13 1. ChamestryBoard 20241517 1590 Compressed

imvqb  1517
imvqb
XvKv †evW©-2024
imvqb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 3 7
mgq : 25 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 25
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó DË‡ii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb- 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †Ìqv hv‡e bv|
1. †KvbwU D‡ËRK c`v_©? 14. †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MV‡bi †¶‡Î †K›`ªxq cigvYy AóK Gi wbqg †g‡b P‡jÑ
K bvBUªvm A·vBW L †K¬vi †ebwRb i. CCl4 ii. BCl3 iii. H2S
M wg_vbj N †ebwRb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2. †KvbwUi Avš@t AvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q †ewk? K i I ii L ii I iii
K H2 L N2 M Cl2 N I2 M i I iii N i, ii I iii
3. Uvs‡÷‡bi cÖZxK †KvbwU?  A + Br2  CH3  CHBr  CH2Br
K Sb LW M Pb N Hg Dc‡ii DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
4. †KvbwU‡Z B‡jKUªb Av‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡e? 15. A Gi mv‡_ cvwbi wewµqvq Kx cvIqv hvq?
K 5s L 5d M 4p N 4f K †cÖv‡cb L ˆRe GwmW
5. 27gm cvwb‡Z KZ †gvj cvwb we`¨gvb? M MÐvBKj N A¨vj‡Kvnj
K 0.5 L1 M 1.5 N2
16. 'A' †hŠMwUÑ
 wb‡Pi ch©vq mviwYi LwÊZ Ask n‡Z 6 I 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
O G i. ms‡hvRb wewµqv †`q ii. cwjgvi Drcbœ K‡i
A Cl iii. (KMnO4 + KOH) `ªeY Øviv RviY wewµqv †`q
[GLv‡b AIG cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq] wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
6. †KvbwU AwaK Zwor FYvÍK †gŠj? K i I ii L ii I iii
KO LG M Cl NA
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
7. A, G I Cl †gŠjMy‡jvi †¶‡ÎÑ
17. Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii g–j Dcv`v‡b †Kvb avZz _v‡K?
i. G-Gi AvKvi †QvU ii. A-Gi AavZe ag© †ewk
K Al L Mg
iii. A-A‡c¶v Cl Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk M Na N Ca
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 18. Kvco KvPv †mvWv‡Z KZ AYy cvwb hy³ _v‡K?
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii K 24 L 10 M7 N5
8. †Kvb †hŠMg–j‡Ki †hvRbx 1? 19. 10g K¨vjwmqvg KZ MÖvg Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv m¤•bœ K‡i?
K bvB‡UªU L Kve©‡bU M mvj‡dU N dm‡dU K 32 L 16 M8 N4
9. 235
92
U +
1
0
n 
141
56
X +
92
36
Y + 3
1
0
n + cÖ
P i
z kw³; wewµqvwU‡ZÑ 20. †KvbwU g„` Zwor we‡kÐl¨?
i. Y-wbw®Œq †gŠj ii. X-2bs MÖ“‡ci †gŠj K CH3COOH L H2SO4
iii. wbDwK¬qvi wdkb msNwUZ nq M CuSO4 N NaCl
39
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?  A= 19
X+
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii Dc‡ii DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 21 I 22bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
10. g–‡Îi pH KZ? 21. 'A' Gi wbDUªb msL¨v KZ?
K1 L 4.8 M6 N 8.1 K 18 L 19 M 20 N 39
11. †mvwWqvg _v‡qvmvj‡dU †hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb KZ? 22. 'A' Gi †kl ¯@‡i B‡jKUªb msL¨v KZ?
K +2 L +4 M +6 N +8 K1 L6 M8 N 18
12. Cu2Cl2 + Cl2  2CuCl2; GwU †Kvb ai‡bi wewµqv? 23. †KvbwU ga¨g gv‡bi mwµq avZz?
K ms‡hvRb L ms‡kÐlY K Au L Al M Zn N Hg
M we‡qvRb N bb-†iW· 24. C-H Gi eÜb kw³ KZ wK‡jvRyj/†gvj?
13. †KvbwU †c‡U GwmwWwUi mgm¨v `–i K‡i? K 326 L 344 M 391 N 414
K Ca(OH)2 I Al(OH)3 L Ca(OH)2 I Al(OH)2 25. wcZ‡j Kcv‡ii mshyw³ KZ?
M Mg(OH)2 I Al(OH)3 N Mg(OH)2 I NaOH K 65% L 90% M 91% N 95%
 Lvwj NiMy‡jv‡Z †cbwmj w`‡q DËiMy‡jv †j‡Lv| Gici cÖ`Ë DËigvjvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`‡Lv †Zvgvi DËiMy‡jv mwVK wK bv|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1518
XvKv †evW©-2024
imvqb (ZË¡xq-m„Rbkxj) welq †KvW 1 3 7
mgq : 2 NÈv 35 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 50
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c–Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcKMy‡jv g‡bv‡hvMmnKv‡i co Ges mswkÐó cÖkœM‡y jvi h_vh_ DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv cuvPwU
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1| Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Y UV
5| C2H6 + Cl2  C2H5Cl + HCl
(X) (A)
K. wewµqvi nvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
[GLv‡b C  H, Cl  Cl, C  Cl Ges H  Cl Gi eÜb kw³
L. mKj ¶viB ¶viK wKš‘ mKj ¶viK ¶vi bqÑ
h_vµ‡g 414 kJ/ mole, 244 kJ/ mole, 326 kJ/mole Ges 431
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
kJ/ mole]
M. Drcbœ †hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb wbY©q K‡iv| 3 K. M‡elYv Kx? 1
N. ʻXʼ avZzi ˆZwi c`v‡_©i Dci ʻYʼ avZzi cÖ‡jc †Ìqv
L. †ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM- e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
m¤¢e- wPÎmn cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv
M. wewµqvwUi H Gi gvb wbY©q K‡iv| 3
K‡iv| 4
N. ʻAʼ †hŠM †_‡K cÖvß cwjgvi cwi‡e‡k `–lY NUvq-
2| (i) S + O2  X(g) mgxKiYmn eY©bv K‡i| 4
(ii) NO + O2  Y(g) 6| 1X, 7Y, 21Z
(iii) C + O2  Z(g)
[GLv‡b X, Y Ges Z cÖZxKx A‡_©, cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji
(iv) 2FeCl2 + Cl2  2FeCl3
cÖZxK bq]
K. Awjqvg Kx? 1
K. cÖZxK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. †ewKs cvDWvi Kxfv‡e †KK †dvjvq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
L. wµÞb GKwU wbw®Œq †gŠjÑ e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. cwi‡e‡ki Dci X(g), Y(g) Ges Z(g) Gi ¶wZKi
M. B‡jKKUªb web¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ch©vq mviwY‡Z 'Z'
cÖfve wewµqvmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
†gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q K‡iv| 3
N. (iv) bs wewµqvi jeYØ‡qi mv‡_ jNy ¶v‡ii wewµqvq
N. ʻXʼ Ges ʻYʼ Øviv MwVZ †hŠMwUi Rjxq `ªeY †Kvb
GKB e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o wK bv- DË‡ii mc‡¶ cÖK…wZi? †hŠMwUi eÜb MVbmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 4
mgxKiYmn hyw³ `vI| 4
7| (i) Na + O2  Na2O
40C
3| (i) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  A + H2O (ii) HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 
(ii) C12H25SO4H + NaOH  B + H2O (iii) FeSO4 + NaOH 
K. wbtmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. wdUwKwii ms‡KZ †j‡Lv| 1
L. †gv‡gi `n‡b Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 L. Kc–©i EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_© e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. Kx cwigvY Ca(OH)2 eënvi Ki‡j 250 gm ʻAʼ M. (i) bs mgxKiYwU †iW· wewµqv- mgxKiYmn e¨vL¨v
Drcbœ n‡e? wbY©q K‡iv| 3 K‡iv| 3
N. ʻBʼ †hŠMwUi GKwU cÖvš@ †Zj ev ayjvevwj AcmviY N. (ii) I (iii) wewµqv GKB ai‡bi wK bv? mgxKiY
K‡i h_vh_ wµqv‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 m¤•–Y©KiYmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 4
8| †gŠj †kl ¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb web¨vm ch©vq
4| (i) H2O
A ns2 sp5 2q
(ii) Zn / Zn2+
B ns 1
2q
(iii) Ni / Ni2+
C ns 1
4_©
K. Mjb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. fi msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. cvKv Avg †L‡Z wgwó jv‡M †Kb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
L. Bw_b I weDwUb Gi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKB- e¨vL¨v
M. (i) bs †hŠ‡Mi Zwor we‡kÐlY cÖwµqv mgxKiYmn
K‡iv| 2
eY©bv K‡iv| 3
M. A Ges C †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MVb wPÎmn
N. (ii) Ges (iii) bs ZworØvi `ywU Øviv MwVZ †KvlwU‡Z e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
we`y¨r Drcv`b m¤¢e wK bv? cÖ‡qvRbxq wPÎ Ges N. B I C GKB MÖ“‡ci †gŠj- h_vh_ mgxKiYmn e¨vL¨v
wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 K‡iv| 4
imvqb  1519
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 K 2 N 3 L 4 M 5 M 6 L 7 M 8 K 9 N 10 M 11 K 12 K 13 M
DËi
14 M 15 N 16 N 17 M 18 L 19 N 20 K 21 M 22 M 23 M 24 N 25 K
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Y k A_©vr Fe avZzi ˆZwi c`v‡_©i Dci 'Y' A_©vr Cu avZzi
'X'
(X)
cÖ‡jc †Ìqv m¤¢e Zv wPÎmn cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡P
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
L. mKj ¶viB ¶viK wKš‘ mKj ¶viK ¶vi bq
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 Zwor we‡kÐl‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv GKwU avZzi Dci Ab¨ GKwU avZzi
M. Drcbœ †hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb wbY©q K‡iv| 3 cÖ‡jc †Ìqv‡KB B‡jK‡Uªv‡cÐwUs ev Zwor cÖ‡jcb e‡j|
N. ʻXʼ avZzi ˆZwi c`v‡_©i Dci ʻYʼ avZzi cÖ‡jc †Ìqv B‡jK‡Uªv‡cÐwUs cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ Fe avZzi ˆZwi ¯•yb (PvgP)-Gi
m¤¢e wPÎmn cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ eY©bv Dci Cu-Gi cÖ‡jc w`‡q avZzi D¾¡jZv m„wó ev avZzi ¶q‡iva
K‡iv| 4 Kiv hvq|
[Aa¨vq 7 I 10 Gi mgš^‡q]
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †jvnvi ˆZwi †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †hgb ¯•yb (PvgP)-Gi Ici Kcv‡ii
cÖ‡jc w`‡Z CuSO4 Gi `ªeY GKwU weKv‡ii g‡a¨ †bIqv nq|
h cÖwZ GKK mg‡q †Kv‡bv GKwU cv‡Î †h cwigv‡Y Drcv‡ì
NbgvÎv e„w× cvq A_ev wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv †h cwigv‡Y n«vm cvq †h‡nZz Pvg‡Pi Dci cÖ‡jc †Ìqv n‡e, †m‡nZz PvgP‡K e¨vUvwii
Zv‡K wewµqvi nvi e‡j| FYvÍK cÖv‡š@i mv‡_ hy³ K‡i K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi wn‡m‡e eënvi
Kiv nq| Kcvi avZzi cvZ A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
i avZz ev avZzi b¨vq wµqvkxj †hŠMg–j‡Ki nvB‡Wªv·vBW †hŠM hv
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq †mme †hŠM‡K ¶vi e‡j| †h‡Kv‡bv ¶v‡i Aek¨B AZtci e¨vUvwi ms‡hvM `ªe‡Y we`y¨r cÖevwnZ Ki‡j A¨v‡bvW
nvB‡Wªv·vBW †hŠMg–jK _vK‡e Ges cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡e| †hgb- wn‡m‡e †h Kcv‡ii cvZ eënvi Kiv nq, †mB Kcvi cvZ n‡Z
NaOH, KOH I Ca(OH)2 BZ¨vw`| avZe Cu cigvYy `yBwU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Cu2+ Avq‡b cwiYZ
NaOH + H2O  Na+(aq) + OH(aq) n‡q `ªe‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges `ªe‡Yi Cu2+ Avqb K¨v‡_vW
Avevi, avZz ev avZzi b¨vq wµqvkxj †hŠMg–j‡Ki A·vBW I ZworØvi n‡Z B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i avZe Kcv‡i cwiYZ n‡q
nvB‡Wªv·vBW hv Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K¨v‡_v‡W hy³ nq| Avi Gfv‡eB †jvnvi ˆZwi e¯‘ Z_v Pvg‡Pi
K‡i Zv‡K ¶viK e‡j| †h‡Kv‡bv ¶vi‡K Aek¨B nvB‡Wªv·vBW Dci Kcvi/ `¯@vi cÖ‡jc c‡o|
†hŠMg–jK ev A·vBW g–jK _vK‡e Ges cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq n‡e| `ªe‡Y CuSO4 Gi we‡qvRb :
†hgb- Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)2 I CaO BZ¨vw`| CuSO4  Cu2+ + SO42
Al(OH)3 + H2O  No reaction A¨v‡bv‡W RviY wewµqv :
Cu  Cu2+ + 2e
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K m¤•bœ K‡i cvB,
Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY wewµqv :
(X) (Y) Cu2+ + 2e  Cu
G wewµqvq Drcbœ †hŠM FeSO4 Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYy mvjdv‡ii
RviY gvb wbY©q :
g‡b Kwi, FeSO4 G mvjdv‡ii (S) RviY msL¨v = x
Avgiv Rvwb, AYyi †¶‡Î RviY msL¨vi gvb k–b¨|
 FeSO4 = 0 PvgP
ev, + 2 + x + (2)  4 = 0 Kcvi cvZ CuSO4 `ªeY (K¨v‡_vW)
ev, + 2 + x  8 = 0 (A¨v‡bvW)
Cu2+
ev, x  6 = 0 SO42
 x=+6
AZGe, wewµqvq Drcbœ †hŠM FeSO4 Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYy S Gi
RviY gvb = + 6 wPÎ : Pvg‡Pi Dci Kcv‡ii B‡jK‡Uªv‡cÐwUs
cÖkœ  02 (i) S + O2  X(g) k DÏxc‡Ki (iv) bs wewµqvi jeYØq n‡jv FeCl2 I FeCl3| D³
(ii) NO + O2  Y(g) jeY `ywU jNy ¶vi NaOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i GKB e‡Y©i
(iii) C + O2  Z(g) Aat‡¶c m„wó K‡i bv DË‡ii mc‡¶ mgxKiYmn hyw³ Dc¯’vcb
(iv) 2FeCl2 + Cl2  2FeCl3 Kiv n‡jv :
K. Awjqvg Kx? 1 FeCl2 je‡Yi †¶‡Î, GKwU †U÷wUD‡e FeCl2 Gi `ªeY wb‡q Gi
L. †ewKs cvDWvi Kxfv‡e †KK †dvjvq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 g‡a¨ K‡qK †duvUv jNy NaOH †hvM Ki‡j †divm nvB‡Wªv·vBW
M. cwi‡e‡ki Dci X(g), Y(g) Ges Z(g) Gi ¶wZKi [Fe(OH)2] Gi meyR e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o|
cÖfve wewµqvmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 FeCl2 + 2NaOH  Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl
N. (iv) bs wewµqvi jeYØ‡qi mv‡_ jNy ¶v‡ii wewµqvq †divm †mvwWqvg †divm †mvwWqvg
GKB e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o wK bvÑ DË‡ii mc‡¶ †K¬vivBW nvB‡Wªv·vBW nvB‡Wªv·vBW †K¬vivBW
mgxKiYmn hyw³ `vI| 4 Avevi, FeCl je‡Yi †¶‡Î, GKwU †U÷wUD‡e FeCl Gi `ªeY
3 3
[Aa¨vq 9 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wb‡q Gi g‡a¨ K‡qK †dvUv jNy NaOH †hvM Ki‡j †dwiK
nvB‡Wªv·vBW [Fe(OH)3] Gi jvj‡P ev`vwg e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o|
h a–gvqgvb mvjwdDwiK GwmW‡K Awjqvg e‡j| FeCl3 + 3NaOH  Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl
i †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU Ges UviUvwiK Gwm‡W ky®‹ †dwiK †K¬vivBW †mvwWqvg †dwiK †mvwWqvg
wgkÖYB n‡jv †ewKs cvDWvi| †KK ˆZwi Kivi mgq gq`vi mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv·vBW nvB‡Wªv·vBW †K¬vivBW
†ewKs cvDWvi hy³ K‡i cvwb †hvM Ki‡j G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖkgb AZGe, FeCl2 I FeCl3 je‡Yi mv‡_ jNy ¶vi NaOH Gi wewµqvq
wewµqv nq Ges CO2 Drcbœ nq| A_©vr †KK‡K Pzjvq w`‡j †ewKs GKB e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o bv| A_©vr FeCl2 Gi †¶‡Î meyR e‡Y©i
cvDWvi we‡qvwRZ n‡q †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU, Kve©b WvBA·vBW I Aat‡¶c Ges FeCl3 Gi †¶‡Î jvj‡P ev`vwg e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o|
cvwb Drcbœ nq| AZtci Drcbœ Kve©b WvBA·vBW gq`v‡K dzwj‡q
D‡o hvq| Gfv‡eB †ewKs cvDWvi †KK †dvjvq| cÖkœ  03 40C
(i) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  A + H2O
(ii) C12H25SO4H + NaOH  B + H2O
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqv wZbwU m¤•bœ K‡i cvB,
(i) S + O2  SO2(g) K. wbtmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
X L. †gv‡gi `n‡b Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
(ii) 2NO + O2  2NO2(g) M. Kx cwigvY Ca(OH)2 eënvi Ki‡j 250 gm 'A'
Y
(iii) C + O2  CO2(g)
Drcbœ n‡e? wbY©q K‡iv| 3
Z N. 'B' †hŠMwUi GKwU cÖvš@ †Zj ev ayjvevwj AcmviY
cwi‡e‡ki Dci DcwiD³ wewµqvÎq n‡Z Drcbœ SO2(X), NO2(Y) I K‡i h_vh_ wµqv‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
CO2(Z) M¨vmÎ‡qi ¶wZKi cÖf ve wewµqvmn wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv : [Aa¨vq 6 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q]
mvjdvi WvBA·vBW I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvBA·vBW evqygÊ‡j wbM©Z 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
n‡j Ges evqy ev evqy cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g cwievwnZ n‡j GwmW e„wó h mi“ wQ`ª c‡_ †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AYymg–n D”PPvc AÂj n‡Z wbæPvc
nq| SO2 I NO2 cvwb, Aw·‡Rb I Ab¨vb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i AÂ‡j †ewi‡q Avmvi cÖwµqv‡K wbtmiY e‡j|
mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i H2SO4 I HNO3 ˆZwi K‡i| hv gvwU‡Z covi
i †gv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb wewfbœ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi wgkÖY| †gvg‡K
Av‡M cvwb ev Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq| SO2 I NO2 `nb Ki‡j Zvi wKQy Ask †fŠZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g M‡j KwVb
MvQ Ges MvQcvjv‡K ¶wZMÖ¯@ K‡i Ges Dw™¢‡ì e„w×‡K Ae¯’v †_‡K Zij Ae¯’vq iƒcvš@wiZ nq Ges VvÛv n‡q cybivq
evavMÖ¯@ K‡i| GgbwK ms‡e`bkxj ev¯‘Zš¿ Ges cvwbc‡_i KwVb Ae¯’v cÖvß nq| GKB mv‡_ †gv‡gi wKQy Ask evqyi
e¨vcK ¶wZmvab K‡i| G RvZxq M¨vm k¦vmZš¿, nvU© I Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Kve©b WvBA·vBW I Rjxq ev®•
dzmdz‡miI e¨vcK ¶wZ K‡i| GQvov GmKj M¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y Drcbœ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î bZzb c`v_© m„wó nIqvq GwU GKwU
†Pv‡Li R¡vjv I Z¡K R¡j‡Z cv‡i| Avi hw` cÖPzi cwigv‡Y CO2 ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b| Kv‡RB †gvg `n‡bi mgq †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK
e„w× cvq, Zvn‡j †MÐvevj Iqvwg©s ev wek¦ Dòvq‡bi m„wó n‡e| hvi Dfq cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq|
d‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv A‡bK e„w× cv‡e| Gi d‡j †gi“ AÂ‡ji
eidMy‡jv Mj‡Z kyi“ Ki‡e| †gi“ AÂ‡ji eid Mj‡Z Avi¤¢ n‡j
CxHy +
†gvg
(x +2 y) O 2

 x CO2 + yH2O + kw³
mgy`ªeZx© AÂjMy‡jv mgy`ªc„‡ô Wz‡e hv‡e|

j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•bœ K‡i cvB,
2SO2 + O2  2SO3 40C
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4 Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  CaCl2 (A) + H2O
Avevi, NO2 + H2O  HNO2 + HNO3 40 + (16 + 1)  2 35.5  2 40 + 35.5  2 1  2 + 16
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 = 74 g = 71 g = 111 g = 18 g
imvqb  1521
GLb, cÖkœ  04 (i) H2O (ii) Zn / Zn2+ (iii) Ni / Ni2+
111 g . CaCl2 Drcv` †c‡Z Ca(OH)2 cÖ‡qvRb = 74 K. Mjb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
74
1 " " " =
111
L. cvKv Avg †L‡Z wgwó jv‡M †Kb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
74  250 M. (i) bs †hŠ‡Mi Zwor we‡kÐlY cÖwµqv mgxKiYmn
 250 " " " =
111 eY©bv K‡iv| 3
= 166.666 g N. (ii) Ges (iii) bs ZworØvi `ywU Øviv MwVZ †KvlwU‡Z
= 166.67g
we`y¨r Drcv`b m¤¢e wK bv? cÖ‡qvRbxq wPÎ Ges
AZGe, 166.67 g . Ca(OH)2 eënvi K‡i 250  g CaCl2 Drcv`
wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
cvIqv hv‡e|
k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU wbæiƒc : 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
C12H25SO4H + NaOH  B + H2O
 DcwiD³ wewµqvwU‡K m¤•bœ K‡i cvB,
h †h cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv e¯‘ KwVb Ae¯’v n‡Z Zij Ae¯’vq
cwiYZ nq Zv‡K Mjb e‡j|
C12 H 25 SO 4 H + NaOH  CH 3  (CH 2 )10  CH 2  O  SO 3 Na + H 2 O
jivBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †mvwWqvg †mvwWqvg jivBj cvwb i KuvPv Av‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆRe GwmW †hgb- mvw·wbK GwmW,
mvj‡dU nvB‡Wªv ·vBW A¨vmKiweK GwmW, mvBwUªK GwmW, g¨vwjK GwmW I A·vwjK
mvj‡dv‡bU (B)
GwmW BZ¨vw` Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| G GwmWMy‡jvi ¯^v` UK cÖK…wZi
GLb B A_©vr CH3  (CH2)10  CH2  O  SO3 Na †hŠMwU n‡jv
nIqvq KuvPv Avg †L‡Z UK jv‡M| wKš‘ Avg †c‡K †M‡j Zv‡Z
wWUvi‡R›U| wWUvi‡R›U Gi GKwU cÖvš@ †Zj ev ayjvevwj AcmviY we`¨gvb GwmWMy‡jv ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g MÐ‡y KvR I
K‡i; hv wb‡æ h_vh_ wµqv‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : d«~‡±v‡R cwiYZ nq| Avi MÐ‡y KvR I d«~‡±v‡Ri ¯^v` wgwó nIqvq
wWUvi‡R›U j¤^v Kve©b wkKjhy³ AYy| `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq Giv cvKv Avg wgwó jv‡M|
FYvÍK Avavbhy³ wWUvi‡R›U Avqb I abvÍK Avavbhy³ †mvwWqvg
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs †hŠMwU n‡jv cvwb (H2O)| wb‡æ cvwbi Zwor
Avq‡b wewkÐó nq| wWUvi‡R›U Avq‡bi GKcÖvš@ FYvÍK Avav‡b we‡kÐlY cÖwµqv mgxKiYmn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
hy³ _v‡K| Avq‡bi G cÖvš@‡K nvB‡WªvwdwjK ev cvwb AvKl©x ejv cvwbi Zwor we‡kÐlY Kivi Rb¨ wbw®Œq `ywU cÐvwUbvg avZzi `Ê
nq| Avq‡bi AcicÖvš@ cvwb weKl©x (nvB‡Wªv‡dvweK) Ask hv †Zj wbB| weky× cvwb mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y AvqwbZ nq| G Kvi‡Y cvwbi
ev wMÖ‡R `ªexf‚Z nq| mv‡_ mvgvb¨ cwigvY H2SO4 †hvM Kwi| d‡j cvwbi we‡qvRb nvi
gqjv Kvco‡K hLb wWUvi‡R›Umn cvwb‡Z †fRv‡bv nq ZLb e„w× cv‡e|
nvB‡Wªv‡dvweK Ask Kvc‡oi †Zj I wMÖR RvZxq gqjvi cÖwZ 4H2O  4H+ + 4OH
AvK…ó nq Ges G‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq| c¶vš@‡i nvB‡WªvwdwjK As‡ki AZtci H2SO4 wgwkÖZ cvwbmn GKwU cvÎ wbB| D³ cv‡Î `ywU
PZz®•v‡k¦© cvwbi ¯@‡i cÖmvwiZ nq| G Ae¯’vq Kvco‡K Nlv cÐvwUbv‡gi `Ê wbB| hvi GKwU K¨v‡_vW () I Ab¨wU A¨v‡bvW (+)
w`‡j ev †gvPov‡bv n‡j †Zj ev wMÖR m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c nvB‡WªvwdwjK Ask wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| GLb `ywU `Ê‡K Zv‡ii gva¨‡g e¨vUvwii mv‡_
Øviv Ave„Z n‡q c‡o †Zj ev wMÖR AYyMy‡jvi PZz®•v‡k¦© FYvÍK hy³ Kwi| Giƒc Ae¯’vq e¨vUvwi n‡Z we`y¨r cÖevwnZ Ki‡j OH
Avqb A¨v‡bvW wM‡q B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i O2 M¨vm ˆZwi K‡i| Avevi
Avav‡bi ejq m„wó nq| d‡j GMy‡jv m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P `–i‡Z¡
H+ Avqb K¨v‡_v‡W wM‡q B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i H2 M¨vm ˆZwi K‡i|
Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z Pvq| G‡Z K‡i cvwb‡Z †Zj I wMÖ‡Ri Ac`ªe
A_©vr A¨v‡bv‡W msNwUZ wewµqv :
(Bgvjmb) m„wó nq Ges cvwb‡Z †aŠZ n‡q hvq| d‡j Kvco 4OH  4e = 2H O + O
2 2
cwi®‹vi nq| Ges K¨v‡_v‡W msNwUZ wewµqv :
4H+ + 4e = 2H2
wWUvi‡R›U
†Zj
Kvco
cvwb AvKl©x †Zj AvKl©x

†cvjvi MÖæc A‡cvjvi MÖæc
Pt ZworØvi
Pt ZworØvi H+
cvwb OH
SO42
wPÎ : wWUvi‡R›U w`‡q gqjv cwi®‹vi Kivi †KŠkj wPÎ : cvwbi Zwor we‡kÐlY
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) I (iii) bs ZworØvi A_©vr Zn/Zn2+ I Ni/Ni2+ 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
`ywU ZworØvi Øviv MwVZ †Kv‡l we`y¨r Drcv`b m¤¢e wK bv Zv wPÎ h mwVK c×wZ‡Z cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wKQy Rvbvi
I wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv bvgB M‡elYv|
DÏxc‡Ki `ywU ZworØvi MwVZ †KvlwU n‡jv M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl| G
i A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg–n mvaviYZ 5, 6 ev 7 m`‡mï mgZjxq
†Kv‡l K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e Ni/Ni2+(aq) avZe Avqb ZworØvi I
PvwµK †hŠM| G‡Z GKvš@i wØeÜb _v‡K A_©vr ch©vqµ‡g Kve©b-Kve©b
A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e Zn/Zn2+(aq) avZe Avqb ZworØvi eëüZ nq|
GKwU GKK Ges GKwU wØeÜb _v‡K| †ebwRb n‡jv Qq
K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e GKwU cv‡Î Ni `Ê NiSO4 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y
Kve©bwewkó mgZjxq PvwµK †hŠM| G‡Z wZbwU GKvš@i wØeÜb
Wzev‡bv _v‡K Ges Aci cv‡Î A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e Zn `Ê ZnSO4 Gi
we`¨gvb| myZivs, eY©bvbymv‡i †ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
Rjxq `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K| cvÎØ‡qi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM
¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wbw®Œq Zwor we‡kÐl¨ (KCl) `ªeY c–Y© U AvK…wZi
wUDe Wzev‡bv _v‡K| AZtci Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ ZworØvi `ywU‡K
mshy³ Kiv n‡j G‡ì g‡a¨ RviY weRviY wewµqv ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e j †Ìqv Av‡Q,
NU‡e| C  H = 414 kJ/mole
A¨v‡bvW Aa© wewµqv : Zn(s)  Zn2+ (aq) + 2e Cl  Cl = 244 kJ/mole
K¨v‡_vW Aa© wewµqv : Ni2+(aq) + 2e  Ni(s) C  Cl = 326 kJ/mole
 H  Cl = 431 kJ/mole
Zn(s) + Ni2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Ni(s)
wewµqv Zvc, H = ?
evj¦ jeY †mZz DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq,
e e
e e H H H H




KCl UV
H  C  C  H + Cl  Cl  H  C  C  Cl + H  Cl




Zn `Ê Ni `Ê H H H H
(A)
ZnSO4 NiSO4
DcwiD³ wewµqvq GK †gvj C  H I GK †gvj Cl  Cl eÜb
`ªeY `ªeY
fv‡O Ges GK †gvj C  Cl I GK †gvj H  Cl eÜb m„wó nq|
wPÎ : M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl GLb,
cyivZb eÜb fvOvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³
A_©vr Zn A¨v‡bvW wb‡R B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i `ªe‡Y Zn2+(aq) wn‡m‡e
= 1 †gvj C  H eÜb kw³ + 1 †gvj Cl  Cl eÜb kw³
`ªexf‚Z n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K `ªe‡Yi Ni2+ Avqb K¨v‡_vW n‡Z B‡jKUªb = (1  414) + (1  244)
MÖnY K‡i avZe Ni wn‡m‡e K¨v‡_v‡W Rgv n‡e| cÖK…Zc‡¶, = 414 + 244
= 658 kJ
A¨v‡bv‡W Drcbœ B‡jKUªb Zv‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡q K¨v‡_v‡W †cŠu‡Q
Avevi, bZzb eÜb m„wói Rb¨ wbM©Z †gvU kw³
B‡jKUª‡bi mgZv i¶v K‡i| ZworØvi `ywU‡K mshy³ Ki‡jB = 1 †gvj C  Cl eÜb kw³ + 1 †gvj H  Cl eÜb kw³
A¨v‡bvW n‡Z K¨v‡_v‡Wi w`‡K B‡jKUªb cÖevn m„wó n‡e| A_©vr = (1  326) + (1  431) = 757 kJ
B‡jKUªb cÖevn gv‡bB we`y¨r cÖevn kyi“ n‡e| Avgiv Rvwb,
AZGe, Zn/Zn2+ I Ni/Ni2+ ZworØvi Øviv MwVZ †KvlwU‡Z we`y¨r wewµqvq Zv‡ci cwieZ©b, H = cyivZb eÜb fvOvi Rb¨
Drcv`b m¤¢e| cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³  bZzb eÜb m„wó nIqvq wbM©Z †gvU kw³|
A_©vr H = (658  757) kJ
cÖkœ  05 UV
C2H6 + Cl2  C2H5Cl + HCl =  99 kJ
(A)
AZGe DcwiD³ wewµqv‡Z cÖvß H Gi gvb =  99 kJ.
[GLv‡b C  H, Cl  Cl, C  Cl Ges H  Cl Gi eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g
414 kJ/ mole, 244 kJ/ mole, 326 kJ/mole Ges 431 kJ/ mole] k DÏxc‡Ki A †hŠM A_©vr C2H5Cl †hŠM n‡Z cÖvß cwjgvi
cwi‡e‡k `–lY NUvq wb‡æ Zv mgxKiYmn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
K. M‡elYv Kx? 1

