembered for painting
landscape in everyday scenes with women depicted as simple
yet regal in doing daily activity such as weaving, chatting, going
to church, planting rice in the field and washing clothes. He skill
in portraiture has rarely been equal except perhaps by Fernando
Amorsolo

3. Carlos "Botong" Francisco

He single handedly brought back the art of mural

painting in the Philippines. He was in the forefront of
modernist art in the country. He was best known for his
historical epics. One of his favorite subjects is fiesherfolks.
The image of his women subjects came from mythology,
history, legends, coustoms and contemporary life.

4. Jose Joya

He was the Filipino abstract painter. He

pioneered abstract expressionism in the Philippines. His
canvases characterized by dynamic spontaneity and
quick gestures of action painting. Known as an abstract
expressionist, he adapted values of kinetic energy and
spontaneity painting, mastering the art of gestures
painting where paint is applied by broad burst strokes.
His works was influenced by the tropical landscape in the
Philippines.
 5. Ang Kiukok

He first attained prominence in the Philippine

Arts scene 1960s. He fused influences from cubism,
expressionism, and surealism. Some classified his
style as "figurative expressionism". He favored subject
as fighting cocks, rabid dogs, and people enacted by
range of bound chairs. The intensity of his works stood
in contrast to his personality described as placid and
affable.

6. Juan Luna

In 1884, his masterpiece "Spoliarium" won first prize at the

National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. His other masterpieces
are the "Death of Cleopatra" and the "Blood Compact".

7. Vicente Manansala

A Philippine cubist painter and illustrator. His

canvases were described as masterpiece that brought the
cultures of the barrio and the city together. His "Madonna of
the Slums" is portrayal of a mother and child from the country
side who became urban folks’ culture with congestion of the
city. His work included the Murals of the Station of the cross
in the church of the parish of the holy sacrifice in the
University of the Philippine.

8. Hernando R. Ocampo

He was credited of a new mode of abstraction

that exemplifies Philippine flora and fauna and portrays
sunshine’s, star and rains. Using movements and bold
colors. He utilized fantasy and science fictions as the
basis food his works. His art is described to be "abstract
of composition of biological forms that seemed of
oscillate, quiver, inflame and multiply like mutations".

9. Damian Domingo

He was active in the early part of 19th century as painter of

miniature portraits and religious images. He was known for his miniature
portraits on Ivory and oil portrait on canvas. He was likely the first in
Asia to use the western principles of foreground, middle ground and
background perspective among the other artistic techniques. He
became one of the most sought-after artists of his time.
10. Mauro Malang Santos

He is self-taught painter who began his career as

comic strip illustrator. He paints freely and
encumbered in gauche and oil pastel, on a large
canvas and on a paper. His paintings have been said
to celebrate the Philippines landscape. Its people and
tradition in happy fiesta colors. He was well awarded
artist. Among the awards he received are (TOYM
1963, GAWAD CCP Artist of the year (Society Artist
and Cartoonist) and Patnubay ng Sining at
Kalinangan from the city of Manila. Women are his
favorite artist and also Philippine landscape, where
nipa and shanties take on a quality on squalor. His
colors are generally bright and vivid.

11. Benidecto Bencab Cabrera

He is a pioneer among Filipino painters. His skillful depiction of

social issues, most especially those most relevant to Filipino, is
believed by many to be the foundation of his success. Because
of his involvement with social commentary and the topics of
repression and freedom and creating art sa a social issue,
Bencab has painted a wide variety of subjects.

SCULPTURE

In choosing a subject for sculpture, the

most important thing is material. The substances
available for sculpture are limitless. Some of the
earliest sculptures are made of bone or wood.
Two major sculpture process, subtractive and
addictive.

Stone and Bronze

Stone is durable, resistant to the element fire and other hazardous, on the other hand its heavy and
break easily. Marbles is the most beautiful stone; it has always been favorite materials in Greece and Italy
where it is plentiful.
 Wood

The advantage of wood is that it is cheap, readily

available, and easy to cut. It also polishes well and has a
smoot shiny surface and beautiful color. The main drawback in
using wood is that is limited in size, and burn easily. Wooden
sculptures are known to discolor and decay easily in the
Philippine climate

Terra Cotta

Is usually referred as terra cotta, which literally means

"cook earth". It is usually painted and coated with heavy
glaze. Terra cotta breaks and chips easily. It is not strong
material and it cannot stand great strain or weight. Terra cotta
is nevertheless is a beautiful and versatile medium.

