Fundamental of Strucutred

Programming

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 ARRAY
CHAPTER 7

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 Arrays Hold Multiple Values

 Array: variable that can store multiple

values of the same type.
 Values are stored in consecutive memory
locations.
 Declared using [] operator.
 General Form: Datatype arrayName [SIZE];

 Example: const int ISIZE = 5;

int tests[ISIZE];
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 Array Storage in Memory
 The Definition:
int tests[ISIZE];// ISIZE is 5
 Allocates the following memory:
0 1 2 3 4

tests[0] tests[1] tests[2] tests[3] tests[4]

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3 Element 4 Element 5

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 Array Terminology
 In the definition int tests[ISIZE];

– int is the data type of the array elements.

– tests is the name of the array.
– ISIZE, in [ISIZE], is the size declarator.
It shows the number of elements in the array.
– The size of an array is the number of bytes
allocated for it :
(number of elements) * (bytes needed for each element)

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Array Terminology

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 Array Terminology Examples

 Examples:

 Assumes int uses 4 bytes and double uses 8 bytes

const int ISIZE = 5, DSIZE = 10;
int tests[ISIZE]; // holds 5 ints,
array occupies 20 bytes (4*5).

double volumes[DSIZE];// holds 10

doubles,array occupies 80 bytes (10*8).

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 Accessing Array Elements

 Each array element has a subscript, used

to access the element.
 Array elements accessed by arrayName
and subscript.
 Subscripts start at 0

subscripts 0 1 2 3 4
– First element at position 0
– n element array c:
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ]…c[ n - 1 ]

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Accessing Array Elements
Name of array (all elements of this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543 int c [12];
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the element within array c

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 Accessing Array Elements

 Examples:
tests
0 1 2 3 4

tests[0] = 79;
cout << tests[0];
cin >> tests[1];
tests[4] = tests[0] + tests[1];
cout << tests; // illegal due to
// missing subscript

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 Arrays Examples

const int SIZE = 6;

int Hight[SIZE];

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 Inputting and Displaying
Array Contents

 cout and cin can be used to display

values from and store values into an array
const int ISIZE = 5;
int tests[ISIZE];//Define 5-elt Array.
cout << "Enter first test score ";
cin >> tests[0];

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Inputting and Displaying
Array Contents

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 Array Subscripts

 Array subscript can be an integer constant,

integer variable, or integer expression.
 Examples: Subscript is
cin >> tests[3]; int constant
cout << tests[i]; int variable
cout << tests[i+j]; int expression

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 Accessing All Array Elements

 To access each element of an array:

– Use a loop.
– Let the loop control variable be the array
subscript.
– A different array element will be referenced
each time through the loop
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cout << tests[i] << endl;

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 Array Initialization

 Can be initialized during program execution

with assignment statements
tests[0] = 79;
tests[1] = 82; // etc.
 Can be initialized at array definition with an
initialization list
const int ISIZE = 5;
int tests[ISIZE] ={79,82,91,77,84};

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Array Initialization

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 Implicit Array Sizing
 Can determine array size by the size of
the initialization list
short quizzes[]={12,17,15,11};

12 17 15 11

 Must use either array size declarator or

initialization list when array is defined

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Implicit Array Sizing

for(int val = 0 ; val<size;val++)

cout<< planets[val]<<endl;

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Implicit Array Sizing

// Finds size of string array : planets[]

int size = sizeof(planets)/sizeof(planets[0]);
for(int val = 0 ; val<size;val++)
cout<< planets[val]<<endl;

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 The Range-Based for Loop
 The range-based for loop is designed to work with a
built-in variable known as the range variable.
 Each time the range-based for loop iterates, it copies
an array element to the range variable.
 Example, the first time the loop iterates, the range
variable will contain the value of element 0,
 The second time the loop iterates, the range variable
will contain the value of the
element 1, and so forth.

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 The Range-Based for Loop
 The General Form:

 dataType must be the same as the data type of the

array elements.
 rangeVariable is the name of the range variable.
 array is the name of an array on which you wish the
loop to operate.
statement is a statement that executes during a loop
iteration.

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 The Range-Based for Loop
 The General Form:

 Example:
[]

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The Range-Based for Loop

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 Using Increment and Decrement
Operators with Array Elements

 When using ++ and -- operators, don’t

confuse the element with the subscript
tests[i]++; // adds 1 to tests[i]
tests[i++]; // increments i, but has
// no effect on tests
// array value.

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 Copying One Array to Another
 The following code defines two integer arrays:
newValues and oldValues.
 newValues is uninitialized and oldValues is
initialized with 10, 100, 200, and 300.
Example:
const int SIZE = 4;
int oldValues[SIZE] = {10, 100, 200, 300};
int newValues[SIZE];
newValues = oldValues; // Wrong!

for (int count = 0; count < SIZE; count++)

newValues[count] = oldValues[count];

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 Copying One Array to Another
 Cannot copy with an assignment
statement:
tests2 = tests; //won’t work
 Must instead use a loop to copy element-
by-element:
for (int indx=0; indx < ISIZE; indx++)
tests2[indx] = tests[indx];

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 Sum, Average of Array
Elements
 Use a simple loop to add together array
elements:
float average, sum = 0;
for (int tnum=0; tnum< ISIZE; tnum++)
sum += tests[tnum];
 Once summed, average can be computed
average = sum/ISIZE;

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 Largest Array Element
 Use a loop to examine each element and find the
largest element (i.e., one with the largest value)
int largest = tests[0];
for (int tnum = 1; tnum < ISIZE; tnum++)
{ if (tests[tnum] > largest)
largest = tests[tnum];
}
cout << "Highest score is " << largest;

 A similar algorithm exists to find the smallest element.

for (int tnum = 1; tnum < ISIZE; tnum++)
{ if (tests[tnum] < smallest)
smallest = tests[tnum];
}
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 Exercise
 Largest/Smallest Array Values:
Write a program that lets the user enter
10 values into an array. The program
should then display the largest and
smallest values stored in the array.

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Answer

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