L. †ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 CH3  CH2Cl + NaOH(aq)  CH3  CH2OH + NaCl
H2SO4
M. wewµqvwUi H Gi gvb wbY©q K‡iv| 3 CH3  CH2OH  CH2 = CH2 + H2O
 H2 O
N. 'A' †hŠM †_‡K cÖvß cwjgvi cwi‡e‡k `–lY NUvq Gfv‡e cÖvß CH2 = CH2 †K 1000 atm Pv‡c 200C ZvcgvÎvq
mgxKiYmn eY©bv K‡i| 4 mvgvb¨ O2 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DËß Ki‡j cwjw_b bvgK cwjgvi
[Aa¨vq 8 I 11 Gi mgš^‡q] Drcbœ nq|
imvqb  1523
n(CH2 = CH2)
1000 atm
 ( CH2  CH2 )n NH3 Gi Rjxq `ªeY jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i| Rjxq `ªe‡Y
200C mvgvb¨ O2
nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avqb ˆZwi K‡i|
 B_vBj †K¬vivBW (C2H5Cl) n‡Z cwjw_b bvgK cwjgvi ˆZwi NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH
Kiv m¤¢e hv cwi‡e‡k `–lY NUvq| cwjw_b cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ Avevi NH3 I Gi Rjxq `ªeY mKj Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
AZ¨š@ ¶wZKi| Avgiv mvaviY †m mKj e¯‘ gvwU‡Z ev cvwb‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY Drcbœ K‡i|
AveR©bv wn‡m‡e †dwj †mMy‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev evqygÊ‡ji Aw·‡Rb NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
ev gvwU ev cvwb‡Z Ab¨vb¨ c`v‡_©i mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i ¶qcÖvß nq AZGe NH3 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ n‡jv ¶vixq|
Ges cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq iv‡L| wKš‘ cÐvw÷K Z_v cwjw_b NH3 †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MVb †KŠkj :
RvZxq `ªe¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv ¶qcÖvß nq bv, GgbwK Ab¨vb¨ H Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v 1 Ges Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vmÑ
1H  1s1
c`v‡_©i mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wewµqvI K‡i bv| GwU gvwU‡Z ev cvwb‡Z
wbKUeZ©x wbw®Œq M¨vm He Gi b¨vq w¯’wZkxj KvVv‡gv AR©‡bi
†dj‡jI cwjw_‡bi †Kv‡bv iƒc cwieZ©b N‡U bv| G Kvi‡Y gvwU I
Rb¨ 1wU B‡jKUªb cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨w`‡K N Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v 7
cvwbi `–lY N‡U| Avi Gme Kvi‡YB cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó nq|
Ges Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vmÑ
cÖkœ  06 1X, 7Y, 21Z 7N
1 1 1
 1s2 2s2 2px 2py 2pz
[GLv‡b X, Y Ges Z cÖZxKx A‡_©, cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq]
me©ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i w¯’wZkxj B‡jKUªbxq KvVv‡gv AR©‡bi Rb¨ 3wU
K. cÖZxK Kv‡K e‡j? 1 B‡jKUªb AR©b Kiv ev 5wU B‡jKUªb eR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †h‡nZz
L. wµÞb GKwU wbw®Œq †gŠj e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 N Gi †¶‡Î G‡Zv †ewk msL¨K B‡jKUªb e Z¨vM m¤¢e bq ZvB
M. B‡jKKUªb web¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ch©vq mviwY‡Z 'Z' N Gi wZbwU we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb wZbwU H Gi mv‡_ B‡jKUªb
†gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q K‡iv| 3 †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb K‡i|
N. 'X' Ges 'Y' Øviv MwVZ †hŠMwUi Rjxq `ªeY †Kvb wb‡æ NH3 AYyi eÜb MVb WvqvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
cÖK…wZi? †hŠMwUi eÜb MVbmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 4
[Aa¨vq 4, 5 I 9 Gi mgš^‡q]
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
h †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji Bs‡iwR ev j¨vwUb bv‡gi msw¶ß iƒc‡KB
cÖZxK e‡j|
i wµÞb GKwU wbw®Œq †gŠj| KviY 36Kr Gi me©ewnt¯’ ¯@i
B‡jKUªb Øviv AóK c–Y© _v‡K hv AZ¨š@ myw¯’Z| G myw¯’Z wPÎ : NH3 AYyi eÜb MVb
B‡jKUªb web¨vm fvO‡Z A‡bK kw³i cÖ‡qvRb| G Kvi‡Y 36Kr
cÖkœ  07 (i) Na + O2  Na2O
¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nq bv| A_©vr ewnt¯’
(ii) HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 
¯@‡ii myweb¨¯@ B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y 36Kr wbw®Œq †gŠj|
(iii) FeSO4 + NaOH 
j DÏxc‡Ki 21Z†gŠjwU n‡jv ¯‹¨vwÛqvg| B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi K. wdUwKwii ms‡KZ †j‡Lv| 1
mvnv‡h¨ ch©vq mviwY‡Z 21Sc †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv n‡jv- L. Kc–©i EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©Ñ e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
21Sc Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc : M. (i) bs mgxKiYwU †iW· wewµqvÑ mgxKiYmn e¨vL¨v
21Sc  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 K‡iv| 3
N. (ii) I (iii) wewµqv GKB ai‡bi wK bv? mgxKiY
¯‹¨vwÛqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq, Gi me©‡kl
m¤•–Y©KiYmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 4
B‡jKUªbwU d AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i| myZivs GwU d eÐK †gŠj| [Aa¨vq 7 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
ch©vq wbY©q : ¯‹¨vwÛqv‡gi B‡jKUªbmg–n †gvU PviwU ¯@‡i web¨¯@ 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
nIqvq 21Sc †gŠjwU 4_© ch©v‡qi †gŠj|
h wdUwKwii ms‡KZ n‡jv K2SO4 . Al2 (SO4)3 . 24H2O
MÖ“c wbY©q : 21Sc †gŠjwU d eÐK †gŠj nIqvq Gi MÖ“c d AiweUv‡j ev, KAl (SO4)2 . 12H2O.
†gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v + †hvR¨Zv ¯@‡ii †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨vi
†hvMdj = 1 + 2 = 3| myZivs 21Sc †gŠjwU MÖ“c-3 G Aew¯’Z| i †hme c`v_©‡K Zvc w`‡j mivmwi KwVb Ae¯’v n‡Z M¨vmxq
Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nq Ges VvÛv Ki‡j mivmwi KwVb Ae¯’vq wd‡i
AZGe, 21Sc †gŠjwU ch©vq mviwYi 4_© ch©v‡qi MÖ“c-3 G Aew¯’Z|
Av‡m †mme c`v_©†K EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_© e‡j| Kc–©i‡K Zvc w`‡j Zv
k DÏxc‡Ki 1X I 7Y †gŠj `yBwU h_vµ‡g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I mivmwi KwVb Ae¯’v n‡Z ev‡®• cwiYZ nq Ges VvÛv Ki‡j
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Øviv MwVZ †hŠM NH3 Gi cybivq KwVb Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| G Kvi‡Y Kc–©i‡K EaŸ©cvwZZ
Rjxq `ªeY †Kvb cÖK…wZi Zv eÜb MVbmn e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv c`v_© ejv nq|
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) mgxKiYwU mgZvKiY K‡i cvB, Ges weDwUb †hŠ‡Mi †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYy msL¨vi mij AbycvZ
4Na + O2  2Na2O CH| A_©vr G `ywU †hŠM wfbœ n‡jI G‡ì †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYy
DcwiD³ mgxKiYwU GKwU †iW· wewµqv wb‡æ Zv mgxKiYmn msL¨vi AbycvZ gv‡b ¯’‚j ms‡KZ CH| myZivs Bw_b I weDwUb Gi
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKB|
†h wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U Zv‡K †iW· ev RviY-
j DÏxc‡Ki A †gŠjwU 2q ch©vq Ges †kl ¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb
weRviY wewµqv e‡j| DcwiD³ wewµqvq †mvwWqvg GKwU K‡i 4wU web¨vm ns2np5| myZivs A †gŠjwU n‡jv †d¬vwib (F)| Avevi C
B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Ges Aw·‡Rb 4wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i A_©vr †gŠjwU 4_© ch©vq Ges †kl ¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb web¨vm ns1| myZivs C
wewµq‡Ki B‡jKUª‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U| myZivs DcwiD³ wewµqvwU †gŠjwU n‡jv cUvwkqvg (K)| GLb A I C †gŠj A_©vr F I K †gŠj
GKwU †iW· wewµqv| Øviv MwVZ KF †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MVb wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
4Na + O2  2Na2O
K I F Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
4Na  4e  4Na+
2O + 4e  2O2 19K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
9F  1s2 2s2 2p5
4Na + O2  4Na+ + 2O2  2Na2O K cigvYy Zvi me©ewnt¯’ 4s1 kw³¯@‡ii GKwU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs mgxKiYwU GKwU †iW· wewµqv| K‡i wbKUZg wbw®Œq M¨vm AvM©b (Ar) Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm AR©b
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) I (iii) bs wewµqvwU `ywU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, K‡i, K+ Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| Aciw`‡K F cigvYy Zvi me©ewnt¯’
2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2  Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(2s2 2p5) kw³¯@‡i GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i wbq‡bi (Ne) Gi
FeSO4 + 2NaOH  Fe(OH)2  + Na2SO4
cÖkgb wewµqv : GKwU GwmW I GKwU ¶vi ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv B‡jKUªb web¨vm AR©b K‡i F Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| Gfv‡e K I
 +
K‡i cÖkwgZ n‡q jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| Giƒc wewµqv‡K cÖkgb F AvqbØq wecixZ Avavbhy³ nIqvq ci¯•i w¯’i ê`y¨wZK
wewµqv e‡j| DcwiD³ `ywU wewµqvi g‡a¨ (ii) bs wewµqvwU n‡jv AvKl©Y kw³ Øviv hy³ n‡q KF AvqwbK †hŠM MVb K‡i|
cÖkgb wewµqv| KviY HNO3 I Mg(OH)2 ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv
K‡i Mg(NO3)2 I H2O Drcbœ K‡i| +

A_©vr 2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2  Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O K F +

K +

F
Aat‡¶cY wewµqv : †h wewµqvq `ªeYxq wewµqK c`v_© wewµqv K‡i
A`ªeYxq KwVb Drcv‡` cwiYZ nq Zv‡K Aat‡¶cY wewµqv e‡j|
F-cigvYy
+
K Avqb 
F Avqb
DcwiD³ wewµqv `ywUi g‡a¨ (iii) bs wewµqvwU n‡jv Aat‡¶cY K-cigvYy
wewµqv| KviY FeSO4 I NaOH ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i wPÎ : KF †hŠM MVb cÖwµqv
meyR e‡Y©i KwVb Fe(OH)2 I Na2SO4 Drcbœ K‡i|
A_©vr FeSO4 + 2NaOH  Fe(OH)2  + Na2SO4 k DÏxc‡Ki B †gŠjwU 2q ch©vq Ges †kl kw³¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb
web¨vm ns1| myZivs B †gŠjwU n‡jv Li| Avevi, C †gŠjwU 4_©
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki (ii) I (iii) bs wewµqv `ywU wfbœ ai‡bi|
ch©vq Ges †kl kw³¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb web¨vm ns1| myZivs C †gŠjwU
cÖkœ  08 †gŠj †kl ¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb web¨vm ch©vq
n‡jv cUvwkqvg (K)| GLb Li I K †h GKB MÖ“‡ci †gŠj Zv
A ns2 sp5 2q h_vh_ mgxKiYmn wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
B ns1 2q Li I K-Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
C ns1 4_©  1s2 2s1
3Li
K. fi msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 19K  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
L. Bw_b I weDwUb Gi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKB e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 DcwiD³ †gŠjmg–‡ni B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq,
M. A Ges C †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MVb wPÎmn me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i gvÎ GKwU B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb| myZivs †gŠj
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 `yBwU ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-1 G Aew¯’Z| Giv ¶vi avZz| mvaviYZ
N. B I C GKB MÖ“‡ci †gŠj h_vh_ mgxKiYmn e¨vL¨v GKB MÖ“‡c †gŠjmg–n GKB iKg ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i| †gŠj `ywU
K‡iv| 4 ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖn‡Yi mgq Lye mn‡RB GKwU B‡jKUªb
[Aa¨vq 4 I 5 Gi mgš^‡q] Z¨vM K‡i abvÍK Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Li I K cvwbi mv‡_ Zxeªfv‡e wewµqv K‡i avZe nvB‡Wªv·vBW I
h †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji †cÖ
v Ub msL¨v I wbDUª b msL¨vi †hvMdj‡K H nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
†gŠ‡ji fimsL¨v e‡j| 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l)  2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
i †h ms‡KZ Øviv AYy‡Z we`¨gvb cigvYyMy‡jvi AbycvZ cÖKvk 2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯’‚j ms‡KZ e‡j| Avevi, Li I K n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi (Cl2) mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY Drcbœ K‡i|
A_©vr ¯’‚j ms‡KZ †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z we`¨gvb †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYyi 2Li + Cl2  2LiCl
msL¨vi AbycvZ cÖKvk K‡i| 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl
GLv‡b Bw_b I weDwU‡bi AvYweK ms‡KZ h_vµ‡g C2H4 I AZGe DÏxc‡Ki B I C A_©vr Li I K `ywU GKB MÖ“‡ci †gŠj Ges
C4H8| Bw_b †hŠ‡Mi †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYy msL¨vi mij AbycvZ CH G‡ì ivmvqwbK ag©I GKB iKg|
imvqb  1525
ivRkvnx †evW©-2024
1. †KvbwU Uvs‡÷b †gŠ‡ji j¨vwUb bvg? 14. DÏxc‡Ki
K Stannum L Stibium M Wolfram N Natrium i. AI B Gi `ªe‡Yi wewµqvwU bb-†iW· wewµqv
2. †KvbwU Kcvi I wRs‡Ki msKi avZz? Gi `ªe‡Y A `ªeY‡hv‡M nvjKv bxj e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c c‡o
ii. Cu2+
K w÷j L wcZj M Wzivjwgb N Kuvmv
iii. A I B Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ jeY Aèag©x
3. †Kvb K¨vUvqbwUi AvKvi me‡P‡q †QvU?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Na+ L K+ M Mg2+ N Al 3+
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
4. †cÖvwcb †hŠMÑ
i. Gi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ CH2 ii. C3H8 A‡c¶v Kg mwµq 15. †KvbwU MÐvm wK¬bv‡ii g–j Dcv`vb?
iii. Gi Kve©‡bi kZKiv mshyw³ 85.71% K NaOH L NH3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M HOCl N Ca(OCl)Cl
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 16. †KvbwU b¨vc_vq Kve©b msL¨vi mxgv?
5. †KvbwU‡Z wÎeÜb we`¨gvb? K 5  10 L 7  14
K H2 L O2 M N2 N Cl2 M 11  16 N 17  20
6. †KvbwU GK evqygÊjxq Pv‡c weky× mvjdv‡ii Mjbv¼? 17. AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK †K?
K 100C L 115C M 133C N 171C KRvwei-Be‡b-nvBqvb L Rb Wvëb
7. †Kvb †hŠ‡M f¨vÊviIqvj&m kw³ me‡P‡q Kg? Mbxjm& †evi N A¨v›Uwb j¨vfqwm‡q
K B_vbj L Kc–©i M b¨vc_wjb N Kve©b WvBA·vBW
18. †KvbwU Awjqv‡g mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb?
8. CH4 GiÑ K0 L +2
i. Avš@tAvYweK AvKl© Y ej `y e©j ii. e¨vc‡bi nvi NH3 Gi †P‡q †ewk M +4 N +6
iii. c–Y©`n‡b 2 †gvj O2 Gi cÖ‡qvRb 19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Sn(s) | Sn2+ (aq) ZworØvi wewµqv?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K Sn(s)  Sn2+(aq) + e L Sn2+(aq)  Sn(s) + 2e
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M Sn(s)  Sn2+(aq) + 2c N Sn(s)  Sn2+(aq)  2e 
9. †KvbwU gvby‡li Z¡‡Ki pH gvb? 20. †KvbwU B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx?
K 4.8  5.5 L 7.43  7.45
K Kcvi mvj‡dU L MÖvdvBU
M 6.0  8.1 N 1.0  7.0
M B_vbwqK GwmW N ¶v‡ii `ªeY
10. †KvbwU‡Z Pv‡ci cÖfve we`¨gvb?
A 21. †Wwb‡qj †Kv‡l wRsK `ÊÑ
K NH4CNO  H2N  CO  NH2
L N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) i. ax‡i ax‡i ¶qcÖvß nq ii. weRviK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
M 3XO2(g) + H2O(g)  2HNO3(g) + NO(g) iii. abvÍK ZworØvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
N H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)
11. †KvbwU †ngvUvBU AvKwi‡Ki ms‡KZ?
K Fe2O3 L Fe2O 3.3H 2O M Fe3O4 N CuFeS 2 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
12. †KvbwU Am¤•„³ d¨vwU GwmW? 22. †KvbwU Fe3+ Avq‡bi 'M' †k‡ji B‡jKUªb msL¨v?
K w÷qvwiK GwmW L AwjK GwmW M Kve©wbK GwmW N mvBwUªK GwmW K2 L8 M 13 N 14
 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 23. †KvbwU g„r¶vi avZz?
K Ar L Kr M Sr N Fr
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
A¨v‡gvwbqv HCl Gi
`ªeY `ªeY
A `ªeY B `ªeY
13. A I B `ªe‡Yi wewµqvq Drcbœ jeY‡K mivmwi M¨v‡m cwiYZ Ki‡Z mwVK X-†hŠM Y-†hŠM
Zvcxq eµ‡iLv †KvbwU?
K L 24. 'X' Gi `yB †gvj KZ MÖvg?
K 78g L 84g M 156g N 168g
25. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨vbymv‡iÑ
i. 'Y' GKwU EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©
M N ii. 'X' I 'Y' DfqB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b
iii. 'Y' †hŠM cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
ivRkvnx †evW©-2024
1| (i) C + 2 'R'  CS2 5|
(ii) 2P + 3Cl2  2PCl3
L. Ca GKwU g„r¶vi avZz e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ii-bs Gi Drcv` †hŠMwUi GKwU AYyi fi
wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'R' †gŠjwU GKvwaK †hvRbx cÖ`k©‡b
m¶g we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 [XI Y Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v h_vµ‡g 26 Ges 29]
[we. `ª. (M) bs cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î (i) bs K. wbDwK¬qvi wdkb wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Gi cwie‡Z© (ii) bs wewµqv n‡e] L. Lvevi jeY Zxeª Zwor we‡kÐl¨ c`v_©Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
2| M. DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡l we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki| 3
N. cvÎØ‡qi je‡Yi Rjxq `ªe‡Y K‡qK †duvUv K‡i jNy
NaOH †hvM Ki‡j Aat‡¶c Drcbœ nqÑ we‡kÐlY
Ki| 4
6| (i) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2  2A(g) + ʻDʼ + 2H2O
(ii) CaCO3 + 2HCl  B(g) + ʻDʼ + H2O
K. mvevb Kx? 1
L. Lv`¨ msi¶‡Y wf‡bMv‡ii f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. ùzUbv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻDʼ †hŠMwUi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v
L. g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi †hvRbx Ges †hvRbx B‡jKUªb GKB
Ki| 3
†Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki cvÎwU‡Z msNwUZ ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvwU N. A I B †hŠ‡Mi wgkÖY †_‡K ivmvqwbK mvi Drcv`b
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 m¤¢e we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
N. wewµqv cv‡Î cÖvß †hŠMwUi Rjxq `ªe‡Y CO2 M¨vm Ni
Pvjbv Ki‡j Kx N‡U? mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 7| (i) CO2 + 4H2 
250C
ʻXʼ + 2H2O
3| 2Mg + O2  2MgO 40C

(ii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  A + H2O
MgO + H2SO4  ʻAʼ + H2O K. ¶vi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. AYy Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
L. Ca I Ca2+ Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AvKv‡i eo? e¨vL¨v
M. ʻAʼ †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e RxevYy aŸsm K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠM †_‡K †UUªv‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b cÖ¯‘Z
M. ʻAʼ †hŠ‡Mi S Gi RviY msL¨v wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K msNwUZ wewµqv `ywUi g‡a¨ GKwU †iW· m¤¢e we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
wewµqv n‡jI Ab¨wU bb-†iW·Ñ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 8| (i) 2K + H2SO4  K2SO4 + H2
4| A2 + B2  2AB; H =  111 kJ (ii) H2S2O7 + H2O  2 ʻXʼ
[GLv‡b, B  B I A  B Gi eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g 151 K. Zwor FYvÍKZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
kJ/mole I 349 kJ/mole] L. c¨v‡jbv †jW avZzi AvKwiKÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. †gŠwjK c`v_© Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. (i) bs wewµqvq Drcbœ M¨vmxq †gŠjwU‡K ch©vq
L. †hvRbx I RviY msL¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
M. A  A Gi eÜb kw³ wbY©q Ki| 3 mviwYi MÖ“c-1 G ¯’vb †`qvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÒKxfv‡e wewµqvwUi Drcv` e„w× Kiv hvqÓ? N. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠMwUi RviY Ges wbi“`b ag© we‡kÐlY
jvkv‡Zwj‡q bxwZi Av‡jv‡K we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Ki| 4
imvqb  1527
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 M 2 L 3 N 4 L 5 M 6 L 7 N 8 N 9 K 10 M 11 K 12 L 13 N
DËi
14 N 15 L 16 L 17 N 18 N 19 M 20 L 21 K 22 M 23 M 24 N 25 L
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 (i) C + 2 'R'  CS2
mvjdvi (S) †gŠ‡ji ¯^vfvweK I D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq B‡jKUªb
(ii) 2P + 3Cl2  2PCl3 web¨vm wbæiƒc :
16S  1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz (¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v)
2 2 6 2 2 1 1
16S  1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz 3dxy (D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’v)
* 2 2 6 2 1 1 1 1
L. Ca GKwU g„r¶vi avZz e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ii-bs Gi Drcv` †hŠMwUi GKwU AYyi fi 16 S  1s 2s 2p 3s 3px 3py 3pz 3dxy 3dyz (D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’v)
* 2 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 1
wbY©q Ki| 3 †Kv‡bv †gŠj Aci †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi mvg_©¨‡K †hvRbx e‡j|
N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻRʼ †gŠjwU GKvwaK †hvRbx cÖ`k©‡b Avevi, †Kv‡bv †gŠj hw` GKvwaK †hvRbx cÖ`k©b K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
m¶g we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
cwieZ©bkxj †hvRbx e‡j|
[we. `ª. (M) bs cÖ‡kœi mwVK DËi cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î (i) bs Gi
cwie‡Z© (ii) bs wewµqv n‡e] †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl K¶c‡_i Dc¯@img–‡ni g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb
[Aa¨vq 5 I 6 Gi mgš^‡q] cybwe©b¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v cwiewZ©Z nq| ZLb
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †gŠjmg–n cwieZ©bkxj †hvRbx cÖ`k©b K‡i| myZivs DcwiD³
B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j eySv hvq, mvjdvi (S) cwieZ©bkxj
h †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji Bs‡iwR ev j¨vwUb bv‡gi msw¶ß iƒc‡K cÖZxK
e‡j| †hvRbx cÖ`k©‡b m¶g| †hgbÑ H2S, SO2 I H2SO4 †hŠMmg–‡ni
mvjdvi (S) cigvYyi †hvRbx h_vµ‡g 2, 4 I 6| A_©vr S †gŠjwU
i †hme avZz gvwU‡Z †hŠM wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq Ges cvwbi mv‡_
cwieZ©bkxj †hvRbx cÖ`k©‡b m¶g|
wewµqv K‡i ¶vi ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡ì‡K g„r¶vi avZz e‡j| êwkó¨
Abymv‡i ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-2 Gi †gŠjmg–n‡K g„r¶vi avZz ejv cÖkœ  02
nq| K¨vjwmqvg ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-2 G Ae¯’vb K‡i| GwU cvwbi
mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i ¶vi Ca(OH)2 ˆZwi K‡i| ZvB K¨vjwmqvg‡K
g„r¶vi avZz ejv nq|
j DÏxc‡Ki bs wewµqvi Drcv` †hŠMwU n‡jv PCl3| wb‡æ
(ii)
PCl3 †hŠ‡Mi GKwU AYyi fi wbY©q Kiv n‡jvÑ
Avgiv Rvwb,
1 †gvj PCl3 = (31 + 35.5  3)g.PCl3 K. ùzUbv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
= 137.5g.PCl3 L. g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi †hvRbx Ges †hvRbx B‡jKUªb GKB
= 6.023  1023wU PCl3 AYy †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki cvÎwU‡Z msNwUZ ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvwU
myZivs 6.023  1023wU PCl3 AYyi fi = 137.5g
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
137.5
1 Ó Ó Ó Ó =
6.023  1023
g N. wewµqv cv‡Î cÖvß †hŠMwUi Rjxq `ªe‡Y CO2 M¨vm
23
= 22.829  10 g
Pvjbv Ki‡j Kx N‡U? mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
= 22.83  1023g
2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
AZGe, PCl3 †hŠ‡Mi GKwU AYyi fi = 22.83  1023g|
h ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c †h ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv Zij c`v_© M¨vmxq Ae¯’v
k DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs mgxKiY‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
cÖvß nq Zv‡K H Zij c`v‡_©i ùzUbvsK e‡j|
8C + 2S8  8CS2
(R) i †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl cÖavb kw³¯@‡ii †gvU B‡jKUªb
DcwiD³ wewµqvwU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, R †hŠMwU n‡jv mvjdvi msL¨v‡KB †hvRbx B‡jKUªb e‡j| Avevi †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb
(S)| hv GKvwaK †hvRbx cÖ`k©‡b m¶g| G wel‡q wb‡P we‡kÐlY web¨v‡m me©‡kl K¶c‡_ hZ msL¨K B‡jKUªb _v‡K ev hZ msL¨K
Kiv n‡jvÑ we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K Zv‡K †hvRbx e‡j|
Mg Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc : 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

2 2 6
12Mg  1s 2s 2p 3s
2
h `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK msL¨K cigvYy ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ ivmvqwbK
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi eÜ‡bi gva¨‡g hy³ _vK‡j Zv‡K AYy e‡j|
me©ewnt¯’ cÖavb kw³¯@‡i B‡jKUªb msL¨v I me©‡kl K¶c‡_
i Ca I Ca2+ Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc
B‡jKUªb msL¨v GKB| A_©vr B‡jKUªb msL¨v 2| G Kvi‡Y 2 2 6
20Ca  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
2 6 2
g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi (Mg) †hvRbx I †hvRbx B‡jKUªb GKB nq| 2+ 2 2 6

20Ca  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3p
2 6 6
j DÏxc‡Ki cvÎwU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G‡Z kvgy‡Ki DcwiD³ `ywU B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, K¨vjwmqv‡gi
†Lvjm‡K DËß Kiv n‡”Q A_©vr CaCO3 †K DËß Kiv n‡”Q| (Ca) cÖavb kw³¯@i 4wU Avi K¨vjwmqvg Avq‡bi (Ca2+) cÖavb
CaCO3 †K DËß Ki‡j wbæiƒc wewµqv N‡U| kw³¯@i 3wU| Ca cigvYy Zvi me©ewnt¯’ ¯@i n‡Z 2wU B‡jKUªb

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Z¨vM Kivi Kvi‡Y kw³¯@iI K‡g hvq| A_©vr Ca A‡c¶v Ca2+
myZivs wewµqvwU g–jZ Pzbvcv_‡ii Zvcxq wewµqv| Avq‡bi AvKvi †QvU n‡q hvq| hv WvqvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wbæiƒ‡c
CaCO3 †K Zvc w`‡j Zv we‡qvwRZ n‡q CaO I CO2 Drcbœ nq| Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
†Lvjv cv‡Î wewµqvwU msNwUZ n‡j M¨vmxq Drcv` CO2 wewµqv
cvÎ n‡Z AcmvwiZ nq| Giƒc Ae¯’vq CaO I CO2 cybivq
wewµqv K‡i CaCO3 Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr wewµqvwU
GKw`‡K msNwUZ nq| †h wewµqv kyaygvÎ GKw`‡K msNwUZ nq Ca cigvYy Ca2+ Avqb
Zv‡K GKgyLx wewµqv e‡j| myZivs DcwiD³ wewµqvwU GKgyLx I
myZivs Ca I Ca2+ Gi g‡a¨ Ca Gi AvKvi eo|
we‡qvRb wewµqv|
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
k DÏxc‡K wewµqv cv‡Î cÖvß †hŠMwU n‡jv CaO| myZivs CaO
MgO + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2O
cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Ca(OH)2 Drcbœ K‡i| (A)
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + Zvc Drcv` MgSO4 Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYy S Gi RviY msL¨v wbY©q :
GLb CaO Gi Rjxq `ªeY Ca(OH)2 Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q CO2 M¨vm awi S Gi RviY gvb = x
Pvjbv Ki‡j cÖ_‡g `ªeYwU †Nvjv‡U nq| †h‡nZz †h‡Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi RviY msL¨vi gvb k–b¨| †m‡nZz MgSO4
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O
Gi RviY gvbI k–b¨| A_©vr
A`ªeYxq CaCO3 Drcbœ nIqvi Rb¨ Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv‡U nq|
MgSO4 = 0
Avevi GB †Nvjv Pz‡bi cvwbi g‡a¨ w`‡q AwZwi³ CO2 M¨vm Pvjbv  2 + x + ( 2)  4 = 0
Ki‡j `ªeYwU Avevi ¯^”Q n‡q hvq| ev, 2 + x  8 = 0
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O  Ca(HCO3)2
ev, x  6 = 0
K¨vjwmqvg evBKve©‡bU
 x=+6
myZivs Ca(HCO3)2 Drcbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Pz‡bi cvwb Avevi ¯^”Q
A_©vr S Gi RviY gvb = + 6
n‡q hvq|
cÖkœ  03 k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqv `yBwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
2Mg + O2  2 MgO
2Mg + O2  2MgO
MgO + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2O
MgO + H2SO4  'A' + H2O (A)
K. AYy Kv‡K e‡j? 1 DcwiD³ wewµqv `ywUi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU †iW· wewµqv Ges wØZxqwU
L. Ca I Ca2+ Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AvKv‡i eo? e¨vL¨v
bb-†iW· wewµqv| wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
Ki| 2
`ywU wewµq‡Ki g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †h wewµqv
M. ʻAʼ †hŠ‡Mi S Gi RviY msL¨v wbY©q Ki| 3
msNwUZ nq Zv‡K †iW· ev RviY-weRviY wewµqv e‡j|
N. DÏxc‡K msNwUZ wewµqv `ywUi g‡a¨ GKwU †iW·
wewµqv n‡jI Ab¨wU bb-†iW· we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 myZivs cÖ_g wewµqvwU n‡jv
[Aa¨vq 7 Gi Av‡jv‡K] 2Mg + O2  2MgO
imvqb  1529
G wewµqvwU‡K AvqwbZ K‡i cvB, i †hvRbx I RviY msL¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡æ D‡jÐL Kiv n‡jv :
1. †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji GKwU cigvYyi mv‡_ Aci GKwU †gŠ‡ji
RviY cigvYy hy³ nIqvi mvg_©¨‡K †hvRbx ev †hvR¨Zv e‡j|
0 0 +22
Mg + O2  MgO wKš‘, †hŠM MV‡b †hme †gŠj AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡ì B‡jKUªb
weRviY Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi msL¨v‡K RviY msL¨v e‡j|
D³ wewµqvq Mg cigvYy 2wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Mg G cwiYZ 2. †hvRbx abvÍK I FYvÍK nq bv| wKš‘ RviY msL¨v abvÍK
2+
nq| d‡j Mg Gi RviY N‡U| I FYvÍK n‡Z cv‡i|