Ivory

Unlike the
wooden sculpture, a large number of old ivory statues have
survived to the present time. The survival due to the intensive
 values of material. Ivory lends itself to technical mastery. It also popular to ordinary crafts people.
Many of statues of saints in Philippine churches and homes have head and arms made of ivory,
Ivory though, lacks the vigor of wooden statues. Like wood it also cracks.

Other material

The list of material available to the modern

sculpture has become longer. The metals aluminum,
chromium, and steel, plastic, chemically treated clay and
stone, for casting in liquid form are now being used. Plastic
is less expensive plastic and its lightness make it
preferable to other materials.

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is an art. It is the art of designing, constructing a building. It also by its definition,
functional. One of the most primary purpose of architecture is to fulfil a need that led to its creation. The type
of construction to be employed also determined the choice of materials to be used. These maybe the
following: post-and-lintel, arch, and cantilever.

The Post-and-Lintel is the earliest of the three. It consists of two

vertical posts for support (post) and a horizontal one (lintel). The
post-and-lintel is generally used for wooden buildings.

The Arch is dominant in Roman architecture. It is an

architectural form build from pieces of wood called voussoir with joint
between them and are arrange in a semi-circle. All materials in an
arch are in compression. Since stonei can stand great pressure and
is durable, those method is typical for stone construction.

The Cantilever is any structural part of projecting horizontallyyand

anchored at one end only. This method of construction needs a beam with
a great tensile strength that can be securely fastened at the supported end.

Wood- Is the common building material today. Its advantage are its
abundance, relstive durability and high tensile and compression strength.

Stone- Is the material used in most great achitecture of the world where permanence is desired.
 Steel- It is tough alloy of iron in variable amounts. The useof structural steel makes it possible for
the architect to build many of he present-day structures without worrying about the problem of space and
weight of other material. It has also made possible the building of the high-rise structure which are gery
popular these days.

Post-Competency Checklist (Formative Assessment)

1. Name the disadvantages of fresco as medium for visual arts.

2. Give the factors that contribute to style in architecture.
3. Search the google and download the picture of some famous Filipino painters and write report or
evaluation of the painting made by them.
4. What is the contribution of famous Filipino painters in the development of personality of man?
5. What are the kinds of materials used in preparing a sculpture?
6. Prepare your own materials to perform an actual painting this is an individual job.
7. What is faultless, clean ground an important requirement for tempera painting?
8. Why are good watercolor painting is not easy to make?
9. What are the materials are available for sculpture to use as a medium?
10. What are the basic types of construction?

Assignment:

1. Name the methods associated with or suggested by:

a. Horizontal lines
b. Vertical lines
c. Diagonal lines
d. Curved lines
2. What is the color of the spectrum?
3. Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. How will understanding of value help the artist in
his use of color?
4. What is the difference between linear perspective and aerial perspective?
5. What determines the color objects? Give example.
6. How do painters, sculptors or architects create different textures on their work?

Acknowledgements:

This CCC modules for Art Appreciation (Humanities 1) is a part of a different kinds of textbooks and
other materials written by different authors to develop its own instructional materials anchored on the
curriculum and responsive to the aptitudes and the teaching and learning environment of the Philippine
setting. The writer compiles the information from different author and prepared the information in modular
format.

I would like to express their great gratitude, deep appreciation and thank to the following:

Sanchez, Custodiosa, Loreto V. Jao, Paz Abad, Ballo, Guido, Calsado, Tony, Horst, Louise, Dudley,
L., Austin, Faricy, Ortis, Ma. Aurora, R. Teresita Erestain, A. Guillermo, and M. Montano for their books,
pamphlets & hand-outs that served as a reference in preparing this module.

The Google chromes, whose picture were used in this CCC module and for the electronics copy of
books, pamphlets & hand-outs.

My students in Art Appreciation (Humanities 1) for sharing and prepared the materials in preparing
this module and whose interest has been a source of inspiration.

To you all, my heartfelt thanks.

DR.GIL F. PANGINDIAN
Associate Professor 5