A_©vr RviY Aa© wewµqv : Mg  2e  Mg2+ 3. mvaviYZ †gŠjmg–‡ni †hvRbx me mgq c–Y© msL¨v ev k–b¨ n‡Z
Avevi D³ wewµqvq Aw·‡Rb 2wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i O2 G cv‡i| wKš‘ RviY msL¨v c–Ym© sL¨v, fMœvsk ev k–b¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
cwiYZ nq| d‡j Aw·‡R‡bi weRviY N‡U| j †Ìqv Av‡Q,
H =  111 kJ/mole
A_©vr weRviY Aa© wewµqv : O + 2e  O2
B  B = 151 kJ/mole
myZivs cÖ_g wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U‡Q| A  B = 349 kJ/mole
AZGe, 2Mg + O2  2MgO wewµqvwU GKwU †iW· wewµqv| Avevi awi, A  A = x kJ/mole
GwmW I ¶vi ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i cÖkwgZ n‡q jeY I DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU wbæiƒcÑ
cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| G wewµqv‡K cÖkgb wewµqv e‡j| A2 + B2 2 AB; H =  111 kJ/mole
wØZxq wewµqvwU n‡jvÑ G wewµqv‡K MvVwbKfv‡e wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq,
MgO + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2O AA+BB 2 (A  B)
G wewµqv‡K AvqwbZ AvKv‡i wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvqÑ DcwiD³ wewµqvq 1 †gvj A  A I 1
†gvj B  B eÜb fv‡O
2+ 2
Mg O + 2H +
SO42
 Mg 2+
SO42–
+ H2O Ges 2 †gvj A  B eÜb MwVZ nq|
DcwiD³ wewµqvwU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Mg2+ I SO42 AvqbØq GLb,
wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| myZivs Mg2+ I SO42 AvqbØq n‡jv wewµqK AYymg–‡ni eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³
= 1 †gvj A  A eÜb kw³ + 1 †gvj B  B eÜb kw³
`k©K Avqb| wKš‘ cÖkgb wewµqvi cÖK…Z mgxKiY n‡jv :
= (x + 151) kJ/mole.
H+ + OH  H2O + 57.34 kJ.
Avevi,
mvaviYZ cÖkgb wewµqvq Gwm‡Wi H+ Avqb I ¶vi‡Ki OH
Drcv` AYymg–‡ni eÜb Mo‡Z wbM©Z †gvU kw³
Avqb ci¯•i hy³ n‡q H2O Drcbœ K‡i| G wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi = 2 (A  B) eÜb kw³
¯’vbvš@i wKsev RviY msL¨vi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡Uwb| weavq G = (2  349) kJ/mole
wewµqvwU GKwU cÖkgb wewµqv A_©vr bb-†iW· wewµqv| = 698 kJ/mole
Avgiv Rvwb,
cÖkœ  04 wewµqv Zvc, H = wewµqK AYymg–‡ni eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
A2 + B2  2AB; H =  111 kJ †gvU kw³  Drcv`b AYymg–‡ni eÜb Mo‡Z wbM©Z †gvU kw³
[GLv‡b, B  B I A  B Gi eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g 151 ev,  111 = (x + 151)  698
kJ/mole I 349 kJ/mole] ev, x + 151 = 698  111
K. †gŠwjK c`v_© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 ev, x = 698  111  151
L. †hvRbx I RviY msL¨vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2 ev, x = 698  262
M. A  A Gi eÜb kw³ wbY©q Ki| 3  x = 436 kJ/mole.
N. ÒKxfv‡e wewµqvwUi Drcv` e„w× Kiv hvqÓ? jv AZGe, AA Gi eÜb kw³ = 436 kJ/mole.
kv‡Zwj‡q bxwZi Av‡jv‡K we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 k jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ Abyhvqx, DfgyLx wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq
wewµqvi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU wbqvgK †hgb ZvcgvÎv, Pvc I
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm-e„w× Ki‡j wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vi cwieZ©b
h †h c`v_©‡K ¶z`ª ¶z`ª As‡k wef³ Ki‡jI H c`v_© e¨ZxZ Ggbfv‡e nq †hb wbqvgK cwieZ©‡bi djvdj cÖkwgZ nq|
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c`v_© cvIqv hvq bv Zv‡K †gŠj ev †gŠwjK c`v_© Zv‡ci cÖfve : DÏxc‡K D‡jÐwLZ wewµqvwUi m¤§yLMvgx wewµqvwU
ejv nq| Zv‡cvrcv`x Ges cðvrMvgx wewµqvwU Zvcnvix| G wewµqvi
mvg¨ve¯’vq ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v evg w`‡K

AMÖmi n‡q wewµq‡Ki cwigvY e„w× Ki‡e| A_©vr Zvcnvix
wewµqvi nvi e„w× cv‡e|
GKBfv‡e wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq ZvcgvÎv n«vm Ki‡j mvg¨ve¯’v
Wvbw`‡K AMÖmi n‡e| A_©vr Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi nvi e„w× cv‡e|
Pv‡ci cÖfve : †h mKj wewµqvq wewµqK I Drcv` AYyi msL¨vi
M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv, †mmKj wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vi Ici Pv‡ci
†Kv‡bv cÖfve _v‡K bv| W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li GKwU cv‡Î CuSO4-Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y K¨v‡_vW
NbgvÎvi cÖfve : DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµqKmg–‡ni wn‡m‡e Kcvi `Ê Ges Aci GKwU cv‡Î FeSO4-Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y
Avqib `Ê †bIqv nq| Gici cvÎ `ywU‡K cvkvcvwk †i‡L jeY
(A2 I B2) cwigvY evov‡bv n‡j Drcv‡ì (AB) cwigvY evo‡e|
†mZzi gva¨‡g ms‡hvM Ki‡j wb‡æv³ RviY-weRviY wewµqv
A_©vr ivmvqwbK wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb w`‡K AMÖmi nq|
¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e NU‡eÑ
cÖkœ  05 A¨v‡bvW wewµqv : Fe(s)  Fe2+ (aq) + 2e
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv : Cu2+ (aq) + 2e  Cu(s)
mvwe©K wewµqv : Fe(s) + Cu2+ (aq)  Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
GLb Zvi w`‡q ZworØvi `ywU‡K mshy³ Ki‡jB A¨v‡bvW †_‡K
K¨v‡_v‡W B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni m„wó n‡e| Avi B‡jKUªb cÖevn gv‡bB
we`y¨r cÖevn| ZvB W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li evB‡ii Zv‡ii mv‡_ ê`y¨wZK
[XI Y Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v h_vµ‡g 26 Ges 29] evj¦ hy³ Ki‡j evj¦wU R¡‡j DV‡e|
K. wbDwK¬qvi wdkb wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 k DÏxc‡Ki cvÎØ‡qi FeSO I CuSO Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y K‡qK
4 4
L. Lvevi jeY Zxeª Zwor we‡kÐl¨ c`v_© e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 †duvUv K‡i jNy NaOH †hvM Ki‡j Aat‡¶c Drcbœ nq| Zv wb‡æ
M. DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡l we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki| 3 we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
N. cvÎØ‡qi je‡Yi Rjxq `ªe‡Y K‡qK †duvUv K‡i jNy FeSO4 jNy NaOH Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ Aat‡¶c we‡kÐlY :
NaOH †hvM Ki‡j Aat‡¶c Drcbœ nq we‡kÐlY FeSO4 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y †duvUvq †duvUvq NaOH `ªeY †hvM Kwi|
Ki| 4 AZtci `ªe‡Y ax‡i ax‡i meyR e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c ˆZwi n‡”Q Ges
[Aa¨vq 8 I 9 Gi mgš^‡q] wb‡P Rgv co‡Q| A_©vr Zij FeSO4 `ªeY, Zij NaOH `ªe‡Yi
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i KwVb Fe(OH)2 Gi meyR Aat‡¶c ˆZwi K‡i|
h †h wbDwK¬qvi cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv eo Ges fvix †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qvm FeSO4 + NaOH  Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4
CaSO4 I jNy NaOH Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ Aat‡¶c we‡kÐlY :
†f‡O †QvU †QvU †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq Zv‡K wbDwK¬qvi
CuSO4 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y †duvUvq †duvUvq NaOH `ªeY †hvM Kwi|
wdkb wewµqv e‡j|
AZtci `ªe‡Y ax‡i ax‡i d¨vKv‡k meyRvf bxj ev Nb bxjvf meyR
i †h mKj Zwor we‡kÐl¨ `ªe‡Y ev MwjZ Ae¯’vq m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c ˆZwi n‡”Q Ges wb‡P Rgv co‡Q|
AvqwbZ nq Zv‡K Zxeª Zwor we‡kÐl¨ e‡j| Lvevi jeY (NaCl) A_©vr Zij CuSO4 `ªeY I Zij NaOH `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
GKwU Zxeª Zwor we‡kÐl¨| KviY NaCl Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c KwVb Cu(OH)2 Gi Aat‡¶c ˆZwi K‡i|
AvqwbZ n‡q Na+ I Cl Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| G Kvi‡Y Lvevi jeY CuSO4 + NaOH  Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
(NaCl) †K Zxeª Zwor we‡kÐl¨ ejv nq| cÖkœ  06 (i) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2  2A(g) + 'D' + 2H2O
H2O
NaCl  Na+ (aq) + Cl (aq) (ii) CaCO3 + 2HCl  B(g) + 'D' + H2O.
†mvwWqvg †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW K. mvevb Kx? 1
†K¬vivBW Avqb Avqb L. Lv`¨ msi¶‡Y wf‡bMv‡ii f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'D' †hŠMwUi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
j DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡li XSO4 I YSO4 `ªeY `ywU h_vµ‡g FeSO4
N. A I B †hŠ‡Mi wgkÖY †_‡K ivmvqwbK mvi Drcv`b
I CuSO4 `ªeY| myZivs G Zwor ivmvqwbK †KvlwUB n‡jv m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
W¨vwb‡qj †Kvl A_©vr M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl| Gi aib wbæiƒcÑ [Aa¨vq 5 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q]
imvqb  1531
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ_‡g A¨v‡gvwbqvg Kve©v‡gU (NH3COONH4) Drcbœ nq|

h mvevb n‡jv D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg ev cUvwkqvg jeY| cieZ©x‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqvg Kve©v‡gU †f‡O BDwiqv (NH2 – CO – NH2)
i wf‡bMvi n‡jv B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi 4  10% Rjxq `ªeY hv cÖ¯‘Z nq|
Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvswkK we‡qvwRZ n‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb Drcbœ 
CO2 + 2NH3  NH3COONH4
K‡i| d‡j B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi pH gvb 7 A‡c¶v
NH3COONH4  NH2 – CO – NH2 + H2O
Kg nq| AZGe, NH3 I CO2 eënvi K‡i BDwiqv Drcv`b m¤¢e|
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H+
cÖkœ  07 Ni
(i) CO2 + 4H2  ʻXʼ + 2H2O
wewfbœ cÖKvi Lvevi cP‡bi g–j KviY n‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cÖfve| 250C
wf‡bMv‡ii we‡qvR‡b Drcbœ H+ Avqb e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †cÖvwUb I 40C
(ii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  A + H2O
d¨vU‡K Av`ª©we‡kÐwlZ K‡i, d‡j e¨vK‡Uwiqv gviv hvq| Gfv‡e K. ¶vi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wf‡bMvi Lvevi‡K cP‡bi nvZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i| L. cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. 'A' †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e RxevYy aŸsm K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqv `yBwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
i. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2  2NH3(g) + CaCl2 + 2H2O
N. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠM †_‡K †UUªv‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b cÖ¯‘Z
(A) (D) m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
ii. CaCO3 + 2HCl CO2(g) + CaCl2 + H2O [Aa¨vq 11 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q]
B (D) 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
DcwiD³ wewµqv `ywU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, D †gŠjwU n‡jv
h †hme avZzi A·vBW ev nvB‡Wªv·vBW cvwb‡Z m¤•–Y© `ªexf‚Z nq
CaCl2| CaCl2 Gi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
Zv‡ì‡K ¶vi e‡j|
20Ca I 17Cl †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm :
2 2 6 2 6 2 i †h cvwb‡Z K¨vjwmqvg, g¨vM‡bwkqvg I Avqib BZ¨vw` avZzi
20Ca  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
2 2 6 2 5 †K¬vivBW ev mvj‡dU jeY `ªexf‚Z _v‡K Zv‡K cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZv
17Cl  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
e‡j|
K¨vjwmqvg cigvYy †hvR¨Zv ¯@‡ii 2wU B‡jKUªb eR©b K‡i wbw®Œq ¯’vqx Li cvwb‡K kyaygvÎ DËß Ki‡jB G ¯’vqx LiZv `–ixf‚Z
M¨vm AvM©‡bi †hvR¨Zv ¯@‡ii ¯’vqx AóK web¨vm jvf K‡i Ges nq bv| ¯’vqx Li cvwb‡Z †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU †hvM Ki‡j Zv Ca2+/
†KÐvwib cigvYy †hvR¨Zv ¯@‡ii GKwU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i AvM©‡bi Mg2+/Fe2+ Avq‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i CaCO3/MgCO3/FeCO3 Gi
†hvR¨Zv ¯@‡ii ¯’vqx AóK web¨vm jvf K‡i| Aat‡¶c ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j cvwb n‡Z Ca2+/Mg2+/Fe2+ Avqb
AcmvwiZ nq| A_©vr cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZv `–i nq|
2wU cigvYy hLb KvQvKvwQ Av‡m ZLb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb
CaCl2 + Na2CO3  CaCO3 + 2NaCl
Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Ca2+ I Cl Avqb MwVZ nq| GB `ywU
j DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
Avqb hy³ n‡q CaCl2 †hŠM MVb K‡i| 40C
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O
(A)
DcwiD³ wewµqvi A †hŠMwU n‡jv weÐwPs cvDWvi {Ca(OCl)Cl}|
Avi G Ca(OCl)Cl †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e RxevYy aŸsm K‡i Zv wb‡P
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
weÐwPs cvDWvi GKwU Kvh©Kix RxevYybvkK| N‡ii †g‡S, K‡gvW,
†ewmb BZ¨vw` RvqMv †_‡K RxevYy aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R weÐwPs cvDWvi
eënvi Kiv nq| weÐwPs cvDWvi‡K hLb †Kv‡bv N‡ii †g‡S,
K‡gvW, †ewmb BZ¨vwì Dci †i‡L cvwb †hvM Kiv nq, ZLb weÐwPs
Gfv‡e Ca I Cl †gŠjØ‡qi g‡a¨ AvqwbK eÜ‡bi gva¨‡g CaCl2 cvDWvi cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i CaCl2 I HOCl GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
†hŠM MVb K‡i| Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O  CaCl2 + HOCl
k DÏxc‡Ki A I B A_©vr NH3 I CO2 †hŠ‡Mi wgkÖY n‡Z nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW †f‡O wM‡q Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb [O] Drcbœ
ivmvqwbK mvi BDwiqv Drcv`b m¤¢e| Zv wb‡æ we‡kÐlY Kiv K‡i, hv RxevYy‡K aŸsm K‡i|
n‡jvÑ HOCl  HCl + [O]
NH3 I CO2 n‡Z BDwiqv Drcv`b : RxevYy + [O]  g„Z RxevYy|
BDwiqv g–jëvb c`v_©| Kve©b WvBA·vBW Ges A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨v‡mi †h‡nZz weÐwPs cvDWv‡ii Rvi‡Y RxevYy aŸsm nq ZvB ejv hvq †h
wgkÖY‡K D”P Pv‡c Ges 130 – 150C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j weÐwPs cvDWvi GKwU Kvh©Kix RxevYybvkK|
k DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
Ni
CO2 + 4H2  CH4 + 2H2O H2S2O7 + H2O  2H2SO4
250C (X)
(X)
DcwiD³ wewµqvq 'X' †hŠMwU n‡jv wg‡_b (CH4)| CH4 n‡Z
DcwiD³ wewµqvq Drcbœ X †hŠMwU A_©vr H2SO4 Gi RviY I
†UUªv‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e| Zv wb‡æ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
wbi“`b ag© wb‡æ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
AwZ‡eMywb (UV) Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wg‡_‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi
wewµqvq †UUªv‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b Drcbœ nq| Avi GB wewµqvwU 4wU av‡c H2SO4 Gi RviY ag© we‡kÐlY : †h mKj c`v_© Ab¨ c`v_©‡K
m¤•bœ nq| RvwiZ K‡i Ges wb‡R weRvwiZ nq Zv‡K RviK c`v_© e‡j| Avi
UV
CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl RviK c`v‡_©i G êwkó¨mg–n‡K RviY ag© e‡j|
UV
CH3Cl + Cl2  CH2Cl2 + HCl Mvp H2SO4 GKwU RviK c`v_© Ges G Gwm‡Wi RviY ag© Av‡Q|
UV
CH2Cl2 + Cl2  CHCl3 + HCl KviY H2SO4, HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †K¬vwib, mvjdvi WvB
UV
CHCl3 + Cl2  CCl4 + HCl A·vBW I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î H2SO4 †K¬vwib‡K RvwiZ
myZivs CH4 n‡Z CCl4 cÖ¯‘wZ m¤¢e| K‡i Ges wb‡R weRvwiZ nq|
cÖkœ  08 (i) 2K + H2SO4  K2SO4 + H2 2HCl + H2SO4  SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(ii) H2S2O7 + H2O  2 'X'

GLv‡b wewµqK †K¬vwi‡bi RviY msL¨v  1 n‡Z e„w× †c‡q Drcv`
K. Zwor FYvÍKZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †K¬vwi‡bi RviY msL¨v 0(k–b¨) n‡q‡Q| A_©vr †K¬vwi‡b RviY
L. M¨v‡jbv †jW avZzi AvKwiK e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K H2SO4 G S Gi RviY msL¨v + 6
M. (i) bs wewµqvq Drcbœ M¨vmxq †gŠjwU‡K ch©vq n‡Z n«vm †c‡q Drcv` S G + 4 n‡q‡Q| A_©vr H2SO4 weRvwiZ
mviwYi MÖ“c-1 G ¯’vb †`qvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 n‡q‡Q| Abyicƒ fv‡e,
N. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠMwUi RviY Ges wbi“`b ag© we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 3H2S + H2SO4  4S + 4H2O
wewµqvi †¶‡Î H2S G S Gi RviY msL¨v  2 n‡Z e„w× †c‡q 0(k–b¨)
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K H2SO4 G S Gi RviY msL¨v + 6 n‡Z n«vm
h †Kv‡bv AYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z `ywU cigvYyi g‡a¨ †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb †c‡q Drcv` S G 0(k–b¨) n‡q‡Q| A_©vr H SO G RviY I H S
hyMj‡K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU cigvYy Zvi wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y Kivi 2 4 2
¶gZv‡K H cigvYyi Zwor FYvÍKZv e‡j| G weRviY msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| myZivs Dfq wewµqvq H2SO4 RviK
i †h mKj LwbR n‡Z jvfRbKfv‡e avZz ev AavZz‡K wb®‹vkb wn‡m‡e wewµqv K‡i‡Q|
Kiv hvq †m mKj LwbR‡K AvKwiK e‡j| M¨v‡jbv n‡jv †jW H2SO4 Gi wbi“`b ag© we‡kÐlY : †h mKj c`v_© Ab¨ c`v_© n‡Z
avZzi AvKwiK| KviY M¨v‡jbv (PbS) n‡Z jvfRbKfv‡e †jW cvwb †kvlY K‡i †mB me c`v_©‡K wbi“`K c`v_© e‡j| Avi wbi“`K
(Pb) avZz msMÖn Kiv hvq| GRb¨ M¨v‡jbv‡K (PbS) †jW (Pb)
avZzi AvKwiK e‡j| c`v‡_©i G êwkó¨mg–n‡K wbi“`b ag© e‡j|
 Mvp H2SO4 GKwU wbi“`K c`v_© Ges G Gwm‡Wi wbi“`b ag©
2PbS + 3O2  2PbO + 2SO2
Av‡Q| KviY H2SO4, wPwb (C12H22O11), A¨vj‡Kvnj (R-OH)

PbO + C  Pb + CO
cÖf…wZ n‡Z cvwb †kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Mvp H2SO4 GKwU
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvq Drcbœ M¨vmxq †gŠjwU n‡jv
wbi“`K c`v_© Ges wbi“`b ag© Av‡Q|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb| Avi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-1 G ¯’vb
†Ìqvi KviY wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :  12C + H2SO4.11H2O
H2SO4 + C12H22O11
i. G MÖ“‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †gŠ‡ji g‡Zv nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i GLv‡b H2SO4, C12H22O11 n‡Z cvwb †kvlY K‡i| d‡j wPwb
GKwUgvÎ B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| Kv‡jv e‡Y©i n‡q hvq|
ii. G MÖ“‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †gŠ‡ji g‡Zv nvB‡Wªv‡R‡biI †hvR¨Zv 1.
Abyiƒcfv‡e,
iii. G MÖ“‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †gŠ‡ji g‡Zv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb GKwU kw³kvjx weRviK|
H2SO4 + C2H5OH  H2C = CH2 + H2SO4.H2O
iv. G MÖ“‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †gŠ‡ji g‡Zv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb GKwU B‡jKUªb
GLv‡b H2SO4, B_vbj (C2H5OH) n‡Z cvwb †kvlY K‡i| d‡j
Z¨vM K‡i abvÍK Avqb (H+) MVb K‡i|
DcwiD³ we‡kl Ki‡Y H-‡K A_©vr nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K MÖ“c-1 G ¯’vb Bw_b (C2H4) Drcbœ nq|
†Ìqv n‡q‡Q| AZGe H2SO4 G RviY I wbi“`b ag© we`¨gvb|
imvqb  1533
KzwgjÐv †evW©-2024
1. †gv‡g †Kvb Dcv`vb †gŠjwU Dcw¯’Z? 14. †KvbwUi Fermentation-G B_vbj cvIqv hvq?
K †K¬vwib L nvB‡Wªv‡Rb K gvQ L gvsm M fvZ N `ya
M Aw·‡Rb N bvB‡Uªv‡Rb 15. †KvbwU K…wÎg cwjgvi?
2. †KvbwU Zvc w`‡j KwVb Ae¯’v †_‡K mivmwi ev‡®• cwiYZ nq? K †cÖvwUb L bvBjb M KvV N †ikg
K C6H6 L C6H12O6
16. cvK¯’jx‡Z GwmW cÖkwgZ Kivi Rb¨ †KvbwU eëüZ nq?
M C10H16O N C12H22O11
K NaOH L KOH M Mg(OH)2 N Ca(OH)2
3. 1wU B‡jKUª‡bi fi KZ?
17. †Kvgj cvbxq‡Z †Kvb GwmW _v‡K?
K 1.673  10 24g L 1.60  10 19g
K nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW L mvjwdDwiK GwmW
M 1.675  10 24g N 9.11  10 28g
4. Avqb MV‡bi mgq cUvwkqvg †Kvb †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm M Kve©wbK GwmW N dm‡dvwiK GwmW
jvf K‡i? 18. †mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡q‡Ui mv‡_ †mvWvjvB‡gi wewµqvq †Kvb

K Ar L Cr M Kr N Sr nvB‡WªvKve©bwU Drcbœ nq?
5. †KvbwU bb-†iW· wewµqv? K C3 H 8 L C3 H 6 M C2 H 4 N C2 H 6
K Zn (s) + H2SO4(l) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) 19. †KvbwU cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq?
L 2FeCl2(aq) + Cl2(g)  2FeCl3(aq) K mvaviY jeY L mwilvi †Zj
M Mg(s) + 2O2(g)  2MgO(g) M b¨vc_vwjb N †K‡ivwmb
N NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
20. wW‡gi †Lvmvi mv‡_ †jeyi im †hvM Ki‡j †Kvb M¨vmwU Drcbœ n‡e?
6. 24 cvigvYweK msL¨vwewkó †gŠjwUi Ae¯’vb ch©vq mviwYi
K SO2 L CO2 M H2 N Cl2
†Kvb MÖ“‡c?
21. †c‡Uªvwjqv‡g kZKiv KZfvM b¨vc_v _v‡K?
K6 L8 M 10 N 12
K 2% L 5% M 10% N 13%
7. †Kvb M¨vmwUi e¨vc‡bi nvi †ewk?
22. Awjqv‡gi ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
K Bw_wjb L A¨v‡gvwbqv
K HOCl L H2SO4 M HClO4 N H2S2O7
M bvB‡Uªv‡Rb N †d¬vwib
23.
8. †KvbwU je‡Yi ms‡KZ? Gr-1 Gr-16 Gr-17
K C12H26O L C4 H 6 O 6 A
M C10H8 N C17H35COONa D F
9. †KvbwUi eÜb kw³ me©vwaK? E S Q
K H2 L N2 M O2 N Cl2 [A, D, EGes Q cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ]
10. f‚-Z¡‡K wmwjK‡bi kZKiv cwigvY KZ? DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi g‡a¨Ñ
K 27% L 8.4% M 5% N 4% i. A-Gi AvqbxKiY kw³ D A‡c¶v Kg
11. WªvB‡m‡jÑ ii. D-Gi cvigvYweK AvKvi Q A‡c¶v †QvU
i. MÖvdvBU K¨v‡_vW ii. wR¼ weRviK iii. E, D A‡c¶v AwaKZi mwµq
iii. A¨v‡bvW FYvÍK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
 250ml `ªe‡Y 4.9g Lvevi jeY `ªexf‚Z Kiv n‡jv|
12. †KvbwUi pH Gi gvb †ewk? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 24 I 25bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K AMœ¨vkq im L cvK¯’jx
24. `ªeYwUi †gvjvwiwU KZ?
M i³ N g–Î
K 1.78 M L 0.49 M M 0.33 M N 0.21 M
13. †Kvb †gŠjwU‡K ¯^-weRviY cÖwµqvq wb®‹vkb Kiv hvq? 25. `ªeYwU‡Z AviI KZMÖvg jeY †hvM Ki‡j Zv †mwg †gvjvi `ªe‡Y
K A¨vjywgwbqvg L †jW cwiYZ n‡e?
M wR¼ N Kcvi K 2.41 L 3.43 M 4.9 N 7.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
KzwgjÐv †evW©-2024
1| †gŠj ch©vq †kÖwY 5| `kg †kÖwYi GK`j wk¶v_©x GwmW wgwkÖZ cvwbi ga¨ w`‡q
A 4_© 8 Zwor Pvjbv Ki‡jv| Aci GK`j wk¶v_©x `¯@v I Zvgvi
D 2q 16 ZworØvi Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY eënvi K‡i Zwor Drcbœ
K. wbw®Œq M¨vm Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Kij|
L. avZz wb®‹vkb GKwU weRviY cÖwµqvÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. AvKwiK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. D2 Gi eÜb MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. wbDwK¬qvi †PBb wewµqv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
N. A †gŠjwU D Gi mv‡_ eÜb MV‡b GKvwaK †hvRbx M. DÏxc‡Ki 1g `j wk¶v_©xi cix¶YwU wewµqvmn
cÖ`k©b K‡iÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
2|
N. DÏxc‡Ki 2q `j wk¶v_©xi Zwor Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
6| i. S + O2  ʻMʼ M¨vm
ii. N2 + 3H2  2T M¨vm
K. mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. GKB ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi n‡Z cv‡iÑ
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. M I T M¨vm `ywUi e¨vcb nv‡ii Zzjbvg–jK eY©bv
K. Aè Kv‡K e‡j? 1 `vI| 3
L. K…wl‡¶‡Î pH Gi Myi“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 N. M-M¨vm n‡Z Awjqvg cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki cvÎwU‡Z msNwUZ ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v
7| †hŠM mvaviY ms‡KZ
Ki| 3
P CnH2n n=3
N. wewµqv cv‡Î cÖvß †hŠMwUi Rjxq `ªe‡Y CO2 M¨vm
Q CnH2n + 1OH
K. A¨vjKvBb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
3| A GKwU nvB‡WªvKve©b hvi AvYweK fi 26| †hŠMwU‡Z 7.69%
L. ÒB_vbj cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqÓÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡Q|
K. A¨vj‡Kvnj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. Q †hŠM n‡Z Kxfv‡e ˆRe GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvqÑ
L. B_vbwqK GwmW GKwU `ye©j GwmWÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. DÏxcK n‡Z ʻAʼ †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q N. P I Q †hŠ‡Mi cvi¯•wiK iƒcvš@i m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY
Ki| 3 Ki| 4
N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻAʼ †hŠMwU †_‡K Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z 8|
m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Kw÷K 300 ml
†mvWv
4| CH  CH(g) + 2H2(g)  CH3  CH3(g) mvjwdDwiK
(2g)
GwmW
GLv‡b C  H, C  C, H  H Ges C  C Gi eÜb kw³ (2g)
h_vµ‡g 414, 812, 436 Ges 344 wK‡jvRyj/†gvj| cvÎ-A cvÎ-B
K. e¨vcb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. †gvj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. mÂiYkxj B‡jKUªb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 L. AlCl3 EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqv †_‡K H Gi gvb wnmve Ki| 3 M. `ªeYØ‡qi NbgvÎv mgvb n‡e wK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµqvwU‡Z Pvc I NbgvÎvi cÖfve N. A I B cv‡Îi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j wgwkÖZ `ªeYwU
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Aèxq bv ¶vixq n‡eÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
imvqb  1535
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 L 2 M 3 N 4 K 5 N 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 N 12 K 13 N
DËi
14 M 15 L 16 M 17 M 18 N 19 K 20 L 21 M 22 N 23 L 24 M 25 K
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 †gŠj ch©vq †kÖwY O O  O = O  O2
A 4_© 8 wPÎ : jyBP c×wZ‡Z O2 Gi eÜb MVb
D 2q 16
O O
K. wbw®Œq M¨vm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. avZz wb®‹vkb GKwU weRviY cÖwµqvÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
wPÎ : WvqvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g O2 Gi eÜb MVb
M. D2 Gi eÜb MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. A †gŠjwU D Gi mv‡_ eÜb MV‡b GKvwaK †hvRbx k DÏxc‡K D‡jÐwLZ ch©vq mviwYi 4_© ch©v‡qi †kÖwYi 8-Gi
cÖ`k©b K‡iÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 †gŠjwU n‡jv Avqib (Fe)| myZivs A †gŠjwU D †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ A_©vr
Avqib, Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ eÜb MV‡b GKvwaK †hvRbx cÖ`k©b
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K‡i, Zv wb‡æ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
h ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-18 bs Gi †gŠjmg–n‡K wbw®Œq M¨vm e‡j|
Aw·‡Rb I Avqi‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
i mvaviYZ avZzmg–n cÖK…wZ‡Z Zv‡ì A·vBW ev jeY wn‡m‡e 2 2 4
_v‡K| G mKj jeY AvqwbK †hŠM| hvi g‡a¨ avZz K¨vUvqb 8O  1s 2s 2p
2– 2 2 6
wn‡m‡e _v‡K| jeY n‡Z avZzi wb®‹vk‡bi mgq avZz Avqb 8O  1s 2s 2p
26Fe  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v)

2 2 6 3 6 6 2
cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zwor wbi‡c¶ avZz
cigvYy‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ nq| Avgiv Rvwb, B‡jKUªb MÖnY n‡”Q 26Fe  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’v)
2+ 2 2 6 2 6 6
weRviY| †Kv‡bv weRviK B‡jKUªb cÖ`vb K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc wRsK 26Fe  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d (D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’v)
3+ 2 2 6 2 6 5
cÖK…wZ‡Z wRsK mvjdvBW ZnS ev Zn2+S2 wn‡m‡e _v‡K|

DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Aw·‡Rb (O) `ywU
wb®‹vk‡bi cÖ_g w`‡Ki avcmg–‡n Zv‡ì‡K ZnO G cwiYZ Kiv
nq| AZtci Kve©b Øviv weRviY K‡i wRsK avZz‡K gy³ Kiv nq| B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i w¯’wZkxj nq| Avevi Avqib (Fe) 2wU ev 3wU
ZnO + C = Zn + CO B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i w¯’wZkxj nq| A_©vr Avqib 2wU ev 3wU
G wewµqv‡K wbæiƒc `yÕfvM K‡i †`Lv‡j weRviY Av‡iv ¯•ó n‡q I‡V B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Ges Aw·‡Rb (O) 2wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i|
O2 + C = CO + 2e– (RviY)
myZivs Avqi‡bi (Fe) 2wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM I Aw·‡R‡bi 2wU
Zn2+ + 2e– = Zn (weRviY)
AZGe, mKj avZz wb®‹vkb cÖwµqvB weRviY cÖwµqv| B‡jKUªb MÖnY cÖwµqv‡K wbæiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
2Fe  4e  2Fe2+
j DÏxc‡K D‡jÐwLZ ch©vq mviwYi 2q ch©v‡qi †kÖwY-16 Gi †gŠjwU
n‡jv Aw·‡Rb (O)| myZivs Aw·‡R‡bi eÜb MVb wb‡æ e¨vL¨v O2 + 4e  2O2
Kiv n‡jv-
Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc- mvwe©K wewµqv : 2Fe + O2  2Fe2+ + 2O2  2FeO
2 2
8O  1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
2 1 1
DcwiD³ FeO †hŠ‡M Avqi‡bi (Fe) †hvRbx 2|
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vmwU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, eÜb MV‡bi Avevi, Avqi‡bi (Fe) 3wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM Ges Aw·‡R‡bi (O)
Rb¨ w¯’wZkxj B‡jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j 6wU B‡jKUªb 2wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY cÖwµqv‡K wbæiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e bZzev Av‡iv 2wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY ev †kqvi Ki‡Z 4Fe  12e  4Fe3+
n‡e| mvaviYZ ivmvqwbK wewµqv GZ msL¨K (6wU) B‡jKUªb Z¨vM 3O2 + 12e  6O2
Kiv m¤¢e bq| eis Aw·‡Rb (O2) AYyi eÜb MV‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
mvwe©K wewµqv : 4Fe + 3O2  4Fe3+ + 6O2  2Fe2O3
Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi me©‡kl kw³¯@‡ii 2wU B‡jKUªb Aci Aw·‡Rb
cigvYyi mv‡_ †kqvi K‡i wbKUeZx© wbw®Œq M¨vm wbq‡bi (Ne) DcwiD³ Fe2O3 †hŠ‡M Avqi‡bi (Fe) †hvRbx 3|
MVb web¨vm AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Aw·‡Rb AYy MV‡bi gva¨‡g myZivs FeO I Fe2O3 †hŠMØ‡qi †¶‡Î Avqi‡bi (Fe) †hvRbx
w¯’wZkxjZv AR©b K‡i| myZivs jyBP c×wZ I WvqvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g h_vµ‡g 2 I 3|
Aw·‡Rb AYyi eÜb MVb O2 AYy‡Z wØeÜb we`¨gvb| AZGe Avqib (Fe), Aw·‡R‡bi (O) mv‡_ eÜb MV‡b GKvwaK
wb‡æv³fv‡e Zv Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †hvRbx cÖ`k©b K‡i|
cÖkœ  02 A`ªeYxq CaCO3 Drcbœ nIqvi Rb¨ Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv‡U nq|
Avevi GB †Nvjv Pz‡bi cvwbi g‡a¨ w`‡q AwZwi³ CO2 M¨vm Pvjbv
Ki‡j `ªeYwU Avevi ¯^”Q n‡q hvq|
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O  Ca(HCO3)2
K¨vjwmqvg evBKve©‡bU
myZivs Ca(HCO3)2 Drcbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Pz‡bi cvwb Avevi ¯^”Q
n‡q hvq|
cÖkœ  03 A GKwU nvB‡WªvKve©b hvi AvYweK fi 26| †hŠMwU‡Z
K. Aè Kv‡K e‡j? 1 7.69% nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡Q|
L. K…wl‡¶‡Î pH Gi Myi“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. A¨vj‡Kvnj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki cvÎwU‡Z msNwUZ ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvwU L. B_vbwqK GwmW GKwU `ye©j GwmWÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. DÏxcK n‡Z 'A' †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q
Ki| 3
N. wewµqv cv‡Î cÖvß †hŠMwUi Rjxq `ªe‡Y CO2 M¨vm
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' †hŠMwU †_‡K Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z
m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq 7 I 9 Gi mgš^‡q] [Aa¨vq 6 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q]
2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
h †hme c`v‡_©i AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Av‡Q Ges Rjxq h †hme ˆRe †hŠ‡M nvB‡Wªvw·j g–jK (OH) Dcw¯’Z _v‡K Zv‡K
`ªe‡Y we‡qvwRZ n‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K GwmW ev A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j|
Aè e‡j| i †hme GwmW Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvswkKfv‡e we‡qvwRZ nq Ges Aí
i K…wl‡Z pH Gi Myi“Z¡ Acwimxg| Dw™¢` Zvi kix‡ii cywói cwigvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H ) Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡ì‡K g„`y ev `ye©j
+
Rb¨ gvwU †_‡K wewfbœ Avqb, cvwb †kvlY K‡i| Gi Rb¨ gvwUi pH GwmW e‡j| †h‡nZz B_vbwqK GwmW (CH3COOH) Rjxq `ªe‡Y
AvswkK we‡qvwRZ nq Ges Aí cwigvY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+)
Gi gvb 6.0 †_‡K 8.0 Gi g‡a¨ n‡j me‡P‡q fv‡jv| Avevi,
Drcbœ K‡i| †m Kvi‡YY B_vbwqK GwmW (CH3COOH) †K `ye©j
gvwUi pH Gi gvb 3.0 Gi Kg ev 10 Gi †ewk n‡j gvwUi DcKvix GwmW ejv nq|
AYyRxe gviv hvq| gvwUi pH Gi gvb K‡g †M‡j cwigvY g‡Zv Pzb H2 O
CH3COOH  H+ + CH3COO
(CaO) eënvi Kiv nq| Avevi gvwUi pH Gi gvb †e‡o †M‡j Avevi 25C ZvcgvÎvq B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi 1000wU AYyi g‡a¨
cwigvYg‡Zv A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU, (NH4)2SO4, A¨v‡gvwbqvg cvwb‡Z gvÎ 4wU AYy we‡qvwRZ nq| Avi 996wU B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi
dm‡dU (NH4)3PO4 BZ¨vw` mvi eënvi K‡i gvwUi pH Kgv‡bv nq| AYy Awe‡hvwRZ Ae¯’vq cvwb‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y
j DÏxc‡Ki cvÎwU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G‡Z kvgy‡Ki CH3COOH †K `ye©j GwmW ejv nq|
†Lvjm‡K DËß Kiv n‡”Q A_©vr CaCO3 †K DËß Kiv n‡”Q| j DÏxc‡Ki A †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbæiƒ‡c wbY©q Kiv hvq|
CaCO3 †K DËß Ki‡j wbæiƒc wewµqv N‡U| †Ìqv Av‡Q,
 H = 7.69%
CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
 C = (100  7.69)% = 92.31%
myZivs GB wewµqvwU g–jZ Pzbvcv_‡ii Zvcxq wewµqv| GLb cÖ‡Z¨K †gŠ‡ji kZKiv mshywZ‡K wbR wbR cvigvYweK fi
CaCO3 †K Zvc w`‡j Zv we‡qvwRZ n‡q CaO I CO2 Drcbœ nq| Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,
†Lvjv cv‡Î wewµqvwU msNwUZ n‡j M¨vmxq Drcv` CO2 wewµqv cvÎ H=
7.69
= 7.69
1
n‡Z AcmvwiZ nq| Giƒc Ae¯’vq CaO I CO2 cybivq wewµqv K‡i
92.31
CaCO3 Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr wewµqvwU GKw`‡K msNwUZ C=
12
= 7.69
nq| †h wewµqv kyaygvÎ GKw`‡K msNwUZ nq Zv‡K GKgyLx wewµqv Gfv‡e cÖvß fvMdjmg–n‡K ¶z`ªZg msL¨vwU Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,
e‡j| myZivs DcwiD³ wewµqvwU GKgyLx I we‡qvRb wewµqv| 7.69
H= =1
7.69
k DÏxc‡K wewµqv cv‡Î cÖvß †hŠMwU n‡jv CaO| myZivs CaO 7.69
cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Ca(OH)2 Drcbœ K‡i| C=
7.69
=1
CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + Zvc  †hŠMwUi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ = CH
GLb CaO Gi Rjxq `ªeY Ca(OH)2 Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q CO2 M¨vm awi, A †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ = (CH)n
Pvjbv Ki‡j cÖ_‡g `ªeYwU †Nvjv‡U nq| †Ìqv Av‡Q, A †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK fi = 26
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O Ges ¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi = (12 + 1) = 13
imvqb  1537
cÖK…Z AvYweK fi DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU wbæiƒc :
myZivs n =
¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi CH  CH + 2H2  CH3  CH3
=
26 G wewµqvwU‡K MvVwbKfv‡e wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq,
13
H H
 n =2
H  C  C  H + 2(H  H)  H  C  C  H
myZivs A †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ = (CH)2
H H
= C2H2
AZGe A †hŠMwU n‡jv B_vBb (A¨vwmwUwjb), hvi AvYweK ms‡KZ DcwiD³ wewµqvwU‡Z 1 †gvj C  C I 2 †gvj H  H eÜb fv‡O
n‡jv C2H2| Ges 4 †gvj C  H I 1 †gvj C  C eÜb ˆZwi nq|
GLb, eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq eÜb kw³
k DÏxc‡Ki A †hŠM A_©vr C2H2 n‡Z Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv = (C  C) + 2(H  H)
m¤¢e wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv = (812 + 2  436) kJ/mole
cÖ_‡g 80C ZvcgvÎvq B_vBb †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ 20% mvjwdDwiK = (812 + 872) kJ/mole
= 1684 kJ/mole
GwmW Ges 2% gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j B_vb¨vj
Avevi, eÜb MV‡b wbM©Z kw³
Drcbœ nq|
= 4(C  H) + (C  C)
20% H2SO4 2% HgSO4
CH  CH + H2O  CH3 – CHO = {(4  414) + 344} kJ/mole
80C
B_vBb B_vb¨vj = (1656 + 344) kJ/mole
= 2000 kJ/mole
Drcbœ B_vb¨vj‡K kw³kvjx RviK (K2Cr2O7 I H2SO4) Øviv
Avgiv Rvwb,
RvwiZ Ki‡j B_vbwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 H = eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³  eÜb MV‡b wbM©Z kw³
CH3 – CHO + [O]  CH3 – COOH ev, H = (1684  2000) kJ/mole
B_vb¨vj B_vbwqK GwmW
 H =  316 kJ/mole
Drcbœ B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi 4 – 10% Rjxq `ªeY wf‡bMvi bv‡g AZGe, DcwiD³ wewµqvi H Gi gvb = 316 kJ/mole
cwiwPZ hv Lv`¨ msi¶Y Kv‡R eëüZ nq|
myZivs B_vBb †hŠM †_‡K Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e| k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU wbæiƒc
HC  CH + 2H2  H3C  CH3
cÖkœ  04 CH  CH(g) + 2H2(g)  CH3  CH3(g) DcwiD³ wewµqvwU‡Z jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i mvg¨ve¯’vq
GLv‡b C  H, C  C, H  H Ges C  C Gi eÜb kw³ Pvc I NbgvÎvi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv
h_vµ‡g 414, 812, 436 Ges 344 wK‡jvRyj/†gvj| mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve : †h mKj wewµqvq wewµqK I
K. e¨vcb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Drcv‡ì g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU M¨vmxq ev meB M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq
L. mÂiYkxj B‡jKUªb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 _v‡K †mme wewµqvq mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve _v‡K|
M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqv †_‡K H Gi gvb wnmve Ki| 3 mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµq‡Ki †gvU †gvj msL¨v Ges Drcv‡ì †gvU †gvj
N. mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµqvwU‡Z Pvc I NbgvÎvi cÖfve msL¨vi cwieZ©b n‡j mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve _vK‡e|
jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ Abymv‡i mvg¨ve¯’vq Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j Pvc
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
e„w×RwbZ djvdj cÖkwgZ n‡Z n‡e| GKB AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi †gvj
msL¨v †ewk n‡j Pvc †ewk nq Ges †gvj msL¨v Kg n‡j Pvc Kg
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
nq| Dc‡ii DfgyLx wewµqvq evg w`‡K M¨vmxq Drcv‡` †gvj
h †Kv‡bv gva¨‡g KwVb, Zij ev M¨vmxq e¯‘i ¯^Ztù‚Z© I msL¨v †ewk (1 + 3 = 4) Ges Wvb w`‡K Kg (2)| Kv‡RB Pvc
mgfv‡e cwie¨vß nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K e¨vcb e‡j| e„w×RwbZ djvdj cÖkwgZ Kivi Rb¨ wewµqvwUi M¨vmxq Dcv`vb
†ewk †gvj †_‡K Kg †gv‡ji w`‡K †h‡Z n‡e| A_©vr wewµqvi
i avZe ùwU‡K avZe cigvYy KZ…©K Z¨vMK…Z B‡jKUªbmg–n m¤§yLgyLx AskwU e„w× †c‡q N2 I H2 wewµqv K‡i NH3 Drcbœ
cvigvYweK kuv‡mi gaëZx© ¯’v‡b gy³fv‡e Nyiv‡div K‡i| G
Ki‡e|
ai‡bi B‡jKUªbmg–n‡K mÂviYkxj B‡jKUªb e‡j| mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci NbgvÎvi cÖfve : mKj wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vi
j †Ìqv Av‡Q, C  H = 414 kJ/mole Dci wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq †h
C  C = 812 kJ/mole †Kv‡bv GKwU wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv evov‡j jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ
H  H = 436 kJ/mole Abymv‡i wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv Kwg‡q cwieZ©‡bi djvdj‡K cÖkwgZ
C  C = 344 kJ/mole Kivi Rb¨ Drcv‡ì cwigvY e„w× n‡Z n‡e| Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi,
 H = ? GLv‡b wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb w`‡K AMÖmi nq| GKBfv‡e
wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Drcv‡ì NbgvÎv evov‡bv GLb e¨vUvwii gva¨‡g we`y¨r cÖevwnZ Ki‡j A¨v‡bvW nvB‡Wªvw·j
n‡j Drcv‡ì cwigvY Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ wewµqvwU wecixZ w`‡K NU‡Z Avqb (OH) †K AvKl©Y K‡i Avi K¨v‡_vW nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb‡K
_v‡K Ges wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv e„w× n‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z (H+) AvKl©Y K‡i| ZworØvi `yBwU‡Z wbæiƒc wewµqv N‡U|
cvwi, mvg¨ve¯’v evg w`‡K AMÖmi nq| K¨v‡_vW ZworØv‡i wewµqv : 4H+ + 4e  2H2 (weRviY wewµqv)
cÖkœ  05 `kg †kÖwYi GK`j wk¶v_©x GwmW wgwkÖZ cvwbi ga¨ A¨v‡bvW ZworØv‡i wewµqv : 4OH  O2 + 2H2O + 4e (RviY wewµqv)
w`‡q Zwor Pvjbv Ki‡jv| Aci GK`j wk¶v_©x `¯@v I Zvgvi A_©vr K¨v‡_v‡W nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm Avi A¨v‡bv‡W Aw·‡Rb M¨vm
ZworØvi Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY eënvi K‡i Zwor Drcbœ Kij| Drcbœ nq|
K. AvKwiK Kv‡K e‡j? 1 k DÏxc‡Ki 2q `‡ji wk¶v_x©iv `¯@v I Zvgvi ZworØvi Ges
L. wbDwK¬qvi †PBb wewµqv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY eënvi K‡i Zwor Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj wb‡æ
M. DÏxc‡Ki 1g `j wk¶v_©xi cix¶YwU wewµqvmn
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
DÏxc‡Ki Aci `‡ji wk¶v_©x‡ì Z_¨‡K wewµqv AvKv‡i m¤•–Y©
N. DÏxc‡Ki 2q `j wk¶v_©xi Zwor Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj
K‡i cvB,
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq 8 Gi Av‡jv‡K] Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi ev, Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
h †h mKj LwbR n‡Z mn‡R I jvfRbKfv‡e avZz wb®‹vkb Kiv cÖ`Ë wewµqvwUi wewµqK I Drcv` c`v_©mg–n‡K eënvi K‡i
hvq Zv‡ì‡K AvKwiK e‡j| we`y¨rkw³ Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e GKwU cv‡Î Kcvi `Ê Kcvi mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq
i †h wewµqv GKevi kyi“ n‡j Zv mwµq ivLvi Rb¨ AwZwi³
†Kv‡bv kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Zv‡K wbDwK¬qvi †PBb wewµqv e‡j| `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K| G‡K Cu/Cu2+(aq) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Ab¨ cv‡Î A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e wRsK `Ê wRsK mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq
235
U + 10n  141
Ba + 92
Kr + 310n + cÖPzi kw³
92 56 36 `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K| G‡K Zn/Zn2+(aq) wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq|
DcwiD³ wewµqvwU n‡jv wbDwK¬qvi †PBb wewµqv| KviY G Zn/Zn2+ I Cu2+/Cu ZworØvi `ywUi c‡iv¶ ms‡hv‡M W¨vwb‡qj
wewµqvq Drcbœ wbDUª‡bi (3wU) MwZ Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡j †mBMy‡jvi †Kvl MV‡bi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
GKwU Ask Avevi Ab¨ 23592
U AvB‡mv‡Uvc‡K AvNvZ K‡i| Gfv‡e
Av‡iv wbDUªb Drcbœ nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e Drcbœ wbDUª‡bi GKwU Ask
ch©vqµ‡g 235
92
U AvB‡mv‡Uvc‡K AvNvZ K‡i| d‡j wbDUªb Drcbœ
n‡Z _v‡K| Avi GB Pjgvb wewµqvwUB n‡jv wbDwK¬qvi †PBb wewµqv|
j DÏxc‡Ki 1g `‡ji wk¶v_x©i GwmW wgwkÖZ cvwbi g‡a¨ w`‡q
Zwor Pvjbvi cix¶YwU wewµqvmn wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
GwmW wgwkÖZ cvwbi Zwor we‡kÐlY :
weky× cvwb‡K Zwor we‡kÐlY Ki‡Z Zwor we‡kÐlY †Kv‡l wbw®Œq wPÎ : M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl
avZzi A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW eënvi Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î cÐvwUbvg avZzi W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡l K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ Cu|Cu2+(aq) avZz/avZe
cvZ A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| cvwb mvgvb¨ Avqb ZworØvi I A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e Zn|Zn2+(aq) avZz/avZe Avqb
cwigv‡Y wbæiƒ‡c AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K : ZworØvi eëüZ nq| cvÎØ‡qi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi
4H2O  4H+ + 4OH
Rb¨ wbw®Œq Zworwe‡kÐl¨ (KCl) `ªeYc–Y© U-AvK…wZi wUDe
cvwbi we‡qvRb e„w× Kivi Rb¨ cvwb‡Z K‡qK †duvUv mvjwdDwiK `ªeYØ‡qi g‡a¨ Wzev‡bv nq| Gevi hw` Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ ZworØvi
GwmW †hvM Kiv nq|
`ywU‡K mshy³ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j wb‡æv³ RviY-weRviY wewµqv
Aw·‡Rb M¨vm nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e NU‡e|
M¨vm
e¨vUvwi A¨v‡bvW wewµqv : Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e–
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv : Cu2+(aq) + 2e–  Cu(s)
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
K¨v‡_vW A¨v‡bvW A_©vrZn A¨v‡bvW wb‡R B‡jKUªb †Q‡o we‡qvwRZ (dissolution)
n‡q `ªe‡Y Zn2+(aq) Avqb wn‡m‡e `ªexf‚Z n‡e| Aciw`‡K,
cvwb I Gwm‡Wi
wgkÖY `ªe‡Yi Cu2+(aq) Avqb K¨v‡_vW †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i avZe
Cu wn‡m‡e K¨v‡_vW Rgv n‡e| cÖK…Zc‡¶, A¨v‡bv‡W Drcbœ
wPÎ : cvwbi Zwor we‡kÐlY B‡jKUªb Zv‡ii gva¨‡g K¨v‡_v‡W †cuŠ‡Q B‡jKUª‡bi mgZv i¶v
imvqb  1539
K‡i| Zvn‡j Zvi w`‡q ZworØvi `ywU‡K mshy³ Ki‡jB A¨v‡bvW k DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
†_‡K K¨v‡_v‡W B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni m„wó n‡e| B‡jKUªb cÖevn gv‡bB S + O2  SO2(g)
we`y¨r cÖevn| myZivs, W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li ZworØviØq‡K jeY †mZz I (M)
Zv‡ii gva¨‡g c‡iv¶fv‡e hy³ Kiv n‡j †Kv‡l Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡e| DcwiD³ wewµqvi M A_©vr SO2 n‡Z Awjqvg cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e|
wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
cÖkœ  06 i. S + O2  'M' M¨vm
¯•k© †P¤^v‡i SO2 †K 400 – 450C ZvcgvÎvq Pt P‚Y© ev V2O5
ii. N2 + 3H2  2T3 M¨vm cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j SO3 Drcbœ nq|
K. mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 400 – 500C
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
L. GKB ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi n‡Z cv‡iÑ Pt/V2O5
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 SO3 Gi mv‡_ H2O †hvM Kiv n‡j H2SO4 Drcbœ nq| wKš‘ G
†¶‡Î mgm¨v n‡jv SO3 evZv‡mi Rjxq ev‡®•i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
M. M I T M¨vm `ywUi e¨vcb nv‡ii Zzjbvg–jK eY©bv
H2SO4 Gi Nb Kzqvkv m„wó K‡i, hv Nbxf‚Z Kiv AZ¨š@ KwVb|
`vI| 3
SO3(g) + H2O(g)  H2SO4 (Nb Kzqvkv)
N. M-M¨vm n‡Z Awjqvg cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq 2 I 10 Gi mgš^‡q] ZvB SO3 †K 98% H2SO4 G †kvlY K‡i a–gvqgvb mvjwdDwiK
GwmW Drcbœ Kiv nq| G‡K Awjqvg e‡j|
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
H2SO4(l) + SO3(g)  H2S2O7(l)
h †hme †hŠ‡Mi Kvh©Kixg–jK GKB Ges G‡ì †fŠZ I Awjqvg
ivmvqwbK a‡g©i Mfxi wgj _v‡K Zv‡ì‡K mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY e‡j| AZGe, SO2 n‡Z Awjqvg (H2S2O7) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e|
i ¯’‚j ms‡KZ †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z we`¨gvb †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYyi cÖkœ  07 †hŠM mvaviY ms‡KZ
msL¨vi AbycvZ cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ †ebwR‡bi AvYweK ms‡KZ
P CnH2n n=3
C6H6 I A¨vwmwUwjb Gi AvYweK ms‡KZ C2H2| G `ywU †hŠM wfbœ
Q CnH2n + 1OH
n‡jI G‡ì †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYy msL¨vi AbycvZ A_©vr ¯’‚j
K. A¨vjKvBb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
ms‡KZ CH| myZivs `ywU wfbœ †hŠ‡Mi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKB n‡Z
L. ÒB_vbj cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
cv‡i|
M. Q †hŠM n‡Z Kxfv‡e ˆRe GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq
AZGe, GKB ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi n‡Z cv‡i| e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqv `ywU‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, N. P I Q †hŠ‡Mi cvi¯•wiK iƒcvš@i m¤¢e we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
i. S + O2  SO2(g) [Aa¨vq 11 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
(M) 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
ii. N2 + 3H2  2NH3(g) h †hme Am¤•„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡b wÎ-eÜb Dcw¯’Z _v‡K †mme
(T)
nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K A¨vjKvBb e‡j| G‡ì mvaviY ms‡KZ CnH2n2|
DcwiD³ wewµqv `ywU n‡Z cÖvß M I T M¨vm n‡jv h_vµ‡g SO2
i B_vbj cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq wb‡æ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
I NH3| G M¨vm `ywUi e¨vcb nv‡ii Zzjbvg–jK eY©bv wb‡æ
B_vbj (C2H5OH) AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªvw·j (OH) g–jK _vKvi Kvi‡Y
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv GwU †cvjvi AYy| d‡j Avš@tAvYweK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb m„wó
†h‡Kv‡bv gva¨‡g KwVb, Zij ev M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i ¯^Ztù‚Z© I Ki‡Z m¶g| G Kvi‡Y B_vbj AYy cvwbi AYyi mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
mgfv‡e PZzw`©‡K Qwo‡q cov‡K e¨vcK e‡j| e¨vcb mvaviYZ eÜb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cvwb‡Z Bw_wjb (C2H5OH) `ªexf‚Z nq|
e¯‘i fi I Nb‡Z¡i Dci wbf©ikxj| †h‡Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi
H M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ I AvYweK f‡ii eM©g–‡ji e¨¯@vbycvwZK| myZivs
†h M¨v‡mi fi I NbZ¡ hZ Kg Zvi e¨vcb nvi ZZ †ewk|
SO2 I NH3 M¨vm `ywUi AvYweK fi wbY©q K‡i cvB, j DÏxc‡Ki Q †hŠMwUi mvaviY ms‡KZ CnH2n + 1OH Ges
SO2 Gi AvYweK fi = 32 + 16  2 = 64 n = 3| myZivs Q †hŠMwU n‡jv C3H7OH| Avi C3H7OH n‡Z ˆRe
NH3 " " " = 14 + 1  3 = 17 GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e wb‡æ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
M¨vm `ywUi AvYweK fi j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, SO2 Gi Zzjbvq †cÖvcvbj‡K (C3H7OH) kw³kvjx RviK (K2Cr2O7 I H2SO4) Øviv
NH3 M¨v‡mi AvYweK fi Kg| myZivs SO2 A‡c¶v NH3 Gi RvwiZ Ki‡j cÖ_‡g †cÖvcvb¨vj I cieZx©‡Z †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW
e¨vcb nvi †ewk| Drcbœ nq| hv GKwU ˆRe GwmW|
2 2 7 K Cr O
2 4 I H SO j DÏxc‡Ki cvÎ-A Gi Kw÷K †mvWv (NaOH) `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv
C3H7OH + [O]  C2H5CHO + H2O
2 2 7K Cr O
2 4 I H SO wbY©q :
C2H5CHO + [O]  C2H5COOH
myZivs †cÖvcvbj (C3H7OH) n‡Z †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW (C2H5COOH) †Ìqv Av‡Q,
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e| NaOH Gi fi, w1 = 2g
`ªe‡Yi AvqZb, v = 300 mL
k DÏxc‡Ki P †hŠMwUi mvaviY ms‡KZ CnH2n Ges n = 3|
myZivs P †hŠMwU n‡jv C3H6 Ges Q †hŠMwU n‡jv C3H7OH| NaOH Gi AvYweK fi, M1 = (23 + 16 + 1) = 40
†cÖvwcb I †cÖvcvbj †hŠ‡Mi cvi¯•wiK iƒcvš@i m¤¢e wb‡æ Zv  †gvjvwiwU, S1 = ?
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ Avgiv Rvwb,
†cÖvcvbj n‡Z †cÖvwcb cÖ¯‘wZ : †cÖvcvbj Gi mv‡_ AwaK cwigvY w1  1000
S1 =
H2SO4 Gi wewµqvq †cÖvwcb Drcbœ nq| wewµqvwU `yB av‡c N‡U| M1V
cÖ_g av‡c CH3CH2CH2SO4H I wØZxq av‡c †cÖvwcb (CH3 – CH = CH2) =
2  1000
40  300
Drcbœ nq|
= 0.1666 M
100C
CH3CH2CH2OH + H2SO4  CH3CH2CH2SO4H + H2O  S1 = 0.167 M
170C myZivs Kw÷K †mvWvi (NaOH) `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv = 0.167 M
CH3CH2CH2SO4H  CH3 – CH = CH2 + H2SO4
†cÖvwcb Avevi, DÏxc‡Ki cvÎ-B Gi H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q :
†cÖvwcb n‡Z †cÖvcvbj cÖ¯‘wZ : dmdwiK Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †Ìqv Av‡Q,
†cÖvwcb cvwbi mv‡_ ev®•vwqZ Ki‡j D”P Zvc I Pv‡c wewµqv K‡i
H2SO4 Gi fi, w2 = 2g
†cÖvcvbj Drcbœ K‡i|
D”P Zvc I Pvc `ªe‡Yi AvqZb, v = 300 mL
CH3CH = CH2 + H2O  CH3CH2CH2OH
dmdwiK GwmW H2SO4 Gi AvYweK fi, M2 = (1  2 + 32 + 16  4) = 98
†cÖvwcb †cÖvcvbj
 †gvjvwiwU, S2 = ?
myZivs †cÖvwcb I †cÖvcvbj †hŠ‡Mi cvi¯•wiK iƒcvš@i m¤¢e|
Avgiv Rvwb,
cÖkœ  08 w2  1000
Kw÷K 300 ml S2 =
M2V
†mvWv mvjwdDwiK 2  1000
(2g) =
GwmW 98  300
(2g)  S2 = 0.0680 M
cvÎ-A cvÎ-B
K. †gvj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 myZivs H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv, S2 = 0.068 M.
L. AlCl3 EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_© e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 AZGe, cvÎmg–‡ni `ªeYØ‡qi (NaOH I H2SO4) `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv
M. `ªeYØ‡qi NbgvÎv mgvb n‡e wK? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 mgvb n‡e bv|
N. A I B cv‡Îi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j wgwkÖZ `ªeYwU
k DÏxc‡Ki cvÎ A I B Gi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j wbæiƒc
Aèxq bv ¶vixq n‡e we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 wewµqv msNwUZ n‡e|
2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 2(23 + 16 + 1) (1  2 + 32 + 6  4)
= 80 = 98
h †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i AvYweK fi‡K MÖv‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j †h cwigvY myZivs DcwiD³ wewµqvwU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq,
cvIqv hvq, †mB cwigvY‡K H c`v‡_©i 1 †gvj e‡j|
98 g.H2SO4 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 80 g.NaOH
i †hme KwVb c`v_©‡K Zvc w`‡j mivmwi KwVb Ae¯’v n‡Z  1 " " " " "
80
"
M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nq Ges ZvcgvÎv n«vm (VvÊv) Ki‡j Zv 98
80  2
mivmwi KwVb Ae¯’v cÖvß nq Zv‡ì‡K EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_© e‡j| 2 " " " " "
98
"
AlCl3 GKwU EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©| KviY AlCl3 †K Zvc w`‡j Zv = 1.6326 g.NaOH
KwVb Ae¯’v n‡Z mivmwi M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nq| Avevi myZivs 1.633g NaOH Gi mv‡_ 2g H2SO4 wewµqv K‡i| Giƒc
VvÛv Ki‡j Zv Zi‡j cwiYZ bv n‡q mivmwi KwVb Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vq AwZwi³ NaOH Gi cwigvY (2  1.633)g = 0.367 g.
cwiYZ nq| Gme Kvi‡Y AlCl3 EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©| AZGe, NaOH I H2SO4 Gi wgwkÖZ `ªeYwU ¶vixq cÖK…wZi n‡e|
imvqb  1541
h‡kvi †evW©-2024
1. 750 mL 0.1 M †mvwWqvg Kv‡e©v‡bU `ªe‡Y KZ MÖvg `ªe i‡q‡Q? 14. †KvbwU gy`ªv avZz?
K3 L 6.30 K Cr L Fe
M 7.25 N 7.95 M Cu N Zn
2. †KvbwU g„r¶vi avZz? 15. †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji GKwU cigvYyi fi 3.16  10 23g
K Na LK Gi Av‡cw¶K cvigvYweK fi KZ?
M Ca N Zn K9 L 19
3. A¨vbvjv‡i m‡e©v”P KZ fvM †fRvj _v‡K? M 27 N 32
K1 L5  wb‡Pi Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K 16, 17 I 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M 40 N 99 Li
4. NH4Cl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O + X a b e f g m Ar
GLv‡b 'X' M¨vmwU Kx? GLv‡b a, b, e, f, g, m cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
K HCl L Cl2 16. a I m Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi eÜb MwVZ n‡e?
M NH3 N CO2 K AvqwbK L mg‡hvRx
5. †jvnv wb®‹vk‡b eëüZ PzwjÐwUi bvg Kx? M avZe N mwbœ‡ek-mg‡hvRx
K wiUU© L KbfvU©vi 17. b I m Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi ms‡KZÑ
M wjexM kxZK N evZ¨vPzwjÐ K bm L bm2
6. †ewKs cvDWv‡i †Kvb GwmW _v‡K? M b2m N b2m2
K bvBwUªK GwmW L mvBwUªK GwmW 18. i. g AèxqA·vBW MVb K‡i
M UviUvwiK GwmW N g¨vwjwqK GwmW
AóK wbqg †g‡b MwVZ nq
ii. fm5
iii. bg AvqwbK †hŠM
7. †KvbwU EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©?
K NaCl L Br2 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M I2 N NH3 K i I ii L i I iii
8. AbymÜvb I M‡elYv cÖwµqvi PZz_© avc †KvbwU? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K welqe¯‘ wba©viY L mg¨K Ávb AR©b 19. A¨vjywgwbqvg bvB‡UªU Gi GKwU AYy‡Z KZwU cigvYy _v‡K?
M cix¶Y N djvdj AR©b K5 L9
M 13 N 15
9. imvq‡bi mv‡_ m¤•K© Av‡QÑ
20. †KvbwU †iW· wewµqv?
i. c`v_©weÁvb
K cÖkgb L mgvYyKiY
ii. RxeweÁvb
M cwjgviKiY N `nb
iii. MwYZ 21. †Kvb wewµqvi Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve †bB?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K 2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)
Ki L i I ii L H2(g) + I2(g)  2Hl(g)
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M CaO(s) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s)
N N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
10. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi e¨vcb mgq †ewk?
22. A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi Kvh©Kix g–jK †KvbwU?
K NH3 L CO2
K  OH L >C=C<
M SO2 N Cl2
M  CHO N C=C
11. †evi cigvYy g‡Wj KZ mv‡j †Ìqv n‡qwQj?
23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU BDwiqvi ms‡KZ?
K 1803 L 1903
K NH4CNO L NH4CN
M 1911 N 1913 M (NH2)2CO N (NH4)2CO
12. †evi cigvYy g‡Wj Abymv‡i †KvbwUi eY©vwj e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq? 24. A¨vjKvBj g–j‡Ki †hvRbx KZ?
K He L He+ K1 L2
M Li+ N Li M3 N4
13. †Kvb †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm mvaviY wbq‡gi e¨wZµg? 25. Am¤•„³Zvi cix¶vq †KvbwU eëüZ nq?
KO L Mg K Cl2 L F2
M Al N Cr M Br2 N I2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
h‡kvi †evW©-2024
1| C2H2 + H2 
Ni
X(g) 5| X = --- ns2 np2 [n = 2]

 Y = ch©vq-4 Ges MÖ“c-11
S + O2  Y(g)
 Z = --- ns2 np5 [n = 3]
N2 + H2  Z(g)
[GLv‡b, X, Y Ges Z †gŠ‡ji cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ]
Z + HCl  M
K. cvZb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. B‡jKUªb Avmw³ Kx? 1
L. AvM©b GKwU wbw®Œq M¨vm †Kb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 L. B‡jKUªb web¨vmB ch©vq mviYxi g–j wfwË e¨vL¨v
M. X, Y I Z Gi e¨vcb nv‡ii µg e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 K‡iv| 2
N. M †hŠ‡Mi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv Lvevi je‡Yi Zvcxq M. Y-Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gi e¨wZµg
eµ‡iLv †_‡K wfbœÑ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
N. Y Ges Z Øviv MwVZ †hŠM cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI X I
O2
2| wRsK †eÐÛ  ZnO + X(g) Z Øviv MwVZ †hŠM cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
H2O C
(i) 6|
O2 500 ml 700 ml
X(g)  B H2O
H2SO4 0.25 M 0.325 M
D Na2CO3 HCl
(ii)
K. c¨vivwdb Kx? 1 `ªeY `ªeY
L. cÖkgb wewµqv GKwU bb-†iW· wewµqv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
(i) (ii)
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ AvKwi‡Ki avZzwUi weky×KiY
cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
L. M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡l jeY †mZz eënvi Kiv nq †Kb? 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki C-†hŠMwU ˆZwi‡Z (i) bs A‡c¶v (ii) bs
M. (i) bs cv‡Îi `ª‡e †gvU cigvYy msL¨v wbY©q K‡iv| 3
cÖwµqv DËg we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 N. (i) I (ii) bs cv‡Îi `ªeY GK‡Î wgwkÖZ Ki‡j cÖgvY
3| P GKwU †gŠj hvi wbDwK¬qv‡m 13wU †cÖvUb we`¨gvb| Ae¯’vq KZ wjUvi M¨vm cvIqv hv‡e? MvwYwZKfv‡e
(i) P Gi †K¬vivBW †hŠM + cvwb  Q(s) + 3HCl we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4

(ii) C2H6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 1125 kJ 7| (i) CnH2n + 1COOH; (ii) C17H35COONa GLv‡b n = 2.
[GLv‡b C  H, O = O, C = O, O  H eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g
K. K¨vUvqb Kx? 1
414, 498, 728, 464 kJ/ mol] L. N-Gi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb I †hvRbx wfbœZvi KviY
K. Zwor cÖ‡jcb Kx? 1 Kx? 2
L. cÖkgb wewµqvq Zvckw³ aª“e _v‡K †Kb? e¨vL¨v M. (ii) †hŠMwUi Kvco cwi®‹v‡ii †KŠkj eY©bv K‡iv| 3
K‡iv| 2
N. (i) bs †hŠM †_‡K Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e
M. (ii) bs wewµqv †_‡K C  C eÜb kw³ wbY©q K‡iv| 3
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 4
N. (i) bs wewµqvwU `yB cÖKvi wewµqv‡K mg_©b K‡i
8| GKwU c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ h_vµ‡g 133C I
†hŠw³K gZvgZ `vI| 4
242C, c`v_©wUi AvYweK fi 60|
D”P Zvc I Pvc K. gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
4| CnH2n + H2O  P ; [GLv‡b n = 3]
H3PO4
L. †gŠgvwQi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b Pzb eënvi Kiv nq
K. wdDkb wewµqv Kx? 1
†Kb? 2
L. STP-†Z wg‡_‡bi †gvjvi AvqZb e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ c`v_©wUi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv A¼bmn
M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµq‡Ki †hŠMwUi Am¤•„³Zvi cix¶v
eY©bv K‡iv| 3
mgxKiYmn †jL| 3 N. c`v_©wUi Zvcxq eµ‡iLvi cÖ_g Ges †kl w›`y‡Z
N. DÏxc‡Ki P-†hŠM †_‡K cwjw_‡bi g‡bvgvi cÖ¯‘Z KYvmg–‡ni ga¨Kvi MwZkw³i Zzjbvg–jK we‡kÐlY
Kiv m¤¢e we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 K‡iv 4
imvqb  1543
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 N 2 M 3 K 4 M 5 N 6 M 7 M 8 M 9 N 10 N 11 N 12 L 13 N
DËi
14 M 15 L 16 K 17 L 18 L 19 M 20 N 21 L 22 M 23 M 24 K 25 M
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 C2H2 + H2
Ni
 X(g)
A_©vr NH3 Gi AvYweK fi me‡P‡q Kg ZvB Gi e¨vcb nvi
 me‡P‡q †ewk n‡e| SO2 Gi AvYweK fi me‡P‡q †ewk ZvB Gi

S + O2  Y(g) e¨vcb nvi me‡P‡q Kg n‡e| Avevi, C2H6 Gi AvYweK fi NH3

N2 + H2  Z(g) A‡c¶v †ewk Ges SO2 A‡c¶v Kg ZvB Gi e¨vcb nvi NH3 †_‡K
Z + HCl  M Kg Ges SO2 †_‡K †ewk| myZivs NH3, SO2 I C2H6 Gi e¨vcb
K. B‡jKUªb Avmw³ Kx? 1 nv‡ii Zzjbv ev µg wbæiƒc : NH3 > C2H6 > SO2.
L. AvM©b GKwU wbw®Œq M¨vm †Kb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 k DÏxc‡Ki †kl wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
M. X, Y I Z Gi e¨vcb nv‡ii µg e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl [ÔMÕ n‡Z cÖvß Z = NH3]
N. M †hŠ‡Mi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv Lvevi je‡Yi Zvcxq (M)
eµ‡iLv †_‡K wfbœÑ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 DcwiD³ wewµqv n‡Z cÖvß M †hŠMwU n‡jv NH4Cl| myZivs
NH4Cl †hŠ‡Mi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv Lvevi je‡Yi (NaCl) Zvcxq
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi eµ‡iLv n‡Z wfbœ Zv wb‡æ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
h †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji 1 mol PvR© wbi‡c¶ M¨vmxq wew”Qbœ cigvYy 1 NH4Cl I Lvevi jeY (NaCl)-Gi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv `ywU wbæiƒc :
mol B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q GKK FYvÍK PvR©hy³ M¨vmxq M¨vm
ZvcgvÎv 
ZvcgvÎv 
M¨vm Zij + M¨vm

Avqb m„wó Ki‡Z †h cwigvY kw³ wbM©Z nq, Zv‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji Zij
B‡jKUªb Avmw³ e‡j| KwVb + M¨vm KwVb + Zij
KwVb KwVb
i Ar †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v 18| †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡jv :
18Ar
2 2
 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 6 2 6  Zvc  Zvc
B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m †`Lv hvq, †gŠjwU ns2np6 KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i wPÎ : NH4Cl Gi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv wPÎ : Lvevi jeY (NaCl) Gi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv
hv wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi KvVv‡gv| GwUi AóK c–Y© nIqvq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Lvevi jeY A_©vr NaCl Gi †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq KwVb NaCl †K Zvc
†gŠ‡ji mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv| GRb¨ Ar-†K wbw®Œq †gŠj ejv nq| w`‡j cÖ_‡g Zi‡j cwiYZ nq Ges Zij NaCl †K Zvc w`‡j Zv
M¨v‡m iƒcvš@wiZ nq| A_P M †hŠM A_©vr KwVb NH4Cl †K Zvc
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvMy‡jv‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, w`‡j Zi‡j iƒcvš@wiZ bv n‡q mivmwi ev‡®• iƒcvš@wiZ nq| G
Ni
C2H2 + 2H2  C2H6 (g)
 Kvi‡Y M †hŠ‡Mi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv Lvevi je‡Yi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv
(X)

†_‡K wfbœ|
S + O2  SO2 (g)
(Y) cÖkœ  02 wRsK †eÐÛ 
O2
ZnO + X(g)
 H2O
N2 + 3H2  2NH3 C
(Z) O2 (i)
DcwiD³ wewµqvMy‡jv j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, X, Y I Z M¨vm wZbwU X(g)  B
H2O
H2SO4
D
h_vµ‡g C2H6, SO2 I NH3| (ii)
Avgiv Rvwb, D”P Nb‡Z¡i ¯’vb n‡Z wbæ Nb‡Z¡i ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv K. c¨vivwdb Kx? 1
KwVb, Zij ev M¨vmxq e¯‘i ¯^Ztù‚Z© I mgfv‡e cwie¨vß L. cÖkgb wewµqv GKwU bb-†iW· wewµqv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
nIqvi cÖwµqvB e¨vcb| e¨vcb e¯‘i fi I Nb‡Z¡i Ici M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ AvKwi‡Ki avZzwUi weky×KiY
wbf©ikxj| wewfbœ M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi wewfbœ nq| M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
H M¨v‡mi NbZ¡ I AvYweK f‡ii eM©g–‡ji e¨¯@vbycvwZK| †h N. DÏxc‡Ki C-†hŠMwU ˆZwi‡Z (i) bs A‡c¶v (ii) bs
M¨v‡mi fi I NbZ¡ hZ Kg n‡e Zvi e¨vcb ZZ †ewk `ª“Z n‡e| cÖwµqv DËg we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
myZivs [Aa¨vq 10 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
C2H6 Gi AvYweK fi = 12  2 + 1  6 = 24 + 6 = 30 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
SO2 Gi AvYweK fi = 32  1 + 16  2 = 32 + 32 = 64 h ivmvqwbKfv‡e wbw®Œq Z_v Avmw³nxb A¨vj‡Kb‡K c¨vivwdb
NH3 Gi AvYweK fi = 14  1 + 1  3 = 14 + 3 = 17 ejv nq|
i †h wewµqvq GwmW I ¶vi ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cÖwµqv-ii : SO3 †K 98% H2SO4 G †kvwlZ K‡i a–gvqgvb
cvwb Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K cÖkgb wewµqv e‡j| G wewµqvq wewµqK I mvjwdDwiK GwmW Drcbœ Kiv nq| Avi G a–gvqgvb mvjwdDwiK
Drcv` †hŠMmg–‡ni †gŠ‡ji Avq‡bi RviY gv‡bi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b GwmW‡K Iwjqvg ejv nq|
N‡U bv| A_©vr cÖkgb wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi †Kv‡bv Av`vb cÖ`vb
SO3 (g) + H2SO4 (l)  H2S2O7 (l)
N‡U bv| †hgb-
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (s) + H2O (l) cvwb‡K µgvMZ bvov‡bv Ae¯’vq †duvUvq †duvUvq mvjwdDwiK
G wewµqvwU‡K AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq wbæwjwLZ fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq| GwmW †hvM K‡i jNy Kiv nq|
H+ Cl + Na+OH  Na+Cl + H2O H2O (l) + H2S2O7  2H2SO4 (l)
myZivs Dcwi³ wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi †Kv‡bv ¯’vbvš@i N‡U bv| G cÖwµqvq H2SO4 ˆZwi‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi m„wó nq bv| A_©vr
wKš‘ Avqbmg–‡ni ¯’vbvš@i N‡U| myZivs cÖkgb wewµqv GKwU cÖwµqv-ii †ek myweavRbK|
bb-†iW· wewµqv|
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki C †hŠM A_©vr H2SO4 ˆZwi‡Z (i) bs A‡c¶v
j DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, (ii) bs cÖwµqv AwaK DËg|
ZnS + O2  ZnO + SO2(g)
wRsK †eÐÛ (X) cÖkœ  03 P GKwU †gŠj hvi wbDwK¬qv‡m 13wU †cÖvUb we`¨gvb|
DcwiD³ wewµqvq wRsK †eÐÛ (ZnS) AvKwi‡Ki avZzwUi (i) P Gi †K¬vivBW †hŠM + cvwb  Q(s) + 3HCl
weky×KiY cÖwµqvwU wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv : 
(ii) C2H6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 1125 kJ [GLv‡b C 
ZnO †_‡K Zn wb®‹vkb c×wZ : ZnO-Gi mv‡_ h‡_ó †KvK-Kqjv
wgwkÖZ K‡i wgkÖYwU‡K AwMœmn g„wËKv wbwg©Z A‡bKMy‡jv eKh‡š¿ H, O = O, C = O, O  H eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g 414, 498,
†bIqv nq| cÖwZwU eKh‡š¿i GK cÖvš@ eÜ _v‡K I Aci †Lvjv 728, 464 kJ/ mol]
cÖvš@ gvwUi ˆZwi MÖvnK b‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| g„wËKv wbwg©Z K. Zwor cÖ‡jcb Kx? 1
MÖvnK bjMy‡jv wRsK ev‡®•i Rb¨ kxZKiƒ‡c KvR K‡i| G MÖvnK L. cÖkgb wewµqvq Zvckw³ aª“e _v‡K †Kb? e¨vL¨v
cv‡Îi mv‡_ Avi GKwU †jŠn wbwg©Z ewa©Z kxZK bj hy³ K‡i K‡iv| 2
†Ìqv nq hv‡K †cÖvjs e‡j|
M. (ii) bs wewµqv †_‡K C  C eÜb kw³ wbY©q K‡iv| 3
N. (i) bs wewµqvwU `yB cÖKvi wewµqv‡K mg_©b K‡i
†hŠw³K gZvgZ `vI| 4
†cÖvjs (†QvU kxZK) [Aa¨vq 7 I 8 Gi mgš^‡q]
wRsK A·vBW I
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†Kv‡Ki wgkªY
h Zwor we‡kÐl‡Yi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv mwµq avZzi Dci A‡c¶vK…Z
wPÎ : Zn avZz wb®‹vkb
Kg mwµq avZzi cÖ ‡jc †Ìqv‡K B‡jK‡Uªv‡cÐwUs ev Zwor cÖ ‡jcb e‡j|
wbP †_‡K M¨vmxq R¡vjvwbi mvnv‡h¨ eKhš¿My‡jv‡K cÖvq 1350C
DòZvq DËß Kiv nq| G DËv‡c wRsK A·vBW C Øviv weRvwiZ i Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª ¶v‡ii wewµqvq cÖkgb Zvc me©`vq aª“eK
n‡q wRsK ev®• I CO-G cwiYZ nq| nq| mvaviYZ Zxeª ¶vi I Zxeª GwmW cvwb‡Z m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c AvqwbZ
ZnO + C  Zn + CO
n‡q H+ I OH Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zxeª ¶vi I Zxeª
wRs‡Ki ev®• MÖvnK cv‡Î G‡m Zijiƒ‡c Rgv nq|
cwi‡k‡l Zwor we‡kÐlY c×wZ‡Z Av‡iv weï× Kiv nq| d‡j Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ GKB wewµqv msNwUZ nq|
99.95% weï× Zn Drcbœ nq| H+ (aq) + OH(aq)  H2O (l)
DcwiD³ wewµqvi Gb_vjwcB n‡jv Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª ¶v‡ii
k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
O2 wewµqvi wewµqv Gb_vjwc| G Kvi‡Y mKj Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª
ZnS  ZnO + SO2 (g)
(X)
¶v‡ii cÖkgb Zv‡ci gvb aª“eK nq| A_©vr me©`vq cÖkgb Zvc
H2O – 57.34 kJ|
H2SO4 (C)
j †Ìqv Av‡Q,
O2 (i)
SO2 (g)  SO3 H2O
(X) (B) H2SO4 CH Gi eÜb kw³ = 414 kJ/mole
H2S2O7
(ii)
(D) O = O Gi eÜb kw³ = 498 kJ/mole
DcwiD³ wewµqvq Drcbœ H2SO4 (C) †hŠMwU ˆZwi‡Z (i) bs A‡c¶v C = O Gi eÜb kw³ = 728 kJ/mole
(ii) bs cÖwµqvwU AwaK DËg-wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : O  H Gi eÜb kw³ = 464 kJ/mole
cÖwµqv-i : mvjdvi UªvBA·vBW I cvwb ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv wewµqv Zvc, H = 1125 kJ/mole
K‡i mvjwdDwiK GwmW (H2SO4) Drcbœ K‡i| Z‡e SO3 evZv‡mi
awi, C  C Gi eÜb kw³ = X
Rjxq ev‡®•i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi Nb Kzqvkv m„wó
K‡i, hv‡K Nbxf‚Z Kiv †ek KwVb| DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqv‡K wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq,
H2 O 7
SO3 (g)  H2SO4 (l) C6H6 + O  2CO2 + 3H2O
2 2
imvqb  1545
G wewµqvwU‡K MvVwbK ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq, cÖkœ  04 D”P Zvc I Pvc
CnH2n + H2O  P ;
H3PO4
[GLv‡b n = 3]
H H
| |
7 K. wdDkb wewµqv Kx? 1
H – C – C – H + (O = O)  2(O = C = O) + 3(H – O – H) L. STP-†Z wg‡_‡bi †gvjvi AvqZb e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
2
| |
H H
M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµq‡Ki †hŠMwUi Am¤•„³Zvi cix¶v
7 mgxKiYmn †jL| 3
DcwiDw³ wewµqvq 6 mol C  H eÜb, 1 mol C  C eÜb I 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki P-†hŠM †_‡K cwjw_‡bi g‡bvgvi cÖ¯‘Z
mol O = O eÜb fv‡O Ges 4 mol C = O eÜb I 6 mol O  H Kiv m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
eÜb MwVZ nq| [Aa¨vq 11 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
GLb, wewµqK AYymg–‡ni eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
7
= 6 †gvj C  H eÜb kw³ + 1 †gvj C  C eÜb kw³ + †gvj h †h wbDwK¬qvi wewµqvq †QvU †QvU wbDwK¬qvmmg–n GKwÎZ n‡q
2
O=O eÜb kw³| eo wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i Zv‡K wbDwK¬q wdDkb (Fusion) wewµqv
7 e‡j|
= (6  414 + X +  498) kJ/mole
2
= (2484 + X + 1743) kJ/mole i GK †gvj M¨vmxq c`v_© †h AvqZb `Lj K‡i Zv‡K H M¨vmxq
= (X + 4227) kJ/mole c`v‡_©i †gvjvi AvqZb e‡j| Giƒc Ae¯’vq CH4 Gi GK †gvj
Avevi, Drcv` AYymg–‡ni eÜb Mo‡Z wbM©Z kw³ cwigv‡Yi AvqZb n‡jv Zvi (CH4) †gvjvi AvqZb| wg‡_‡bi
= 4 †gvj C = O eÜb kw³ + 6 †gvj O  H eÜb kw³ (CH4) AvYweK fi n‡jv (12 + 1  4) 16| A_©vr 16 g CH4 Gi
= (4  728 + 6  464) kJ/mole AvqZb n‡jv Gi †gvjvi AvqZb| Avgiv Rvwb STP-†Z GK †gvj
= (2912 + 2784) kJ/mole M¨v‡mi AvqZb 22.4 L nq| AZGe STP †Z GK †gvj CH4 Gi
= 5696 kJ/mole †gvjvi AvqZb 22.4 L|
Avgiv Rvwb,
wewµqv Zvc, H = eÜb fvOvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³  eÜb j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqK †hŠMwU n‡jv CnH2n| †h‡nZz n = 3| †m‡nZz
†hŠMwU n‡e C3H6| myZivs †cÖvwcb (C3H6) †hŠMwUi Am¤•„³Zvi
Mo‡Z wbM©Z †gvU kw³
cix¶v wb‡æ mgxKiYmn D‡jÐL Kiv n‡jv :
ev,  1125 = (X + 4227)  5696
†eqvi cix¶v : C3H6 †hŠM jNy Rjxq cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU Øviv
ev, X + 4227 = 5696  1125
RvwiZ n‡q †cÖvwcwjb MÐvBKj Drcbœ K‡i| G wewµqvq jNy Rjxq
ev, X = 5696  1125  4227 cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU Gi †Mvjvwc †eMywb eY© webó nq hv Øviv
ev, X = 5696  5352 `ªe‡Yi Am¤•„³Zvi cÖgvwYZ nq|
 X = 344 kJ/mole KMnO4
myZivs (ii) bs wewµqvi C  C eÜb kw³ = 344 kJ/mole. CH3CH = CH2 + H2O + [O]  CH3  CH  CH 2
KOH | |
k DÏxc‡Ki P †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡m 13wU †cÖvUb we`¨gvb| myZivs OH OH
P †gŠjwU n‡jv A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al)| Avi DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs †cÖvwcwjb MÐvBKj
wewµqvwU‡K wbæiƒ‡c m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, (eY©nxb `ªeY)
P Gi †K¬vivBW †hŠM + cvwb  Q(s) + 3 HCl †eªvwgb `ªeY cix¶v : C3H6 †hŠM Kgjv-jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb cvwbi
A_©vr AlCl3 (s) + H2O (l)  Al(OH)3 (s) + 3 HCl (aq) mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 1, 2 WvB‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb Drcbœ K‡i| wewµqvi
†h ivmvqwbK wewµqvq wewµqK wn‡m‡e cvwb I Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †hŠM d‡j †eªvwg‡bi eY© webó nq| G wewµqvi gva¨‡g Am¤•„³Zv
ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Drcv` Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K Av`ª© we‡kÐlY cÖgvwYZ nq|
CH3  CH = CH2 + Br2 CH3  CH  CH2
ev cvwb we‡kÐlY wewµqv e‡j| | |
DcwiD³ wewµqvq AlCl3 I H2O ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i‡Q| Br Br
myZivs G wewµqvwU n‡jv Av`ª© we‡kÐlY wewµqv| 1, 2-WvB‡eªvgv†cÖv‡cb
Avevi, †h wewµqvq `ªeYxq wewµqK c`v_© ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv (eY©nxb `ªeY)
K‡i A`ªeYxq KwVb Drcv` Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K Aat‡¶cY wewµqv AZGe, Dc‡ii `ywU cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ C3H6 †hŠMwUi Am¤•„³Zv
e‡j| cÖgvwYZ nq|
DcwiD³ wewµqvq AlCl3 I H2O ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
A`ªeYxq KwVb c`v_© AlCl3 (s) Drcbœ K‡i‡Q| myZivs G wewµqvwU D”PZvc I Pvc
CnH2n + H2O  P ; GLv‡b n = 3
n‡jv Aat‡¶cY wewµqv| H3PO4
myZivs DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU‡K GKB mv‡_ Av`ª© we‡kÐlY I A_©vr wewµqvwU‡K wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq,
Aat‡¶cY wewµqv ejv hvq| D”PZvc I Pvc
C3H6 + H2O  CH3CH2CH2OH
H3PO4
AZGe, (i) bs wewµqvwU `yB cÖKvi wewµqv‡K mg_©b K‡i| †cÖvcvbj (P)
DÏxc‡Ki P †hŠMwU A_©vr †cÖvcvbj (CH3CH2CH2OH) n‡Z 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

cwjw_‡bi g‡bvgvi Bw_b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv h †Kv‡bv Zij‡K Zvc cÖ`v‡b ev‡®• cwiYZ K‡i Zv‡K cybivq
n‡jv : kxZjxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zi‡j cwiYZ Kivi c×wZ‡K cvZb e‡j|
†cÖvcvbj (CH3CH2CH2OH) n‡Z cwjw_‡bi g‡bvgvi Bw_b
(C2H4) cÖ¯‘wZ :
i †h‡Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v I B‡jKUªb msL¨v GKB
_v‡K| AvaywbK ch©vq mviwY‡K †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUª‡bi web¨v‡mi Dci
†cÖvcvbj‡K (CH3CH2CH2OH) KMnO4 I H2SO4 `ªeY Øviv wfwË K‡i mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| B‡jKUªb web¨vm Abyhvqx ch©vqµ‡g
RvwiZ Ki‡j †cÖvcvb¨vj (CH3CH2CHO) I H2O Drcbœ nq|
KMnO4
†gŠjmg–‡ni †fŠZ ag© I ivmvqwbK ag© cwiewZ©Z nq| B‡jKUªb
CH3CH2CH2OH + [O]  CH3CH2CHO + H2O
H2SO4
web¨vm n‡Z ch©vq mviwY‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb I MÖ“c wbb©q
†cÖvcvbj Rvqgvb (†cÖvcvb¨vj) Kiv hvq| †hgb- cUvwmqv‡gi (K) Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
Aw·‡Rb
19K  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Drcbœ †cÖvcvb¨vj‡K (CH3CH2CHO) c–bivq KMnO4 I H2SO4 `ªeY DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cUvwmqvg (K)
Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW (CH3CH2COOH) Drcbœ nq| †gŠjwU ch©vq mviwYi 4_© ch©v‡qi MÖ“c-1 G Aew¯’Z| KviY K
KMnO4
CH3CH2CHO + [O]  CH3CH2COOH
H2SO4 †gŠjwUi m‡e©v”P ewnt¯’ kw³¯@i n‡jv 4 Ges ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i
(†cÖvcvb¨vj) †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW 1wU B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb|
Gfv‡e Drcbœ †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW I jNy NaOH Gi wewµqvq AZGe ejv hvq, B‡jKUªb web¨vmB ch©vq mviwYi g–j wfwË|
†mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU (CH3CH2COONa) I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
CH3CH2COOH + NaOH (aq)  CH3CH2COONa + H2O j DÏxc‡Ki Y n‡jv ch©vq mviwYi ch©vq 4 I MÖ“c-II Gi †gŠj|
†cÖvcvbwqK GwmW †mvwWqvg †mvwWqvg myZivs Y †gŠjwU n‡e Kcvi (Cu)| Avi Kcvi (Cu) †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb
nvB‡Wªv·vBW †cÖvcvb‡qU web¨vm ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gi e¨wZµg wb‡æ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
Drcbœ †mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU‡K †mvWvjvBgmn DËß Ki‡j B‡_b mvaviY wbqg Abymv‡i cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb AiweUvjmg–‡ni kw³i
(C2H6) I †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU (Na2CO3) Drcbœ nq| µgvbymv‡i Kg †_‡K †ewk kw³m¤•bœ AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i|
CaO mvaviY wbqg Abymv‡i Cu Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm nq,
CH3CH2COONa + NaOH (aq)  C2H6 + Na2CO3
29Cu  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2
†mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU †mvwWqvg B‡_b †mvwWqvg
nvB‡Wªv·vBW Kve©‡bU wKš‘ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, mgkw³m¤•bœ AiweUvjmg–n Aa©c–Y©
Drcbœ B‡_b (C2H6) m–h©v‡jv‡Ki (UV) Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †eªvwg‡bi ev m¤•–Y© n‡j †m B‡jKUªb web¨vm myw¯’wZ AR©b K‡i|
(Br2) mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i B_vBj †eªvgvBW (CH3CH2Br) I A_©vr np3, np6, nd5, nd10, nf7 I nf14 web¨vm AwaK ¯’vqx nq|
nvB‡Wªv‡eªvwgK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y Cu †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm e¨wZµg wbq‡g nq| d‡j,
UV 29Cu Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm ùvovq,
C2H6 + Br2  CH3CH2Br + HBr
29Cu  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s |
2 2 6 2 6 10 1
B‡_b †eªvwgb B_vBj †eªvgvBW nvB‡Wªv‡eªvwgK GwmW
AZtci Drcbœ B_vBj †eªvgvBW‡K (CH3CH2Br) A¨vj‡Kvnjxq AZGe, mvaviY wbq‡g B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi ¯’vwqZ¡ n«vm cvq, ZvB
29Cu Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm e¨wZµg wbq‡g nq|
†mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ªeYmn DËß Ki‡j Bw_b (C2H4)
†mvwWqvg †eªvgvBW (NaBr) I cvwb Drcbœ nq| k DÏxc‡Ki X, Y I Z †gŠj wZbwU h_vµ‡g Kve©b (C), Kcvi

CH3CH2Br + NaOH (aq)  C2H4 + NaBr + H2O (Cu) I †K¬vwib (Cl)| myZivs Y I Z Øviv MwVZ †hŠMwU n‡jv
B_vBj †eªvgvBW Bw_b †mvwWqvg CuCl hv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI X I Z Øviv MwVZ †hŠM CCl4
†eªvgvBW cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki P †hŠM A_©vr †cÖvcvbj n‡Z cwjw_‡bi g‡bvgvi cvwb GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM| cvwbi AYy‡Z we`¨gvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I
Bw_b (C2H4) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e| Aw·‡R‡bi g‡a¨ ZworFYvÍKZvi cv_©K¨ AwaK nIqvq G‡ì
cÖkœ  05 X = --- ns np [n = 2]
2 2 g‡a¨ †cvjvivqb N‡U| d‡j Aw·‡Rb (O) AYywU AvswkK FYvÍK
Y = ch©vq-4 Ges MÖ“c-11 Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb AYywU AvswkK abvÍK PvR©cÖvß nq|
Z = --- ns2 np5 [n = 3] 2
[GLv‡b, X, Y Ges Z †gŠ‡ji cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ] O
K. cvZb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. B‡jKUªb web¨vmB ch©vq mviYxi g–j wfwË e¨vL¨v H+ H+
K‡iv| 2 wPÎ : cvwbi †cvjvwiwU
M. Y-Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gi e¨wZµg GLb CuCl †K cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ki‡j †hŠMwU cÖ_‡g abvÍK I
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 FYvÍK Avq‡b we‡qvwRZ n‡e| G‡¶‡Î CuCl Gi abvÍK cÖvš@
N. Y Ges Z Øviv MwVZ †hŠM cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI X I (Cu+) cvwbi AYyi FYvÍK cÖvš@ ev Aw·‡Rb Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡e|
4 Aciw`‡K, FYvÍK cÖv‡š@ (Cl ) cvwbi abvÍK ev nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
–
Z Øviv MwVZ †hŠM cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq we‡kÐlY K‡iv|
[Aa¨vq 3 I 5 Gi mgš^‡q] cÖvš@ Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡e| AvKl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y †hŠ‡Mi abvÍK I
imvqb  1547
FYvÍK cÖvš@ ci¯•i †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q cvwbi †cvjvi AYy wecixZ j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs cv‡Îi `ªewU n‡iv Na2CO3| myZivs Na2CO3
cÖvš@ w`‡q cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K Ges cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq| G‡¶‡Î, Gi `ª‡ei †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq|
'Like dissolves like' bxwZ Abym„Z nq| Gfv‡e CuCl cvwb‡Z Avgiv Rvwb, †Ìqv Av‡Q,
`ªexf‚Z nq| w =
SMV Na2CO3 Gi NbgvÎv, S = 0.25 M
1000 Na2CO3 `ªe‡Yi AvqZb, V = 500 mL
0.25  106  500
= Na2CO3 AvYweK fi,
1000
= 13.25 g M = (23  2 + 12 + 16  3)
= 106
 Na2CO3 Gi cwigvY, w = ?
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb,
1 †gvj Na2CO3 G AYyi msL¨v = 6.023  1023wU
A_©vr 106 g Na2CO3 G Na2CO3 AYyi msL¨v = 6.023  1023wU
wPÎ : cvwbi AYy ms‡hvwRZ CuCl 6.023  1023
 1 " " " " =
106
Aciw`‡K CCl4 GKwU mg‡hvRx †hŠM| C I Cl ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ 6.023  1023  13.25
B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i CCl4 †hŠM MVb K‡i| mg‡hvRx †hŠM hLb  13.25 " " " " =
106
†cvjvi `ªve‡Ki ms¯•‡k© Av‡m ZLb Zviv abvÍK I FYvÍK = 7.528  1022wU
Avq‡b we‡kÐwlZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †cvjvi `ªve‡Ki wecixZ ag©x Na2CO3 Gi 1wU AYy‡Z cigvYy msL¨v = 6wU
As‡ki mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv| hvi d‡j CCl4 †cvjvi `ªve‡K  " 7.528  1022 AYy‡Z cigvYy msL¨v = 6  7.528  1022wU
`ªexf‚Z nq bv| GRb¨ CCl4 cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq| = 4.517  1023wU
AZGe CuCl †hŠMwU cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI CCl4 †hŠMwU cvwb‡Z AZGe, (i) bs cv‡Îi `ªe Na2CO3 Gi †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v
A`ªeYxq| 4.517  1023wU|
cÖkœ  06 k Na2CO3 Gi cwigvY, w = 13.25 g [ÔMÕ n‡Z cvB]
500 ml 700 ml
0.25 M 0.325 M wØZxq cv‡Îi HCl Gi †¶‡Î,
Na2CO3 HCl Avgiv Rvwb, †Ìqv Av‡Q,
`ªeY `ªeY w =
SMV HCl Gi NbgvÎv, S = 0.325 M
1000
HCl `ªe‡Yi AvqZb, V = 700 mL
(i) (ii) 0.325  36.5  700
= g HCl AvYweK fi,
K. wewµqvi nvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 1000
= 8.303 g M = (1 + 35.5) = 36.5
L. M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡l jeY †mZz eënvi Kiv nq †Kb? 2  HCl Gi cwigvY, w = ?
M. (i) bs cv‡Îi `ª‡e †gvU cigvYy msL¨v wbY©q K‡iv| 3 DÏxc‡Ki `ywU cv‡Îi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j wbæiƒc wewµqv N‡U|
N. (i) I (ii) bs cv‡Îi `ªeY GK‡Î wgwkÖZ Ki‡j cÖgvY Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Ae¯’vq KZ wjUvi M¨vm cvIqv hv‡e? MvwYwZKfv‡e 106g 2  36.5 = 73g 22.4 L (STP)
we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 73 g HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 106 g Na2CO3
[Aa¨vq 6 Gi Av‡jv‡K] 106
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi  1g " " " " "
73
g "
h GKK mg‡q †h cwigvY wewµqK Drcv‡` cwiYZ nq Zv‡K  8.303 g " " " "
106  8.303
" "
wewµqvi nvi e‡j| 73
= 12.056 g . Na2CO3
i GKwU M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡l `ywU Zwor we‡kÐl¨ `ªeY hw` ci¯•‡ii myZivs wgkÖ‡Y AwZwi³ Na 2CO 3 Gi cwigvY = (13.25  12.056) g
ms¯•‡k© _v‡K Z‡e ZijØ‡qi ms‡hvM¯’‡j GKai‡bi wef‡ei
= 1.193 g Na2CO3
D™¢e N‡U, hvi d‡j †Kv‡li Zwor PvjK ej n«vm cvq| ZvB AZGe D³ wgkÖ‡Y HCl n‡j wjwgwUs wewµqK|
†Kv‡li mwVK wefe wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j Zij ms‡hvM wefe‡K `–i
DcwiD³ wewµqvq 73g HCl n‡Z Drcbœ nq 22.4 L CO2
Ki‡Z nq| mvaviYZ †Kv‡li `y‡Uv ZworØvi I Zwor we‡kÐl¨ 22.4
`ªeY‡K `ywU wfbœ cv‡Î wb‡q cvÎØ‡qi `ªeY‡K c‡iv¶fv‡e ms‡hvM  " " 1 " " " "
73
L "
K‡i w`‡j Zij ms‡hvM wefe b–¨bZg gv‡b n«vm cvq| A_©vr 22.4  8.303
 " " 8.303 " " " " L
NH4NO3 ev KCl ev KNO3 Gi m¤•„³ `ªeY c–Y© GKwU euvKv‡bv 73
bj Øviv G c‡iv¶ ms‡hvM Kiv nq, hv jeY †mZz (Salt bridge) = 2.547 L CO2
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Avi GRb¨ M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡l jeY †mZz eënvi AZGe, cv‡Îi wgkÖY `ywU‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j cÖgvY Ae¯’vq (STP)
Kiv nq| 2.547 L CO2 Drcbœ n‡e|
cÖkœ  07 (i) CnH2n + 1COOH; (ii) C17H35COONa GLv‡b n = 2. k DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs †hŠMwU n‡jv CnH2n + 1 COOH †hLv‡b n = 2|
K. K¨vUvqb Kx? 1 myZivs †hŠMwU n‡jv C2H5COOH| †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW
L. N-Gi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb I †hvRbx wfbœZvi KviY (C2H5COOH) n‡Z Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e| wb‡æ Zv
Kx? 2 e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
M. (ii) †hŠMwUi Kvco cwi®‹v‡ii †KŠkj eY©bv K‡iv| 3 †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW (C2H5COOH) n‡Z B_vbwqK GwmW
N. (i) bs †hŠM †_‡K Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e (CH3COOH) cÖ¯‘wZ :
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 4 †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW I jNy NaOH Gi wewµqvq †mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU
[Aa¨vq 11 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q] I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi CH3CH2COOH + NaOH  C2H5COONa + H2O
†cÖvcvbwqK GwmW †mvwWqvg
h cigvYyi me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@i n‡Z GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb †cÖvcvb‡qU
mwi‡q wb‡j cigvYywU mvgMÖxKfv‡e abvÍK Avavb wewkó Avq‡b Drcbœ C2H5COONa †K †mvWvjvBg Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i B‡_b
cwiYZ nq| Avi G AvqbB n‡jv K¨vUvqb| (C2H6) I Na2CO3 Drcbœ K‡i|
i †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl cÖavb kw³¯@‡ii †gvU B‡jKUªb C2H5COONa + NaOH  CaO
C2H6 + Na2CO3
msL¨v‡KB †hvRbx B‡jKUªb e‡j| †mvwWqvg B‡_b †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU
Avevi, †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl K¶c‡_ hZ †cÖvcvb‡qU
msL¨K B‡jKUªb _v‡K ev hZ msL¨K we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K Zv‡K m–h ©v‡jv‡Ki (UV) Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B‡_b (C2H6) †K¬vwi‡Yi (Cl2) mv‡_
†hvRbx e‡j| wewµqv K‡i †K¬v‡iv B‡_b I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW ˆZwi K‡i|
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc : UV
C2H6 + Cl2  C2H5Cl + HCl
7N  1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z B‡_b †K¬v‡iv B‡_b
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Drcbœ †K¬v‡iv B‡_b cybivq NaOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i B_vbj
me©ewnt¯’ cÖavb kw³¯@‡i †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v 5| d‡j (C2H5OH) I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb n‡jv 5| Avevi bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi C2H5Cl + NaOH  C2H5OH + H2O
me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v 3| G Kvi‡Y †K¬v‡iv B‡_b B_vb¨vj
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) †hvRbx n‡jv 3| AZtci Drcbœ B_vbj‡K (C2H5OH) K2Cr2O7 I H2SO4 Gi
AZGe, bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb wfbœ| Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Rvqgvb Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i B_vb¨vj Drcbœ
j DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs †hŠMwU n‡jv C17H35COONa| Avi K‡i| K2Cr2O7
C17H35COONa †hŠMwU Øviv Kvco cwi®‹v‡ii †KŠkj wb‡æ eY©bv C2H5OH + [O]  CH3CHO
H2SO4
Kiv n‡jv : B_vbj B_vb¨vj
mvev‡bi `yÕwU Ask i‡q‡Q, GKwU A‡cvjvi Ges AciwU †cvjvi| Drcbœ B_vb¨vj‡K cy
b ivq K2Cr 2O7 I H2SO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
A‡cvjvi Ask‡K †jR (Tail) Ges †cvjvi Ask‡K gv_v (Head) Rvqgvb Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i B_vbwqK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
K2Cr2O7
ejv nq| C2H5CHO + [O]  CH3COOH
H SO
2 4
Na+
†jR
gv_v (†cvjvi cÖvš@) Gfv‡e Drcbœ B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi (CH3COOH) 6  10% Rjxq
A‡cvjvi cÖvš@ `ªeY‡K wf‡bMvi e‡j hv Lv`¨ msi¶K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Na+ AZGe, †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW n‡Z Lv`¨ msi¶K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e|
Na+ Na+
Na + Na+ cÖkœ  08 GKwU c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ h_vµ‡g
Na+
Na + 133C I 242C, c`v_©wUi AvYweK fi 60|
Na+
Na+ K. gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
+
Na+ L. †gŠgvwQi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b Pzb eënvi Kiv nq †Kb? 2
Na
Na+
Na+ M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ c`v_©wUi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv A¼bmn
Na+
eY©bv K‡iv| 3
mvev‡bi †cvjvi cÖvš@ cvwb‡Z wg‡k _v‡K Avi A‡cvjvi cÖvš@ cvwb N. c`v_©wUi Zvcxq eµ‡iLvi cÖ_g Ges †kl we›`y‡Z
weKl©x nIqvq cvwbi Dcwifv‡M †f‡m _v‡K| †Kv‡bv gqjvi KYvmg–‡ni ga¨Kvi MwZkw³i Zzjbvg–jK we‡kÐlY
ms¯•‡k© (†Zj, wMÖR) mvevb Avm‡j G‡ì †jRMy‡jv gqjvi g‡a¨ K‡iv 4
cÖweó nq Avevi Zv‡ì gv_v cvwb‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| †jR Ges [Aa¨vq 2 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
gv_vi wecixZgyLx AvPi‡Yi Kvi‡Y gqjvi `vMMy‡jv Bgvjm‡b 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
cwiYZ n‡q †j‡M _vKv c„ôZj n‡Z Avjv`v n‡q c‡o| Gfv‡eB h †hŠM MV‡bi mgq cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯@‡ii †h B‡jKUªb †Rvo
mvevb gqjv cwi®‹vi K‡i| eÜb MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i bv Zv‡K gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb e‡j|
imvqb  1549
i †gŠgvwQ †cvKvi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b †cvKvi kixi †_‡K †h wel 300

cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv‡Z Aèxq Dcv`vb _v‡K| gvbyl †cvKvi Kvg‡oi
R¡vjvhš¿bv wbeviY Kivi Rb¨ ¶Z¯’v‡b Pzb eënvi K‡i| KviY, 250
242
Pzb ¶viKag©x c`v_©| GUv Aèxq Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ cÖkgb wewµqv
200
K‡i| ZvB †gŠgvwQ †cvKvi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b Pzb cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
ZvcgvÎv 
j DÏxc‡Ki c`v_©wUi Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ h_vµ‡g 133C I 150
133
242C Ges AvYweK fi 60| myZivs c`v_©wU n‡jv BDwiqv (H2N 100
 CO  NH2)| wb‡æ c`v_©wU A_©vr BDwiqvi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv
A¼bmn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv : 50
t1 t2 t3 t4
GLv‡b, BDwiqv Gi Mjbv¼ 133C nIqvq 133C ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P 0
mgq 
GwU KwVb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Avevi ùzUbv¼ 242C nIqvq 133 –
wPÎ : BDwiqv-Gi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv
242C ZvcgvÎvq GwU Zij Ges 242C Gi Dc‡ii ZvcgvÎvq
GwU M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq _v‡K| †h †Kv‡bv e¯‘ AYy bvgK AwZ ¶z`ª KYv Øviv MwVZ| AYymg–‡ni
hw` 0C ZvcgvÎv †_‡K BDwiqv Gi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv A¼b Kiv gaëZ©x AvKl©Y‡K Avš@tAvYweK kw³ e‡j| Avš@tAvYweK kw³i
nq, Zv n‡e wbæiƒc : Kvi‡Y AYymg–n ci¯•‡ii mwbœK‡U _vK‡Z Pvq| Aciw`‡K AYymg–n
me©`v K¤•gvb _v‡K| ZvcgvÎv hZ ev‡o K¤•bI ZZ ev‡o|
300
Avš@tAvYweK kw³i Zzjbvq MwZkw³ A‡bK Kg n‡j AYymg–n
250 GKwU wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b weivR K‡i| GwUB e¯‘i KwVb Ae¯’v
242 A_©vr KwVb c`v‡_©i Avš@tAvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q †ewk| KwVb
200
c`v_©‡K Zvc †Ìqv n‡j KYvMy‡jv Zvckw³ MÖnY K‡i K¤•b kw³
ZvcgvÎv 
150 e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z evo‡Z Mjbv¼ Z_v 133C
133 †cŠuQv‡j KwVb c`v_© Mj‡Z ïi“ K‡i| GB ZvcgvÎvq KwVb I Zij
100 Dfq Ae¯’vB we`¨gvb|
50 hw` AviI †ewk Zvc †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j KYvMy‡jv GZ †ewk Kuvc‡Z
0
t1 t2 t3 t4
_v‡K †h Avš@tKYv AvKl©Y kw³ K‡g hvq Ges wKQzUv MwZkw³
mgq (s)  cÖvß nq| c`v‡_©i GB Ae¯’v‡K Zij Ae¯’v e‡j| Zi‡ji
wPÎ : BDwiqv Gi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv wbw`©ó AvqZb _vK‡jI wbw`©ó AvKvi _v‡K bv|
hw` Kíbv Kiv nq, 0C ZvcgvÎvi wKQz cwigvY BDwiqv‡K Zvc
Zij Ae¯’vi c`v_©‡K Av‡iv †ewk Zvc †Ìqv n‡j KYvMy‡jv
†Ìqv n‡”Q Z‡e Aw¼Z eµ‡iLv Abyhvqx, t1 mgq ch©š@ c`v_©wUi
Zvckw³ wb‡q MwZkw³ e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges GKmgq MwZkw³
ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡q 0C †_‡K 133C nq| Gici, mv‡_ mv‡_B
GZ †e‡o hvq †h KYvMy‡jv Avš@tKYv AvKl©Y kw³ †_‡K cÖvq gy³
Gi ZvcgvÎv 133C AwZµg K‡i bv| eis, myßZvc MÖnY K‡i
Mj‡Z ïi“ Kivq ZvcgvÎv w¯’i (133C) _v‡K| t1 †_‡K t2 mgq n‡q wew¶ßfv‡e QzU‡Z _v‡K| GB Ae¯’v‡K e‡j M¨vmxq Ae¯’v
ch©š@ cÖ`Ë Zvc BDwiqv bvgK c`v_©wUi KwVb Ae¯’v †_‡K Zij Ges †h ZvcgvÎvq Zij c`v_© M¨vmxq c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq Zv n‡jv
Ae¯’vq iƒcvš@‡i eëüZ nq| hLb m¤•–Y© c`v_© Zi‡j cwiYZ ùzUbv¼| G‡¶‡Î GB ZvcgvÎv n‡jv 242C| 242C G Zij I
nq Gici t2 †_‡K t3 mgq ch©š@ Gi ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z _v‡K hv t3 M¨vmxq Dfq Ae¯’v we`¨gvb| M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq c`v‡_©i Avi
mg‡q 242C nq| Gici, GwU Avevi myßZvc msMÖn K‡i Zij †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó AvqZb _v‡K bv| M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq †cuŠQv‡bvi ci
Ae¯’v †_‡K M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq cwiYZ n‡Z _v‡K| ZvB t3 †_‡K t4 hw` AviI Zvc †Ìqv nq ZLb KYvMy‡jv AviI †Rv‡i QzU‡Z
mgq ch©š@ ZvcgvÎv w¯’i (242C) _v‡K| AZtci BDwiqv bvgK _vK‡e Ges MwZkw³ AviI †e‡o hv‡e| A_©vr M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq
c`v_©wU M¨vmxq c`v‡_© iƒcvš@wiZ n‡q †M‡j Gi ZvcgvÎv 242C c`v‡_©i Avš@tAvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q Kg|
AwZµg Kiv ïi“ nq Ges Zvici M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv evo‡Z _v‡K| †h‡nZz BDwiqvi Mjbv¼ 133C Ges ùzUbv¼ 242| A_©vr
GLv‡b, t1 mg‡q c`v_©wU 133C ZvcgvÎvi KwVb, t2 mg‡q 133C 242C ZvcgvÎvi Dc‡i BDwiqv M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq _v‡K Ges GB
ZvcgvÎvi Zij| Avevi, t3 mg‡q c`v_©wU 242C ZvcgvÎvi Zij, Ae¯’vq Avš@tAvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q Kg| Aciw`‡K 133C Gi
t4 mg‡q 242C ZvcgvÎvq M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wb‡P BDwiqv KwVb Ae¯’vq _v‡K, Kv‡RB GB Ae¯’vq
k DÏxc‡Ki BDwiqv bvgK c`v_© w Ui Zvcxq eµ‡iLvi cÖ
_ g I Avš@tAvYweK kw³ †ewk| 133C I 242C Gi gaëZ©x ZvcgvÎvq
†klwe›`y‡Z KYvmg–‡ni ga¨Kvi MwZkw³i Zzjbvg–jK Av‡jvPbv BDwiqv Zij Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Avevi, 242C ZvcgvÎvi Dc‡i
wb‡æ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : BDwiqv M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq _v‡K| A_©vr G Ae¯’vq Avš@tAvYweK
BDwiqvi Zvcxq eµ‡iLvwU wbæiƒc : kw³ me‡P‡q Kg _v‡K|
PÆMÖvg †evW©-2024
1. †mvwWqv‡gi j¨vwUb bvg †KvbwU? 13. gvwU‡Z H+ Gi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j †KvbwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e?
K Stibium L Stannum K CaCO3 L CaCl2
M Wolfram N Natrium M NH4Cl N (NH4)2SO4
 14. †KvbwU EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©?
K K¨vjwmqvg †K¬vivBW L A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW
100 mL 0.5M M cUvwkqvg †K¬vivBW N †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW
NaOH `ªeY 15. †KvbwU D‡ËRK c`v_©?
K †ejwRb L wg_vbj
DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : M bvBUªvm A·vBW N bvB‡Uªv wMÐmvwib
2. DÏxc‡Ki `ªe‡Y NaOH Gi cwigvY KZ? 16. †KvbwU Aby‡gvw`Z dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUf?
K 2g L 3g
M 4g N 5g K K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW L †eb‡RvwqK GwmW
3. wewµqv cv‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY wf‡bMvi †hvM Kiv n‡j Drcbœ M A¨vwmwUwjb N Bw_wjb
je‡Yi AvYweK fi KZ n‡e? 17. fvix avZz †KvbwU?
K 60 L 68 K Fe L Mo
M 82 N 141 M Rb N Cd
4. 2 †gvj Al2O 3 †K m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z KZ †gvj HCl cÖ‡qvRb? 18. PCl5 †hŠ‡Mi †K›`ªxq cigvYyi me©‡kl kw³¯@‡i eÜb †Rvo
K3 L6 B‡jKUªb msL¨v KZwU?
M8 N 12 K5 L8
5. †KvbwU gy`ªv avZz? M 10 N 15
K †jW L wUb 19. †KvbwU weRviK?
M †Mvì N wRsK K Fe3_ L Cu2+
6. cvi-A·vBW †hŠ‡M Aw·‡Rb Gi RviY msL¨v KZ? M Zn2+ N Pb2+
K 2 L 1 20. C3H6 †hŠMwUÑ
1 i. m¤•„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b
M N0
2 ii. cwjgviKiY wewµqv
†`q
7. Pt avZzi ZworØvi eënvi K‡i NaCl Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi Zwor iii. kw³kvjx
I `ye©j eÜb Øviv MwVZ
we‡kÐl‡Y Drcbœ nqÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. H2
ii. Cl2 K i I ii L i I iii
iii. Na M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 21. mvjdvi WvBA·vBW †hŠ‡M S Gi myß †hvRbx KZ?
K i I ii L i I iii K0 L2
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M4 N6
8. wjD‡Kwgqv †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq †Kvb AvB‡mv‡UvcwU eëüZ nq? 22. 'X' GKwU cwjgvi hv cwjw_b Gi Zzjbvq Kg bgbxq Ges cvwbi
K 131I L 99TC cvBc ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq|
M 60CO N 32P 'X' Gi g‡bvgvi †KvbwU?
9. Awjqv‡gi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? K CH2 = CH 2 L CH2 = CHCl
K Na3AlF6 L H2S2O7 M CH3  CH = CH2 N CH = CH
M Ca(OCl)Cl N CaCO3 23. †bÎ‡KvYvi weRqcy‡i †KvbwU cvIqv hvq?
10. †KvbwU ¶vixq cÖK…wZi jeY?
K †KDwjb L wRiKb
K Na2CO3 L NaNO3
M Na2SO4 N NaCl M e·vBU N wmbœvevi
11. †KvbwUi eÜb kw³ me©vwaK? 24. †Kvb †gŠjwU AwaKZi Zwor FYvÍK?
K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb L Aw·‡Rb KN LO
MF N Cl
M nvB‡Wªv‡Rb N †K¬vwib
25. †KvbwUi e¨vcb nvi Kg?
12. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq †KvbwU Zij?
K C2 H 6 L C4H10 K A¨v‡gvwbqv L bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
M C6H14 N C20H42 M B_vBb N wbqb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
imvqb  1551
PÆMÖvg †evW©-2024
1| `„k¨cU-A : GKwU nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠ‡M Kve©b kZKiv 80 fvM 5|
Ges AvYweK fi 30.
`„k¨cU-B : GKwU Myi“Z¡c–Y© avZzi AvKwiK n‡jv e·vBU|
K. M‡elYv Kx? 1 P Q R S
[GLv‡b, P, Q, R I S cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq]
L. Av‡qvwWb wgwkÖZ Lv`¨ je‡Y ZvcgvÎv evov‡Z
K. Zwor FYvÍKZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
_vK‡j †KvbwU Av‡M ev®•xf‚Z nq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 L. `¯@vi †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb mgvb n‡e wK?
M. nvB‡WªvKve©bwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q K‡iv| 3 e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨cU-B Gi AvKwiK n‡Z avZz wb®‹vkb M. ʻPʼ I ʻQʼ †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv
c×wZ eY©bv K‡iv| 4 e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
2| (i) FeCl3 + H2S  FeCl2 + HCl + S N. ʻRʼ I ʻSʼ †gŠ‡ji eÜb MVbKv‡j GK GKwU †hŠ‡Mi
(ii) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) H = 198 kJ/mole. †¶‡Î AóK wbqg f½ K‡i we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
K. ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 6|
L. RviY msL¨v I †hvRbx GK bq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 200 mL
0.5 M
250 mL
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU‡Z RviY-weRviY hyMcr 10 g HNO3
Mg(OH)2
msNwUZ nq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 Beaker-A Beaker-B
N. DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU †_‡K Drcv`b m‡e©v”P K. ÷qwKIwgwZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cvIqvi †¶‡Î jv-kv‡Zjx‡q bxwZi Myi“Z¡ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 L. †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ I ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKB
3| †gŠj †cÖvUb msL¨v wbDUªb msL¨v wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi n‡Z cv‡i wK? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
Q 9 10  M. weKvi `ywUi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j †h jeY ˆZwi nq
R  16 5.1895  1023 g Zvi †gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv mshywZ wbY©q K‡iv| 3
N. weKvi `ywUi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ
[GLv‡b Q I R cÖZxKx A‡_©] †Kgb n‡e? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
K. Îqx m–ÎwU †j‡Lv| 1 7| (i) CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l)  A(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
L. Z…Zxq kw³¯@‡i ʻfʼ AiweUvj _v‡K bv †Kb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 (ii) CH3CH2CH2B(l) + NaOH(aq)  B(aq) + NaBr(s)
M. †cÖvUb I wbDUUª‡bi cÖK…Z fi eënvi K‡i ʻQʼ K. Awjwdb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†gŠjwUi 1wU AYyi fi wbY©q K‡iv| 3 L. †dbj GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
N. MvwYwZK we‡kÐl‡Yi gva¨‡g ʻRʼ †gŠjwU kbv³ K‡i M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻAʼ †hŠMwUi Am¤•„³Zv Kxfv‡e cÖgvY
Gi ms‡KZ †jL| 4 Ki‡e? mgxKiYmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
N. ʻBʼ †hŠM †_‡K B‡_b †hŠM cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢e wK bv?
4| hyw³mn we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
Y
8| `„k¨Kí-1 : CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
AvqwbKiY kw³ 
W GLv‡b,
X C = O Gi eÜb kw³ 724 kJ/mole
C  H Gi eÜb kw³ 414 kJ/mole
V O = O Gi eÜb kw³ 498 kJ/mole
O  H Gi eÜb kw³ 464 kJ/mole
U
`„k¨Kí-2 :
5 6 7 8 9
cvigvYweK msL¨v
[GLv‡b U, V, W, X Ges Y cÖZxKx A‡_©]
K. Avqb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. i“wewWqvg‡K g„r¶vi avZz ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g ʻYʼ †gŠjwUi MÖ“c I ch©vq K. COD Gi c–Y©iƒc Kx? 1
wbY©q K‡iv| 3 L. mKj LwYR AvKwiK bq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi AvqwbKiY kw³i µg kyay M. `„k¨Kí-1 Abyhvqx H Gi gvb wbY©q K‡iv| 3
EaŸ©gyLx bv nIqvi KviY we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 N. `„k¨Kí-2 Abyhvqx we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 N 2 K 3 M 4 N 5 M 6 L 7 K 8 N 9 L 10 K 11 K 12 M 13 K
DËi
14 L 15 M 16 L 17 N 18 K 19 N 20 M 21 L 22 L 23 K 24 M 25 L
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 `„k¨cU-A : GKwU nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠ‡M Kve©b kZKiv Avgiv Rvwb,
80 fvM Ges AvYweK fi 30. nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMwUi AvYweK fi
n=
`„k¨cU-B : GKwU Myi“Z¡c–Y© avZzi AvKwiK n‡jv e·vBU| ¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi
K. M‡elYv Kx? 1 30
=
L. Av‡qvwWb wgwkÖZ Lv`¨ je‡Y ZvcgvÎv evov‡Z 15
_vK‡j †KvbwU Av‡M ev®•xf‚Z nq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 n =2
M. nvB‡WªvKve©bwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q K‡iv| 3 myZivs nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ
N. DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨cU-B Gi AvKwiK n‡Z avZz wb®‹vkb = (CH3)n = (CH3)2 = C2H6
c×wZ eY©bv K‡iv| 4 AZGe, nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡jv C2H6|
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi k DÏxc‡Ki Ô`„k¨cU-BÕ Gi AvKwiK
h mwVK c×wZ‡Z cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wKQy Rvbvi e·vBU (Al2O3.2H2O) n‡Z Zwor we‡kÐlY c×wZ‡Z avZz wb®‹vkb
bvgB M‡elYv| Kiv hvq| wb‡æ Al2O3 n‡Z Al avZz wb®‹vkb eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
i Av‡qvwWb wgwkÖZ Lv`¨ je‡Yi ZvcgvÎv evov‡Z _vK‡j g–jbxwZ : e·vBU AvKwi‡K Av`ª© A¨vjywgwbqvg A·vB‡Wi mv‡_
Av‡qvwWb (I2) Av‡M evw®•f‚Z n‡e| KviY Av‡qvwWb EaŸ©cvwZZ
wewfbœ Ac`ªe¨ †hgb Fe2O3, SiO2 cÖf…wZ wgwkÖZ _v‡K| cÖ_‡g Gme
†hŠM| Avgiv Rvwb, EaŸ©cvwZZ e¯‘‡K Zvc w`‡j Zv Zi‡j cwiYZ
bv n‡q mivmwi ev‡®• cwiYZ nq| GKvi‡Y Av‡qvwWb wgwkÖZ Lv`¨ Ac`ªe¨ I Av`ª©Zv AcmviY K‡i e·vBU‡K weï× A¨vjywgbvq
jeY‡K Zvc w`‡j Av‡qvwWb Av‡M ev®•xf‚Z nq| (Al2O3) cwiYZ Kiv nq| AZtci weMwjZ A¨vjywgbvi Zwor
j DÏxc‡Ki Ô`„k¨cU-AÕ Gi Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K nvB‡WªvKve©b we‡kÐlY Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡W avZe A¨vjywgwbqvg Ges A¨v‡bv‡W
†hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e wb‡æ Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ nq, hv D”P ZvcgvÎvq Kve©‡bi mv‡_ wewµqvi
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv gva¨‡g Kve©b g‡bv·vBW Ges Kve©b WvBA·vBW Drcbœ K‡i|
†Ìqv Av‡Q,
MwjZ Al2O3 Gi we‡qvRb : Al2O3 2Al3+ + 3O2
nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMwU‡Z, C = 80%
K¨v‡_v‡W wewµqv : Al3+ + 3e  Al
 Ó Ó H = (100  80)% = 20%
Ges †hŠMwUi AvYweK fi = 30 A¨v‡bv‡W wewµqv : O2  O + 2e
GLb, †gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv mshywZ‡K wbR wbR cvigvYweK fi Øviv O + O  2O  O2
fvM K‡i cvB, O2 + 2C  2CO
80 O2 + C  CO2
C= = 6.6666
12 K¨v‡_v‡W msM„nxZ A¨vjywgwbqvg‡K Zwor we‡kvab K‡i cÖvq
20
H = = 20
1 99.99% weï× A¨vjywgwbqvg Drcbœ Kiv nq|
GLb, fvMdjMy‡jvi g‡a¨ n‡Z †h msL¨vwU ¶z`ªZg †mB msL¨v w`‡q
fvMdjMy‡jv‡K fvM K‡i cvB,
6.6666
C= =1
6.6666
20
H= = 3.0000 = 3
6.6666
 nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMwUi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ n‡e = C1H3
= CH3
GLb, nvB‡WªvKve©bwUi ¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi = (12  1 + 1  3)
= 12 + 3 = 15
awi nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ = (CH3)n wPÎ : Zwor we‡kÐl‡Yi gva¨‡g A¨vjywgwbqvg wb®‹vkb
imvqb  1553
cÖkœ  02 DfgyLx wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµqvi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU wbqvgK

(i) FeCl3 + H2S  FeCl2 + HCl + S (ZvcgvÎv/ Pvc/ wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv) cwieZ©b (n«vm/e„w×) Ki‡j
(ii) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) ' H = 198 kJ/mole. wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v Ggbfv‡e cwieZ©b nq †hb wbqvgK cwieZ©‡bi
K. ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 djvdj cÖkwgZ nq| GwU jv-kv‡Zwjqv‡ii bxwZ|
L. RviY msL¨v I †hvRbx GK bq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 wewµqvwU n‡jv : 2SO2 + O2 2SO3; H = – 197 kJ/mol.
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU‡Z RviY-weRviY hyMcr G wewµqvwU GKwU Zvc Drcv`x wewµqv| G wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq
msNwUZ nq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v evg w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q
N. DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU †_‡K Drcv`b m‡e©v”P wewµq‡Ki cwigvY e„w× Ki‡e| GKBfv‡e, ZvcgvÎv n«vm Ki‡j
cvIqvi †¶‡Î jv-kv‡Zjx‡q bxwZi Myi“Z¡ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q Drcv‡ì cwigvY e„w×
Ki‡e| myZivs, h‡Zv wbæ ZvcgvÎv wewµqvwU‡Z Pvjv‡bv hvq, SO2
2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Gi Drcv`b ZZB evo‡e| Z‡e, wbæ ZvcgvÎvq wewµqv Lye
h †Kv‡bv Dfg–Lx wewµqvi m¤§yLgyLx wewµqvi nvi cðvrgyLx axiMwZ‡Z AMÖmi nq e‡j D”P ZvcgvÎvi cÖ‡qvRb| ev¯@‡e
wewµqvi nv‡ii mgvb n‡j Zv‡K ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v e‡j| wkí‡¶‡Î, cÖfveK †hgb V2O5 ev Pt eënvi Kiv nq| G Ae¯’vq
i RviY msL¨v Ges †hvRbx GKB welq bq, RviY msL¨v n‡jv 460–550C ZvcgvÎv n‡jv AZ¨vbyK‚j ZvcgvÎv|
cigvYy ev Avq‡b Dcw¯’Z PvR© msL¨v (wPýmn)| GwU abvÍK ev Avevi, †h mKj wewµqvq M¨vmxq AYyi msL¨v cwieZ©b nq †m mKj
FYvÍK, c–Y©msL¨v, k–b¨ Ggb wK fMœvskI n‡Z cv‡i| kyay ZvB wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve i‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz,
bq, GKB †gŠ‡ji RviY msL¨v wewfbœ †hŠ‡M wewfbœ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| wewµqvwU‡Z wewµqK I Drcv` M¨vmxq Ges wewµqvq M¨vmxq AYyi
Ab¨w`‡K †hvRbx n‡jv GKwU †gŠj Ab¨ †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi msL¨v n«vm cvq| myZivs, Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Drcv`b e„w× cvq|
mvg_©¨| †hvRbx abvÍK ev FYvÍK nq bv, GwU me©`vB c–Y©msL¨v
myZivs, GwU ¯•ó †h, (ii) bs wewµqvi Dci Zvc I Pvc Df‡qi
nq| kyay wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi †hvRbx k–b¨ nq|
cÖfve we`¨gvb|
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU wbæiƒc
2FeCl3 + H2S  2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S cÖkœ  03 †gŠj †cÖvUb wbDUªb wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi
DcwiD³ wewµqvwU‡Z RviY-weRviY hyMcr msNwUZ nqÑ wb‡æ Zv msL¨v msL¨v
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv Q 9 10 
†h ivmvqwbK wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U Zv‡K †iW· R  16 5.1895  1023 g
wewµqv e‡j| RviY-weRviY wewµqvi †h As‡k RviY N‡U Zv‡K [GLv‡b Q I R cÖZxKx A‡_©]
RviY Aa© wewµqv e‡j| G‡¶‡Î weRviK c`v_© B‡jKUªb `vb K. Îqx m–ÎwU †j‡Lv| 1
K‡i| Avevi RviY weRviY wewµqvi †h As‡k weRviY N‡U Zv‡K L. Z…Zxq kw³¯@‡i ʻfʼ AiweUvj _v‡K bv †Kb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
weRviY Aa© wewµqv e‡j| G‡¶‡Î RviK c`v_© B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i
M. †cÖvUb I wbDUUª‡bi cÖK…Z fi eënvi K‡i ʻQʼ
weRvwiZ nq|
DcwiD³ wewµqvwU‡K AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq wbæiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvqÑ †gŠjwUi 1wU AYyi fi wbY©q K‡iv| 3
RviY msL¨v n«vm N. MvwYwZK we‡kÐ l ‡Yi gva¨‡g ʻRʼ †gŠjwU kbv³ K‡i
Gi ms‡KZ †jL| 4
weRviY
+3 2 +2 0
2Fe3+ + S2  2Fe2+ + S 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
RviY h mgag©x wZbwU †gŠj‡K Zv‡ì cvigvYweK fi Abymv‡i mvRv‡j
RviY msL¨v e„w× cÖ_g I Z…Zxq †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK f‡ii Mo wØZxq †gŠ‡ji f‡ii
myZivs wewµqvq wewµqK FeCl3 Gi Fe Avq‡b RviY msL¨v n«vm mgvb ev wbKUeZ©x nq| G Z_¨‡KB †Wv‡eivBbvi Îqx e‡j|
3+
†c‡q Fe2+ Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Avqi‡bi weRviY N‡U‡Q| i †Kv‡bv kw³¯@‡i mvaviYZ me©vwaK 4wU AiweUvj _vK‡Z
Avevi H2S Gi S2 Avq‡b RviY msL¨v e„w× †c‡q S cigvYy‡Z cv‡i| mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v l Gi gvb 0, 1, 2 Ges 3 n‡j
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr mvjdv‡ii RviY N‡U‡Q| AiweUvjmg–n‡K s, p, d Ges f Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Z…Zxq cÖavb
myZivs, RviY Aa© wewµqv : S  2e  S
2  kw³¯@‡i n = 3 nIqvq l = 0, 1, 2 n‡e| wKš‘ f AiweUv‡ji Rb¨ l = 3
weRviY Aa© wewµqv : 2Fe + 2e  2Fe
3+  2+ n‡Z n‡e| ZvB Z…Zxq cÖavb kw³¯@‡i f AiweUvj _v‡K bv|
GLv‡b (i) bs wewµqvwU‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi ¯’vbvš@i N‡U‡Q| AZGe, j DÏxc‡Ki Q †gŠjwUi †cÖvUb msL¨v I wbDUªb msL¨v h_vµ‡g 9
wewµqvwU‡Z RviY weRviY hyMcr msNwUZ nq| I 10| myZivs fi msL¨v n‡e 19| myZivs Q †gŠjwU n‡jv †d¬vwib|
wb‡P †d¬vwi‡bi GKwU AYyi fi wbY©q Kiv n‡jvÑ
k DÏxc‡Ki DwjÐwLZ (ii) bs wewµqvq mvjdvi WvBA·vBW GLb, †d¬vwi‡bi GKwU cigvYyi fi
Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i mvjdvi UªvBA·vBW Drcbœ K‡i|
= 9  1.673  1024g + 10  1.675  1024g
DfgyLx wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq Drcv‡ì cwigvY jv-kv‡Zwjqv‡ii = 1.5057  10 23g + 1.675  10 23g
bxwZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| = 3.1807  10 24g.
Avgiv Rvwb, †d¬vwib AYy‡Z 2wU cigvYy _v‡K| myZivs †d¬vwib (F2) j DÏxc‡Ki Y †gŠjwUi cvigvYweK msL¨v 9| Y †gŠjwU n‡jv
AYyi fi = 2  †d¬vwi‡bi 1wU cigvYyi fi †d¬vwib (F)|
= 2  3.1807  10 23g †d¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡jv wbæiƒc
 23
= 6.3614  10 g  1s2 2s2 2p5
9F
AZGe, †d¬vwi‡bi (F2) GKwU AYyi fi = 6.3614  10 23g †d¬vwib †gŠjwUi ch©vq wbY©q : B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq,
k †Ìqv Av‡Q, †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªbmg–n 2wU cÖavb kw³¯@‡i web¨¯@| myZivs
R †gŠjwUi wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi = 5.1895  10 23g †d¬vwib †gŠjwU ch©vq mviwYi wØZxq ch©v‡q Aew¯’Z|
Ó Ó wbDUªb msL¨v = 16 †d¬vwib †gŠjwUi MÖ“c wbY©q : B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq,
 R †gŠjwUi †cÖvUb msL¨v =? †gŠjwUi me©‡kl kw³¯@‡i S I P AiwUev‡j Dcw¯’Z| myZivs S
Avgiv Rvwb, I P AiweUv‡ji †gvU B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ 10 †hvM K‡i †h gvb
wbDwK¬qv‡mi fi = (†cÖvUb msL¨v  1.673  10 24 + wbDUªb cvIqv hvq ZvB n‡jv H †gŠ‡ji MÖ“c msL¨v| A_©vr †d¬vwi‡bi MÖ“c
msL¨v  1.675  10 24) b¤î n‡jv (2 + 5 + 10) = 17|
ev, 5.1895  10 23 = †cÖvUb msL¨v  1.673  10 24 + 16 AZGe †d¬vwib †gŠjwU ch©vq mviwYi wØZxq ch©v‡qi MÖ“c-17 Gi †gŠj|
 1.675  10 24
ev, †cÖvUb msL¨v  1.673  10 = 5.1895  10  2.68  10 23
 24  23 k DÏxc‡Ki 5, 6, 7, 8 I 9 cvigvYweK msL¨v wewkó †gŠjMy‡jv
n‡jv h_vµ‡g B, C, N, O I F| GmKj †gŠjmg–n ch©vq mviwYi
ev, †cÖvUb msL¨v  1.673  10 24 = 2.5095  10 23
wØZxq ch©v‡q Aew¯’Z| Avgiv Rvwb †gŠjmg–‡ni cvigvYweK
2.5095  10 23
ev, †cÖvUb msL¨v = 1.673  10 24 msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ AvqwbKiY kw³I e„w× cvq| †m Abyhvqx
 †cÖvUb msL¨v = 15 G mKj †gŠjmg–‡ni AvqwbKiY kw³i µg EaŸ©gyLx nIqvi K_v|
AZGe, R †gŠjwU n‡jv dmdivm (P), hvi †cÖvUb msL¨v 15 Ges A_P bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi g‡a¨ N Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk
dmdiv‡mi ms‡KZ P4| Ges O Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ Kg nq| A_©vr bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I
Aw·‡R‡bi †¶‡Î e¨wZµg cwijw¶Z nq|
cÖkœ  04 7N  1s2 2s2 2p3
Y 2 2 4
8O  1s 2s 2p
KviY bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv
AvqwbKiY kw³ 
W
X hvq, bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AiweUvj Aa©c–Y© Ges Aw·‡R‡bi AiweUvj
Aa©c–Y© bq| A_©vr Aw·‡Rb A‡c¶v bvB‡Uªv‡Rb AwaK w¯’wZkxj|
V
G Kvi‡Y Aw·‡Rb A‡c¶v bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AiweUvj n‡Z B‡jKUªb
U †ei Ki‡Z †ewk kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gi d‡j Aw·‡Rb A‡c¶v
5 6 7 8 9 bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk nq| A_©vr e¨wZµg N‡U|
cvigvYweK msL¨v AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi AvqwbKiY kw³i µg kyay EaŸ©gyLx
[GLv‡b U, V, W, X Ges Y cÖZxKx A‡_©]
K. Avqb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 bq| A_©vr e¨wZµg cwijw¶Z nq|
L. i“wewWqvg‡K g„r¶vi avZz ejv nq †Kb? 2 cÖkœ  05
M. B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g ʻYʼ †gŠjwUi MÖ“c I ch©vq
wbY©q K‡iv| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi AvqwbKiY kw³i µg kyay P Q R S
EaŸ©gyLx bv nIqvi KviY we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 [GLv‡b, P, Q, R I S cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq]
[Aa¨vq 4 Gi Av‡jv‡K] K. Zwor FYvÍKZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi L. `¯@vi †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb mgvb n‡e wK?
h cigvYy Zvi me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@i n‡Z GK ev GKvwaK e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
B‡jKUªb Z¨vM ev MÖnY K‡i abvÍK ev FYvÍK AvavbMÖ¯@ n‡j M. ʻPʼ I ʻQʼ †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv
Zv‡K Avqb e‡j| e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
N. ʻRʼ I ʻSʼ †gŠ‡ji eÜb MVbKv‡j GK GKwU †hŠ‡Mi
i ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-1 Gi †gŠjmg–n‡K ¶vi avZz e‡j, G MÖ“‡ci
†¶‡Î AóK wbqg f½ K‡i we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
†gŠjmg–n cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Zxeª ¶vixq †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i| [Aa¨vq 5 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
2Rb + 2H O  2RbOH + H
2 2
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Avevi, G MÖ“‡ci †gŠjmg–‡ni A·vBW ev nvB‡Wªv·vBW Gwm‡Wi
mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| h †Kv‡bv AYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z `ywU cigvYyi g‡a¨ †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb
RbOH + HCl  RbCl + H2O hyMj‡K GKwU cigvYyi wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y Kivi ¶gZv‡K H
Gme Kvi‡Y Rb-†K ¶vi avZz ejv nq| cigvYyi Zwor FYvÍKZv e‡j|
imvqb  1555
i AYy MVbKv‡j †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji GKwU cigvYyi mv‡_ Aci GKwU †K¬vwi‡bi me©‡kl ¯@‡i AóK c–i‡Yi Rb¨ 1wU B‡jKUªb cÖ‡qvRb|
†gŠ‡ji cigvYy hy³ nIqvi ¶gZv‡K †hvRbx ev †hvR¨Zv e‡j| A_©vr Ab¨w`‡K dmdiv‡mi AóK c–i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb 3wU B‡jKUªb|
†Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl K¶c‡_ hZ msL¨K B‡jKUªb dmdivm ZvB 3wU †K¬vwib cigvYyi mv‡_ B‡jKUªb †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g
_v‡K ev hZ msL¨K we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K Zv‡K †hvRbx e‡j| hy³ n‡q Zvi ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i AóK c–iY K‡i| d‡j PCl3 †hŠM
Avevi, †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯@‡ii †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v‡K MVb K‡i|
†mB †gŠ‡ji †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb e‡j|
Cl P Cl
`¯@v A_©vr Zn Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
2 2 6 2 6 10 2
30Zn  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
30Zn Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Zn-Gi me©‡kl Cl
kw³¯@‡i 2wU B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| myZivs `¯@vi (Zn) Gi †hvRbx I
†hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb mgvb n‡e| wPÎ : PCl3 AYyi eÜb MVb
j DÏxc‡Ki P I Q †gŠjwU n‡jv h_vµ‡g Aw·‡Rb (O) I wKš‘ dmdivm 3q ch©v‡qi †gŠj nIqvq Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m 3d
†mvwWqvg (Na)| †gŠj `ywU Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡Mi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv AiweUvj we`¨gvb| D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq, dmdiv‡mi 3s AiweUv‡ji
wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ B‡jKUªb 2wU n‡Z GKwU B‡jKUªb 3d AiweUv‡j DbœxZ n‡j
ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i 5wU we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb m„wó nq Ges dmdivm PCl5
Aw·‡Rb I †mvwWqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒcÑ
O  1s2 2s2 2p2 2p1 2p1
†hŠM MVb K‡i|
8 x y z *
15 P  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p1x 3py1 3p1z 3dxy1
11Na  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq, Aw·‡R‡bi AóK web¨vm jvf
Cl Cl
Ki‡Z 2wU B‡jKUªb cÖ‡qvRb| Aw·‡Rb `ywU B‡jKUªb MÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g ev Ab¨ cigvYyi mv‡_ `ywU B‡jKUªb †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g AóK
P
web¨vm jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| Cl Cl
+ 2
Cl
2 Na+ + O2  Na2O
wPÎ : PCl5 AYyi eÜb MVb
+
Na K¨vUvqb O A¨vbvqb 2–
myZivs †`Lv hvq, P I Cl Øviv MwVZ †hŠM `ywUi g‡a¨ PCl3 AóK
ZvB Aw·‡Rb AvqwbK I mg‡hvRx Dfq ai‡bi †hŠM MVb K‡i| wbqg gvb‡jI PCl5 AóK wbqg gv‡b bv|
Aciw`‡K, †mvwWqvg ïaygvÎ AvqwbK eÜb MVb K‡i, mg‡hvRx
eÜb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mg‡hvRx eÜb MV‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖkœ  06
0.5 M
cigvYy‡Z (8 †hvRbx B‡jKUªb) Gi mgvb msL¨K AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb 200 mL 250 mL
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ B‡jKUªb †kqvwis Gi gva¨‡g Na Gi AóK 10 g HNO3
Mg(OH)2
c–iY Kivi Rb¨ 7wU B‡jKUªb ìKvi n‡jI †mvwWqv‡gi †kl Breaker-A
Beaker-A Breaker-B
Beaker-B
K¶c‡_ gvÎ 1wU AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb _v‡K| ZvB †mvwWqvg cigvYy‡Z K. ÷qwKIwgwZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
B‡jKUª‡bi †kqvi N‡U bv| wKš‘ †mvwWqvg cigvYywU me©‡kl L. †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ I ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKB
K¶c‡_ AhyM¥ B‡jKUªbwU mn‡RB AcmviY K‡i K¨vUvqb MVb n‡Z cv‡i wK? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
K‡i hv AvqwbK †hŠM MVb K‡i| M. weKvi `ywUi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j †h jeY ˆZwi nq
AZGe Aw·‡Rb I †mvwWqvg ci¯•‡ii g‡a¨ AvqwbK eÜb Zvi †gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv mshywZ wbY©q K‡iv| 3
MV‡bi gva¨‡g Na2O †hŠM MVb K‡i| N. weKvi `ywUi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ
k DÏxc‡Ki R I S †gŠjwU n‡jv h_vµ‡g dmdivm (P) I †Kgb n‡e? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
†K¬vwi‡bi (Cl)| †gŠj `ywU Øviv MwVZ PCl3 I PCl5 †hŠ‡Mi GKwU
AóK wbqg f½ K‡iÑ wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
dmdivm (P) I †K¬vwi‡bi (Cl) B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒcÑ h imvq‡bi †h kvLvq wewµq‡Ki cwigvY †_‡K Drcv‡ì cwigvY
2 2 6
15P  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 3 Ges Drcv‡ì cwigvY †_‡K wewµq‡Ki cwigvY wbY©q Kiv nq
* 2 2 6 1 1 1
P  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3p 3p 3d 1 1 Zv‡K ÷qwKIwgwZ e‡j|
15 x y z xy
17Cl  1s2 2s2 2p-6 3s2 3p5 i †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z cigvYyi cÖK…Z msL¨v‡K †h ms‡K‡Zi
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, dmdiv‡mi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K AvYweK ms‡KZ e‡j|
ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i 5wU B‡jKUªb Ges †K¬vwib cigvYyi ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i Avevi †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z we`¨gvb cigvYyi AbycvZ‡K †h
7wU B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| ms‡KZ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯’‚j ms‡KZ e‡j| †hgb,
†mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW Gi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ NaCl| ms‡KZ Øviv †hŠ‡Mi cÖkœ  07

g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cigvYyi AbycvZ cÖKvk K‡i| A_©vr 1 : 1| Avevi (i) CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l)  A(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
†mvwWqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡jv NaCl| A_©vr †mvwWqvg (ii) CH3CH2CH2B(l) + NaOH(aq)  B(aq) + NaBr(s)
†K¬vivB‡Wi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ I AvYweK ms‡KZ GKB| K. Awjwdb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
AZGe, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ I ¯’‚j ms‡KZ L. †dbj GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
GKB n‡Z cv‡i| M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻAʼ †hŠMwUi Am¤•„³Zv Kxfv‡e cÖgvY
Ki‡e? mgxKiYmn e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
j DÏxc‡Ki `ªeY `ywU‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j wbæiƒc wewµqv msNwUZ nq| N. ʻBʼ †hŠM †_‡K B‡_b †hŠM cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢e wK bv?
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + H2O hyw³mn we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
DcwiD³ wewµqvq Drcbœ jeYwU n‡jv Mg(NO3)2| wb‡P [Aa¨vq 11 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
Mg(NO3)2 jeYwUi kZKiv mshywZ wbY©q Kiv n‡jv
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Mg(NO3)2 Gi AvYweK fi = 24 + (14 + 16  3)  2 h A¨vjwK‡bi wbæZi m`m¨My‡jv (Bw_b, †cÖvwcb BZ¨vw`)
n¨vj‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqvq ˆZjv³ c`v_© Drcbœ Kivq A¨vjwKb‡K
= 24 + (14 + 48)  2
Awjwdb e‡j|
= 24 + 62  2
= 24 + 124 i †ebwRb, †ebwRbRvZK I GK ev GKvwaK †ebwRb ejq
= 148 wewkó †hŠM ev †ebwR‡bi ag© m`„k †h‡Kv‡bv ejqvKvi †hŠM‡K
 Mg(NO3)2 †hŠ‡M, A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e‡j| Gme †hŠM mgZjxq Pµxq nq Ges G‡Z
24 GKvš@i wØeÜ‡bi Dcw¯’wZ _v‡K| †dbj GKwU †ebwRbRvZK
Mg Gi kZKiv mshywZ = 148  100 = 16.216%
Ges mgZjxq Pµxq †hŠM hv‡Z 3wU GKvš@i wØeÜb i‡q‡Q|
N " " " =
14  2
 100 = 18.918% Kv‡RB †dbj GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
148
16  3  2 j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
Ges O Ó Ó Ó =
148
 100 = 64.8648% CaC2(s) + 2H2O(s)  HC  CH(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
DcwiD³ wewµqv n‡Z cÖvß A †hŠMwU n‡jv B_vBb| B_vBb
AZGe, Mg(NO3)2 je‡Y Mg, N I O Gi kZKiv mshywZ
†hŠMwUi Am¤•„³Zv mgxKiYmn wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
h_vµ‡g 16.22%, 18.92% I 64.87%| †eªvwgb `ªeY cix¶v : B_vB‡bi g‡a¨ jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb `ªeY †hvM
k DÏxc‡Ki weKvi B Gi †¶‡Î, Ki‡j B_vBb jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †UUªv
Avgiv Rvwb, †Ìqv Av‡Q, †eªv‡gv B‡_b Drcbœ K‡i| GB wewµqvq †eªvwg‡bi jvj eY© AcmvwiZ
nq| B_vBb †h Am¤•„³ †hŠM Zv GB cÖwµqv Øviv cÖgvwYZ nq|
w =
SVM HNO3 `ªe‡Yi AvqZb, V = 250 mL
1000 CH  CH + 2Br2  CHBr2  CHBr2
HNO3 `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv, S = 0.5 M B_vBb †eªvwgb †UUªv‡ev‡gv B‡_b
0.5  250  63
=
1000 HNO 3 Gi AvYweK fi, †eqvi cix¶v : B_vB‡bi mv‡_ KMnO4 I KOH Gi `ªeY †hvM
 w = 7.875g. M = 1 + 14 + 16  3 Ki‡j KMnO4 Gi †Mvjvwc eY© `–ixf‚Z nq| Am¤•„³ nvB‡WªvKve©bm–n
= 63 G wewµqvwU cÖ`k©b K‡i| B_vBb †h Am¤•„³ †hŠM Zv GB wewµqv
HNO3 Gi fi, w = ? Øviv cÖgvwYZ nq|
myZivs HNO3 Gi fi, w = 7.875g KMnO4 I KOH
HC  CH + 4[O]  2 HCOOH
GLb, weKvi-A I weKvi-B Gi `ªeY‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j wbæiƒc B_vBb Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb wg_vbwqK GwmW
wewµqv msNwUZ n‡e|
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
CH3CH2CH2Br(l) + NaOH(aq)  CH3CH2CH2OH(aq) +
24 + (16 + 1)  2 2  (1 + 14 + 16  3) NaBr(s)
= 24 + 34 = 2  63 †cÖvcvbj (B)
= 58 = 126 DcwiD³ wewµqv n‡Z cÖvß B †hŠMwU n‡jv †cÖvcvbj| Avi
126g HNO3 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 58g Mg(OH)2 †cÖvcvbj n‡Z B‡_b †hŠMwU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e|
58
 1 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó 126 Ó wb‡æ Zv hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
†cÖvcvbj‡K kw³kvjx RviK (K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4) Øviv RvwiZ K‡i
58  7.875
 7.875 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó cÖ_g av‡c †cÖvcvb¨vj I wØZxq av‡c †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
126
= 3.625g Mg(OH)2 AZtci Drcbœ †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW‡K †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi
myZivs AwZwi³ Mg(OH)2 Gi cwigvY (10  3.625)g Rjxq `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU jeY I cvwb
= 6.375g Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ †cÖvcvb‡qU jeYwU wWKve©w·‡jkb wewµqvq
†h‡nZz `ªe‡Y 6.375g Mg(OH)2 Aewkó _v‡K| †m‡nZz `ªeYwU K¨vjwmqvg A·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi mv‡_
¶vixq cÖK…wZi n‡e| DËß Ki‡j B‡_b Drcbœ nq|
imvqb  1557
K2Cr2O7
CH3CH2CH2OH + [O]  CH3CH2CHO + H2O GLv‡b, wewµqK AYyM‡y jvi eÜb fvOvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³
H2SO4 = 4 †gvj C  H eÜb kw³ + 2 †gvj O = O eÜb kw³
†cÖvcvbj †cÖvcvb¨vj = (4  414 + 2  498) kJ/mole
K2Cr2O7 = 2652 kJ/mole
CH3CH2CHO + [O]  CH3CH2COOH
H2SO4 Avevi Drcv` AYyMy‡jvi eÜb Mivi Rb¨ wbM©Z †gvU kw³
†cÖvcvb¨vj †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW
= 2 †gvj C = O eÜb kw³ + 4 †gvj O  H eÜb kw³
CH3CH2COOH + NaOH  CH3CH2COONa + H2O
†cÖvcvbwqK GwmW †mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU = (2  724 + 4  464) kJ/mole
CaO = 3304 kJ/mole
CH3CH2COONa + NaOH  CH3  CH3 + Na2CO3
  Avgiv Rvwb,
†mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU B‡_b †mvwWqvg wewµqv Zvc, H = eÜb fvOvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³ 
Kve©‡bU eÜb Movi Rb¨ wbM©Z †gvU kw³
AZGe ejv hvq, B †hŠM A_©vr †cÖvcvbj n‡Z B‡_b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e| = (2652  3304) kJ/mole
cÖkœ  08 `„k¨Kí-1 : CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O =  652 kJ/mole
GLv‡b, AZGe, `„k¨Kí-1 Gi wewµqvwUi H Gi gvb  652 kJ/mole|
C = O Gi eÜb kw³ 724 kJ/mole k DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-2 n‡jv GKwU M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl| wb‡æ G
C  H Gi eÜb kw³ 414 kJ/mole †Kv‡li gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
O = O Gi eÜb kw³ 498 kJ/mole W¨vwb‡qj †Kvl K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e Pb/Pb2+ avZz/avZe Avqb ZworØvi
O  H Gi eÜb kw³ 464 kJ/mole I A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e Zn|Zn2+(aq) avZz/avZe Avqb ZworØvi eëüZ
`„k¨Kí-2 : nq| wP‡Î W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li MVb †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e
GKwU cv‡Î †jW `Ê †jW mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K|
K. COD Gi c–Y©iƒc Kx? 1

L. mKj LwYR AvKwiK bq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. `„k¨Kí-1 Abyhvqx H Gi gvb wbY©q K‡iv| 3
N. `„k¨Kí-2 Abyhvqx we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv
we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wPÎ : M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl
h COD Gi c–Yi
© c
ƒ n‡jv Chemical Oxygen Demand| A_©vr Ab¨ cv‡Î wRsK `Ê A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e wRsK mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq
evsjv A_© n‡jv ivmvqwbK Aw·‡Rb Pvwn`v|
`ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K| cvÎØ‡qi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨
i gvwUi Dcwifv‡M ev Zj‡`‡k †h mKj c`v_© n‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi wbw®Œq Zworwe‡kÐl¨ (KCl) `ªeYc–Y©¨ U-AvK…wZi wUDe `ªeYØ‡qi
avZz ev AavZz BZ¨vw` msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡ì‡K LwbR e‡j| Avevi
†h mKj LwbR n‡Z jvfRbKfv‡e avZz ev AavZz‡K msMÖn ev g‡a¨ Wzev‡bv nq| Gevi hw` Zv‡ii mvnvh¨ ZworØvi `ywU‡K mshy³
wb®‹vkb Kiv hvq †m mKj LwbR‡K AvKwiK e‡j| A_©vr Lwb‡Ri Kiv nq, Zvn‡j wb‡æv³ RviY-weRviY wewµqv ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e
GKwU Ask n‡jv AvKwiK| myZivs me AvKwiK LwbR n‡jI me NU‡eÑ
LwbR AvKwiK bq| †hgb, Kv`vgvwU n‡Z jvfRbKfv‡e A¨v‡bvW wewµqv : Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e
A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz wb®‹vkb Kiv hvq bv| †mRb¨ Kv`vgvwU kyaygvÎ K¨v‡_vW wewµqv : Pb2+(aq) + 2e  Pb(s)
A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi LwbR wKš‘ AvKwiK bq| Zn(s) + Pb2+ (aq)  Zn2+ (aq) + Pb (s)
j †Ìqv Av‡Q, C = O Gi eÜb kw³ 724 kJ/mole A_©vrZn A¨v‡bvW wb‡R B‡jKUªb †Q‡o we‡qvwRZ (Dissolution)
CH Ó Ó Ó 414 Ó
OO Ó Ó Ó 498 Ó
`ªe‡Yi Pb2+(aq) Avqb K¨v‡_vW †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i avZe
OH Ó Ó Ó 464 Ó Pb wn‡m‡e K¨v‡_v‡W Rgv n‡e| cÖK…Zc‡¶, A¨v‡bv‡W Drcbœ
DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 Gi wewµqvwU wbæiƒc : B‡jKUªb Zv‡ii gva¨‡g K¨v‡_v‡W †cuŠ‡Q B‡jKUª‡bi mgZv i¶v
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
G wewµqvwU‡K MvVwbKfv‡e wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq : K‡i| Zvn‡j Zvi w`‡q ZworØvi `ywU‡K mshy³ Ki‡jB A¨v‡bvW
H †_‡K K¨v‡_v‡W B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni m„wó n‡e| B‡jKUªb cÖevn gv‡bB
 we`y¨r cÖevn| Zvn‡j Avgiv eySjvg, hw` W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li
HCH + 2(O = O)  O = C = O + 2(H  O  H)

ZworØviØq‡K Zv‡ii gva¨‡g hy³ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j †Kv‡l Zwor
H cÖevwnZ n‡e|
wm‡jU †evW©-2024
1. cigvYyi N †k‡j KqwU Dckw³¯@i _v‡K? 13. X, Y I Z †gŠjMy‡jvi †¶‡Î
K1 L2 i. Z cigvYyi AvKvi me‡P‡q eo
M3 N4 ii. X Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ Z †_‡K †ewk
2. Avqib ch©vq mviwYi †Kvb ch©v‡q Aew¯’Z? iii. Y Gi AavZe ag© me‡P‡q †ewk
K 2q L 3q
M 4_© N 5g
K i I ii L i I iii
3. CaH2 Gi †Kvb ai‡bi eÜb we`¨gvb? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K AvqwbK L mg‡hvRx 14. †KvbwU g„`y GwmW?
M mwbœ‡ek N avZe K H2SO4 L H2CO3
4. K¨vjwmqvg avZzi M HNO3 N HCl
i. B‡jKUªb web¨vm 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 15. wmbœvevi †Kvb avZzi AvKwiK?
ii. †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb 2 K †jW L wRsK
iii. †hvRbx 2 M Kcvi N gvK©vwi
16. †KvbwU Am¤•„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K C2 H 6 L C3 H 6
Ki L i I iii M C3 H 8 N C4H10
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 17. CaC2 + H2O  X + Ca(OH)2
5. 24 MÖvg Mg KZ MÖvg O2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv Ki‡e?
K8g L 12 g wewµqvq 'X' †hŠMwU
M 16 g N 32 g K C2 H 2 L C2 H 4
M CaO N CaCO3
6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU RviK c`v_©?
18. †Kvb AYywU fvO‡Z AwaK kw³i cÖ‡qvRb?
K O2 L H2
K HCl L Cl2
M H2 S N CO
M H2 N O2
7. NO3 Avq‡b N Gi RviY msL¨v KZ? 19. †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K+5 L+6
K wRsK L †jW
M 5 N 6
M †iwWqvg N gvK©vwi
8. †KvbwU B‡jKUªbxq cwievnx?
K GwmW `ªeY L ¶vi `ªeY
20. 2Mg + O2 = 2MgO GB wewµqvwU
i. ms‡hvRb
M jeY `ªeY N MÖvdvBU
ii. `nb
9. †cÖvwcb
iii. bb-†iW·
i. cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU‡K eY©nxb K‡i
ii. †eªvwgb `ªeY cix¶v †`q
K i I ii L i I iii
iii. PVC Gi g‡bvgvi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
21. †KvbwUi e¨vcb mgq me‡P‡q †ewk?
K i I ii L i I iii
K H2 L He
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M N2 N O2
10. ê`y¨wZK Zvi †KvbwU Øviv ˆZwi? 22. wb‡Pi †KvbwU EaŸ©cvZb‡hvM¨ c`v_©?
K Na L Cu K †d¬vwib L Av‡qvwWb
M Sn N Ca
M †K¬vwib N †eªvwgb
11. SuvSv‡jv MÜhy³ M¨vm †KvbwU?
wb‡Pi wewµqvi Av‡jv‡K 23 Ges 24 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K CO2 L PH3
H2 + O2  H2O
M NH3 N SO2
23. wewµq‡K Aw·‡Rb Ges nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi f‡ii AbycvZ KZ?
 wb‡Pi ch©vq mviwYi LwÊZ Ask n‡Z 12 Ges 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K1:8 L 8:1
C X Y M 1 : 16 N 16 : 1
Z S 24. wewµqvq 72 g cvwb †c‡Z KZ MÖvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cÖ‡qvRb?
[X, Y I Z
cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ] K2g L4g
12. DÏxc‡Ki Y †gŠjwU ch©vq mviwYi †Kvb MÖ“‡c Aew¯’Z? M8g N 16 g
K 14 L 15 25. j¨vwUb fvlv †_‡K M„nxZ cÖZxK †KvbwU?
M 16 N 17 KN LK M Co N Ca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
imvqb  1559
wm‡jU †evW©-2024
1| 5|
wPÎ : 1 wPÎ : 2
K. cvigvYweK msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 wPÎ : Zwor‡Kvl
L. †mvwWqv‡gi fimsL¨v 23 ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 K. A¨vj‡Kb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. wPÎ-1 Gi me©‡kl kw³¯@‡i we`¨gvb GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi L. mKj LwbR AvKwiK bq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
†KŠwYK fi‡eM wbY©q K‡iv| 3 M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ cvÎØ‡qi `ªe‡Y c„_Kfv‡e jNy
N. wPÎ-1 I wPÎ-2 Gi †Kvb cigvYy g‡WjwU AwaK †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Kx N‡U?
MÖnY‡hvM¨? h_vh_ hyw³i gva¨‡g we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 mgxKiYmn eY©bv K‡iv| 3
2| †gŠj fi msL¨v wbDUªb msL¨v N. DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡l evwZwU R¡‡j Dnvi KviY we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4

X 12 6 6| K¨vjvgvBb  ʻXʼ + CO2 ...............................(i)
Y 35 18 40C
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  ʻQʼ + H2O....................(ii)
Z 23 12 K. RviY msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j? 1
[X, Y, Z cÖPwjZ †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq] L. †cÖvwcb GK ai‡bi Awjwdb e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
K. †gvjvwiwU Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻQʼ †hŠMwUi Kvc‡oi `vM DVv‡bvi †KŠkj
L. ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻZʼ n‡Z ʻYʼ Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk †Kb?
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ †hŠM n‡Z weky× wRsK avZz wb®‹vk‡b
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠj Øviv MwVZ XY4 Ges ZY †hŠ‡Mi GKwU Kve©b weRviY Ges Zwor we‡kÐlY Dfq cÖwµqvB
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI AciwU A`ªeYxq we‡kÐlY K‡iv|4 Avek¨K we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
3| 7| C2H2 + H2  C2H4 ; C2H5 ; H =  195 kJ/mole.
†mwg †gvjvi [GLv‡b, C  C, H  H, C  H eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g 812, 436,
6g A cv‡Îi
H2SO4 414 kJ/ mole.]
`ªeY
200mL
NaOH `ªeY + B
K. M¨vjfvbvBwRs Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cv‡Îi `ªeY
L. Na GKwU RviKÑ e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
+
2
cvÎ-A cvÎ-B cvÎ-C M. DÏxcK †_‡K C = C eÜb kw³ wbY©q K‡iv| 3
K. cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. DÏxc‡Ki Drcv`b †hŠM †_‡K A¨vj‡Kb †kÖwYi 1g
m`m¨ Drcv`b m¤¢eÑ we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
L. †hŠ‡M ¶vi avZzmg–‡ni RviY msL¨v +1; e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. ʻBʼ cv‡Îi `ªe Øviv KZ wjUvi †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z 8| (i) CaO + 2HCl  ʻXʼ + H2O
1000 evqygÊj Pvc
Kiv hv‡e? wbY©q K‡iv| 3 (ii) nCH2 = CH2  ʻYʼ
200C O2
N. ʻCʼ cv‡Îi `ªe‡Y †Kvb ai‡bi wjUgv‡mi e‡Y©i cwieZ©b 140 evqygÊj Pvc
(iii) nCH2 = CH(CH3)  ʻZʼ
NU‡e? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 120C UvB‡Uwbqvg †K¬vivBW
4| (i) Ca + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + H2 K. e¨vcb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
(ii) 2NO2(g)  N2O4(g) L. †gv‡gi Mjb †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©b? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
K. ivmvqwbK mgxKiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ †hŠMhy³ cvwb‡Z mvevb AcP‡qi KviY
L. 0.01 M HCl `ªeY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
M. (i) bs wewµqvwU RviY-weRviY wewµqvÑ e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻYʼ I ʻZʼ RvZxq c`v_© eënvi my
w eavRbK
N. (ii) bs wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Pvc I NbgvÎvi n‡jI Zv Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc we‡kÐlY
cÖfve we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 K‡iv| 4
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 N 2 M 3 K 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 K 8 N 9 K 10 L 11 N 12 M 13 N
DËi
14 L 15 N 16 L 17 K 18 N 19 M 20 K 21 N 22 L 23 L 24 M 25 L
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K N–Y©vqgvb B‡jKUªb me©`v PvR©evnx wbDwK¬qv‡mi
Pviw`‡K kw³ wewKiY Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j B‡jKUª‡bi Af¨š@i¯’
kw³ µgk n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| GKmgq B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡mi w`‡K
avweZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq †K›`ªvweKl©x e‡ji Afv‡e
Aw¯@Z¡nxb n‡q c‡o| A_©vr cigvYyi MV‡b ¯’vqxZ¡ cvIqv hvq
bv| wKš‘ †evi cigvYy g‡Wj Abyhvqx B‡jKUªbmg–n e„ËvKvi
wPÎ : 1 wPÎ : 2 K¶c‡_ AveZ©bKv‡j †Kv‡bv kw³ †kvlY ev wewKiY K‡i bv| d‡j
K. cvigvYweK msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j? 1 B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qv‡m cwZZ bv nIqvq cigvYyi MVb myw¯’Z
L. †mvwWqv‡gi fimsL¨v 23 ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 _v‡K|
M. wPÎ-1 Gi me©‡kl kw³¯@‡i we`¨gvb GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi myZivs ejv hvq, cigvYyi MVb e¨vL¨vq †evi cigvYy g‡WjwU
†KŠwYK fi‡eM wbY©q K‡iv| 3 AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨|
N. wPÎ-1 I wPÎ-2 Gi †Kvb cigvYy g‡WjwU AwaK
MÖnY‡hvM¨? h_vh_ hyw³i gva¨‡g we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 cÖkœ  02 †gŠj fi msL¨v wbDUªb msL¨v
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi X 12 6
h cigvYyi †cÖvUb msL¨v‡K ejv nq cvigvYweK msL¨v hv GKwU Y 35 18

cigvYyi wbR¯^ mËv ev Zvi cwiPq| Z 23 12
i †mvwWqv‡gi fimsL¨v ej‡Z †mvwWqv‡gi †cÖvUb I wbDUªb

23 cÖPwjZ †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq]
[X, Y, Z
msL¨vi mgwó‡K eySvq| †mwWqv‡gi †cÖvUb msL¨v 11 I wbDUªb K. †gvjvwiwU Kv‡K e‡j? 1
msL¨v 12| G‡ì mgwó n‡jv (11 + 12) = 23 hv †mvwWqv‡gi L. ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
fimsL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i| M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻZʼ n‡Z ʻYʼ Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk †Kb?
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
j DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi me©‡kl kw³¯@i A_©vr N †k‡j (4_©
kw³¯@i) we`¨gvb GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM wb‡æ wbY©q N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠj Øviv MwVZ XY4 Ges ZY †hŠ‡Mi GKwU
Kiv n‡jv : cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI AciwU A`ªeYxq we‡kÐlY K‡iv|4
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
nh n=4
2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
mvr =
2 h = 6.626  1034 m2/g/s h wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq cÖwZ wjUvi `ªe‡Y `ªexf‚Z `ª‡ei MÖvg AvYweK
=
4  6.626  1034  = 3.1416 fi ev †gvj msL¨v‡K H `ªe‡Yi †gvjvwiwU ejv nq|
2  3.1416  mvr = ?
= 4.218  1034 m2 kg/s i wb‡æ ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ D‡jÐL Kiv n‡jv :
 mvr = 4.22  1034 m2 kg/s ˆRe †hŠM A‰Re †hŠM
myZivs 4_© kw³¯@‡ii †kl K¶c‡_i B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM 1. mvaviYZ ˆRe †hŠ‡M 1. `y-GKwU e¨wZµg Qvov
= 4.22  1034 m2kg/s Kve©b Aek¨B _vK‡e| mvaviYZ A‰Re †hŠM Kve©b
k DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 I wPÎ-2 n‡jv h_vµ‡g †evi I †hgb- wg‡_b (CH4) _v‡K bv| †hgb- nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj| cigvYyi MVb e¨vL¨vq iv`vi‡dvW© I mvjdvBW (H2S)
†ev‡ii cigvYy g‡W‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx Zv wb‡P 2. ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi wewµqv 2. A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi wewµqv n‡Z
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ n‡Z mvaviYZ A‡bK mvaviYZ A‡bK Kg mgq
iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨ K¶c‡_i AvKvi-AvK…wZ †ewk mgq jv‡M| jv‡M|
m¤•‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv †Ìqv nqwb, wKš‘ †evi cigvYy g‡W‡ji 3. ˆRe †hŠMmg–n mvaviYZ 3. A‰Re †hŠMmg–n mvaviYZ
mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKUª‡bi K¶c‡_i AvKvi I AvK…wZ mg‡Ü aviYv jvf mg‡hvRx eÜ‡bi AvqwbK ev mg‡hvRx eÜ‡bi
Kiv hvq| Avevi iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj Abyhvqx ZvwoZ‡PŠ¤^Kxq gva¨‡g MwVZ nq| gva¨‡g MwVZ nq|
imvqb  1561
j DÏxc‡Ki ʻZʼ †gŠjwUi fimsL¨v 23 Ges wbDUªb msL¨v 12|

myZivs 'Z' †gŠjwU n‡e (23  12 = 11) †mvwWqvg (Na)| Avevi ʻYʼ
†gŠjwUi fimsL¨v 35 Ges wbDUªb msL¨v 18| myZivs ʻYʼ †gŠjwU
n‡e (35  18 = 17) †K¬vwib (Cl)| A_©vr †mvwWqvg (Na) n‡Z †K¬vwib
(Cl) Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk| wb‡æ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
Avgiv Rvwb, M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji GK †gvj M¨vmxq
cigvYy †_‡K GK †gvj B‡jKUªb AcmviY K‡i GK †gvj abvÍK
Avq‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K H †gŠ‡ji wPÎ : cvwbi AYy ms‡hvwRZ NaCl
AvqwbKiY kw³ e‡j| GKB ch©v‡q evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K Aciw`‡K, Kve©b I †K¬vwib AavZe nIqvq Giv Zv‡ì K¶c‡_i
hvIqvi mgq cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ AvqwbKiY B‡jKUªb †kqvi K‡i CCl4 mg‡hvRx †hŠM MVb K‡i|
Cl
kw³i gvb evo‡Z _v‡K| hLb GKB ch©v‡q †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK
|
msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K ZLb †gŠjMy‡jvi B‡jKUª‡bi kw³¯@i ev‡o Cl – C – Cl
bv| A_©vr cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm †cÖvUb msL¨v Ges me©ewnt¯’ ¯@‡ii |
Cl
B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v e„w× cvq| d‡j me©ewnt¯’ ¯@‡ii
Avgiv Rvwb, †K¬vwi‡bi Zwor FYvÍKZv Kve©b A‡c¶v †ewk| ZvB
B‡jKUªbMy‡jv wbDwK¬qvm KZ…©K Av‡iv cÖejfv‡e AvK…ó nq| G CCl4 Gi AYyi MV‡b cÖwZwU Cl cigvYy †kqviK…Z eÜb B‡jKUªb
AvKl©Y ej wQbœ K‡i me©ewnt¯’¯@i n‡Z B‡jKUªb AcmviY †gN‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ Kve©b cigvYy
Ki‡Z †ewk kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| d‡j GKB ch©v‡qi †gŠjmg–‡ni Pviw`‡K PviwU Cl cigvYy Øviv mylgfv‡e cwi‡ewóZ _v‡K| d‡j
AvqwbKiY kw³i gvb evg w`‡K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K hvIqvi mgq †K›`ªxq Kve©b cigvYyi Pviw`‡Ki †K¬vwib cigvYyi AvKl©‡Yi jwä
k–b¨ nq| ZvB G‡Z †Kv‡bv AvswkK abvÍK ev AvswkK FYvÍK
µgk evo‡Z _v‡K|
cÖv‡š@i m„wó nq bv| d‡j CCl4 AYy mvgwMÖKfv‡e A‡cvjvi nq| d‡j
†h‡nZz †mvwWqvg (Na) I †K¬vwib (Cl) GKB ch©v‡qi †gŠj Ges †cvjvi cvwbi AYy CCl4 AYy‡K AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨ abvÍK-FYvÍK
†mvwWqvg Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi cÖ_g †gŠj Ges †K¬vwib (Cl) Z…Zxq cÖvš@ ev †cvj cvq bv| d‡j CCl4 cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq bv|
ch©v‡qi MÖ“c-17 Gi †gŠj| A_©vr †mvwWqvg ev‡g Ges †K¬vwib (Cl) AZGe, NaCl cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡jI CCl4 cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq bv|
Wv‡b _vKvq †mvwWqv‡gi (Na) †_‡K †K¬vwib (Cl) Gi AvqwbKiY cÖkœ  03
kw³ †ewk|
AZGe †mvwWqvg (Na) I †K¬vwib (Cl) Gi AvqwbKiY kw³i µg †mwg †gvjvi A cv‡Îi
H2SO4 6g
n‡jv Na < Cl| `ªeY 200mL NaOH `ªeY + B
cv‡Îi
k DÏxc‡Ki X, Y I Z Gi fimsL¨v h_vµ‡g 12, 35 I 23 Ges `ªeY
wbDUªb msL¨v h_vµ‡g 6, 19 I 12| myZivs †gŠj wZbwU h_vµ‡g cvÎ-A cvÎ-B cvÎ-C
Kve©b (C), †K¬vwib (Cl) I †mvwWqvg (Na)| myZivs XY4 A_©vr K. cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
CCl4 Ges ZY A_©vr NaCl †hŠMØ‡qi GKwU cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq L. †hŠ‡M ¶vi avZzmg–‡ni RviY msL¨v +1; e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
n‡jI AciwU `ªeYxq| wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : M. ʻBʼ cv‡Îi `ªe Øviv KZ wjUvi †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z
cvwb GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM| cvwbi AYy‡Z we`¨gvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Kiv hv‡e? wbY©q K‡iv| 3
Aw·‡R‡bi g‡a¨ Zwor FYvÍKZvi cv_©K¨ AwaK nIqvq N. ʻCʼ cv‡Îi `ªe‡Y †Kvb ai‡bi wjUgv‡mi e‡Y©i cwieZ©b
NU‡e? MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
†cvjvwiwUi m„wó nq| d‡j Aw·‡Rb (O) cigvYywU AvswkK [Aa¨vq 6 I 9 Gi mgš^‡q]
FYvÍK Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy `ywU AvswkK abvÍK PvR©cÖvß nq|
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
2
O h †h wewµqvq AwaK mwµq †gŠj ev g–jK †Kv‡bv GKwU †hŠM n‡Z
Zzjbvg–jK Kg mwµq †Kv‡bv †gŠj‡K AcmviY K‡i Zvi ¯’vb
H+ H+ `Lj K‡i, Zv‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv e‡j|
wPÎ : cvwbi †cvjvwiwU i †Kv‡bv †gŠj KZ…©K B‡jKUªb Z¨vM ev MÖn‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ
†Kv‡bv AvqwbK †hŠM‡K cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ki‡j †hŠMwU cÖ_‡g abvÍK ev FYvÍK Avavb msL¨v‡K H †gŠ‡ji RviY msL¨v e‡j|
abvÍK I FYvÍK Avq‡b we‡qvwRZ n‡e| G‡¶‡Î AvqwbK †Kv‡bv †gŠj B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i abvÍK Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡j Zvi
RviY msL¨v abvÍK n‡e| Avevi †Kv‡bv †gŠj B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i
†hŠ‡Mi abvÍK cÖvš@wU cvwbi AYyi FYvÍK cÖvš@ ev Aw·‡Rb FbvÍK Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡j Zvi RviY msL¨v FYvÍK n‡e|
Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡e| Aciw`‡K, AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi FYvÍK cÖvš@wU Avevi, ¶vi avZzmg–n †hŠM MV‡bi mgq GKwUgvÎ B‡jKUªb Z¨vM
wbæiƒ‡c cvwbi abvÍK ev nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cÖvš@ Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡e| K‡i abvÍK Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| d‡j †hŠ‡M ¶vi avZzmg–‡ni
d‡j AvqwbK †hŠM NaCl cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡e| RviY msL¨v + 1 nq|
j DÏxc‡Ki ʻBʼ cv‡Îi `ªe Øviv †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q i 0.01 M HCl `ªeY Øviv HCl Gi †mw›U‡gvjvi‡K eySv‡bv nq|
D‡jÐL Kiv n‡jv : wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq hw` †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi cÖwZ wjUvi AvqZ‡b 0.01
w
SVM
= GLv‡b, mole `ªe `ªexfzZ _v‡K Z‡e H `ªeY‡K †mw›U‡gvjvi `ªeY e‡j|
1000
`ªe‡Y `ª‡ei cwigvY, w = 6 g A_©vr 1 L HCl Gi `ªe‡b 0.01 mole ev (0.01  36.5) = 0.365 g
1000  w
 V=
SM NbgvÎv, S = 0.1 M HCl `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j Zv‡K 0.01 M HCl `ªeY ejv nq|
1000  6 NaOH Gi AvYweK fi,
=
0.1  40 M = (23 + 16 + 1) = 40 g j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU wbæiƒc :
= 1500 mL  AvqZb, V = ? Ca + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + H2
= 1500 mL DcwiD³ wewµqvwU GKwU RviY-weRviY wewµqv| wb‡æ Zv e¨vL¨v
 V = 1.5 L Kiv n‡jv :
AZGe, NaOH `ªe Øviv 1.5 L †Wwm‡gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv †h wewµqvq wewµqK Abymg–‡ni cigvYyM‡y jvi g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK
hv‡e| B‡jKUª‡bi ¯’vbvš@‡ii A_©vr Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U Ges cigvYy ev
k DÏxc‡Ki ʻCʼ cv‡Î `ª eYØq‡K GKwÎZ Ki‡j wb‡æv³ Avq‡bi Pv‡R©i n«vm-e„w× N‡U Zv‡K RviY-weRviY wewµqv e‡j|
wewµqvwU msNwUZ n‡e| RviY wewµqv
2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O 0 +1 +2 0
2(23+16+1) (12+32+164) Ca + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3) + H2
= 80 g = 98g
weRviY wewµqv
GLb, A cv‡Îi †¶‡Î,
DcwiD³ wewµqvq K¨vjwmqvg (Ca) bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
SVM `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv, S = 0.5 M K‡i K¨vjwmqvg bvB‡UªU I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Drcbœ nq| GLv‡b
w =
1000
`ªe‡Yi AvqZb, V = 200 mL K¨vjwmqvg (Ca) weRviK wn‡m‡e `ywU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i RvwiZ
=
0.5  200  98
H2SO4 Gi AvYweK fi, n‡q‡Q Ges RviK HNO3 Gi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb `ywU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i
1000
= 9.8 g M = (1  2 + 32 + 16  4) weRvwiZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr
= 98 g Ca  2e  Ca2+
 H2SO4 Gi fi, w = ? 2H+ + 2e  H2

DcwiD³ wewµqvq, Ca2+ + 2H+  Ca2+ + H2
80 g NaOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 98 g H2SO4 DcwiD³ wewµqvwU‡Z GKB mv‡_ RviK c`v_© weRviK c`v_© n‡Z
98 B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i weRvwiZ n‡q‡Q Ges weRviK c`v_© B‡jKUªb
 1g " " " " " g "
80
98  6
cÖ`vb K‡i RvwiZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr G wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi Av`vb-
 6g " " " " "=
80
g cÖ`vb N‡U‡Q|
= 7.35 g H2SO4 AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU GKwU RviY-weRviY wewµqv|
myZivs wewµqvq AwZwi³ H2SO4 Gi cwigvY = (9.8  7.35) g
= 2.45 g k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU wbæiƒc
†h‡nZz `ªe‡Y 2.45 g. H2SO4 AwZwi³ _v‡K| †m‡nZz `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ 2NO2 (g)  N2O4 (g)
DcwiD³ wewµqvwUi †¶‡Î Pvc I NbgvÎvi cÖfve wb‡æ we‡kÐlY
Aèxq n‡e| A_©vr GKwÎZ `ªe‡Y bxj wjUgvm Wzev‡j eY© cwiewZ©Z
n‡q jvj n‡e| Kiv n‡jv :
Pv‡ci cÖfve : DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvq 2 mole NO2 n‡Z 1
cÖkœ  04 (i) Ca + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + H2
mole N2O4 Drcbœ nq| A_©vr wewµq‡Ki mole msL¨v A‡c¶v
(ii) 2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)
K. ivmvqwbK mgxKiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Drcv‡ì †gvj msL¨v Kg| G Ae¯’vq wewµqvi Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM
L. 0.01 M HCl `ªeY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 Ki‡j jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ Abymv‡i ewa©Z Pvc‡K cÖkwgZ Kivi
M. (i) bs wewµqvwU RviY-weRviY wewµqv e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 Rb¨ wewµqvwUi m¤§yLgyLx As‡k wewµqvi †eM e„w× cvq| d‡j
N. (ii) bs wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Pvc I NbgvÎvi N2O4 Gi Drcv`b †e‡o hv‡e| Avevi wewµqvq Pvc Kgv‡j N2O4
cÖfve we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 Gi Drcv`b jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ Abymv‡i K‡g hv‡e|
NbgvÎvi cÖfve : cÖ`Ë wewµqvq wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
m¤§yLgyLx As‡k wewµqvi †eM e„w× cv‡e| A_©vr N2O4 Gi cwigvY
h ivmvqwbK wewµqv‡K ms‡¶‡c Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ †h
mgxKiY eënvi Kiv nq †mB mgxKiY‡K ivmvqwbK mgxKiY e„w× cv‡e| Avevi NO2 Gi NbgvÎv n«vm Ki‡j wewµqvi nvi n«vm
e‡j| cv‡e| A_©vr N2O4 Gi Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e|
imvqb  1563
cÖkœ  05 AgNO3 I jNy NaOH Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ Aat‡¶c :

AgNO3 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ jNy NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wewµqv N‡U Ges AgOH I NaNO3 Drcbœ nq|
GLv‡b Drcbœ NaNO3 Gi `ªeYxqZv †ewk nIqvq Zv cvwb‡Z
`ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wKš‘ AgOH Gi `ªeYxqZv Kg nIqvq Zv
cv‡Îi Zjvq Aat‡¶c wn‡m‡e Rgv nq|
wPÎ : Zwor‡Kvl AgNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + AgOH (s) 
K. A¨vj‡Kb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 wmjfvi bvB‡UªU †mvwWqvg †mvwWqvg wmjfvi
nvB‡Wªv·vBW bvB‡UªU bvB‡UªU
L. mKj LwbR AvKwiK bq e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 AZGe Zn(NO3)2 I AgNO3 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y jNy NaOH †hvM
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ cvÎØ‡qi `ªe‡Y c„_Kfv‡e jNy Ki‡j c„_Kfv‡e Aat‡¶c c‡o|
†mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Kx N‡U? k DÏxc‡Ki †KvlwU n‡jv M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl| G †Kv‡l Zn `ÊwU
mgxKiYmn eY©bv K‡iv| 3 A¨v‡bvW Ges Ag `ÊwU K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e h_vµ‡g Zn(NO3)2 I
N. DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡l evwZwU R¡‡j Dnvi KviY we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 AgNO3 `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv Av‡Q| Avi `Ê `ywU GKwU cwievnx Zvi
Øviv hy³ Av‡Q|
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†KvlwU‡Z Zn `Ê A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e KvR Kivq Zv `ªe‡Y B‡jKUªb
h †h mKj nvB‡Wª v Kve©
‡b Kve©b-Kve©b GKK eÜb Dcw¯’Z
Z¨vM K‡i RvwiZ nqÐ Ag `Ê K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e KvR Kivq Zv `ªeY
_v‡K Zv‡ì‡K A¨vj‡Kb e‡j| A¨vj‡K‡bi mvavib ms‡KZ n‡jv
n‡Z B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i weRvwiZ nq| A_©vr
CnH2n + 2|
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv : Zn (s)  Zn2+ (aq) + 2e
i gvwUi Dcwifv‡M ev Zj‡`‡k †h mKj c`v_© n‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi K¨v‡_vW wewµqv : 2Ag+ + 2e  2Ag (s)
avZz ev AavZz BZ¨vw` msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡ì‡K LwbR e‡j| Avevi
mvwe©K wewµqv : Zn (s) + 2 Ag+ (aq)  Zn2+ (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
†h mKj LwbR n‡Z jvfRbKfv‡e avZz ev AavZz‡K msMÖn ev
GLb Zvi w`‡q ZworØvi `ywU‡K mshy³ Ki‡jB A¨v‡bvW †_‡K
wb®‹vkb Kiv hvq †m mKj LwbR‡K AvKwiK e‡j| A_©vr Lwb‡Ri
K¨v‡_v‡W B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni m„wó n‡e| Avi B‡jKUªb cÖevn gv‡bB
GKwU Ask n‡jv AvKwiK| myZivs me AvKwiK LwbR n‡jI me
we`y¨r cÖevn| ZvB W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li evB‡ii Zv‡ii mv‡_ ê`y¨wZK
LwbR AvKwiK bq| †hgb, Kv`vgvwU n‡Z jvfRbKfv‡e
evj¦ hy³ Ki‡j evj¦wU R¡‡j DV‡e|
A¨vjywgwbqvg avZz wb®‹vkb Kiv hvq bv| †mRb¨ Kv`vgvwU kyaygvÎ
wKš‘ jeY‡mZz eënvi bv Kivi Kvi‡Y GKmgq we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ
A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi LwbR wKš‘ AvKwiK bq|
n‡q hv‡e| d‡j evj¦wU wb‡f hv‡e|
j DÏxc‡Ki cvÎØ‡qi Zn(NO3)2 I AgNO3 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y
c„_Kfv‡e K‡qK †duvUv jNy NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j D³ `ªe‡Y cÖkœ  06 K¨vjvgvBb 
 ʻXʼ + CO2 ............................(i)
40C
Aat‡¶c Drcbœ nq| Zv wb‡æ mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  ʻQʼ + H2O................(ii)
GKB `ªve‡K `ywU †hŠM wgwkÖZ Ki‡j Zviv ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K. RviY msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K‡i †h Drcv`My‡jv Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bvwU hw` H L. †cÖvwcb GK ai‡bi Awjwdb e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
`ªve‡K A`ªeYxq ev LyeB Kg cwigv‡Y `ªeYxq nq Z‡e Zv wewµqv M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻQʼ †hŠMwUi Kvc‡oi `vM DVv‡bvi †KŠkj
cv‡Îi Zjvq KwVb Ae¯’vq Zjvwb wn‡m‡e Rgv nq| G Zjvwb‡K e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
Aat‡¶c (Precipitate) e‡j| †h wewµqvq `ªeYxq wewµqK c`v_© N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ †hŠM n‡Z weky× wRsK avZz wb®‹vk‡b
wewµqv K‡i A`ªeYxq KwVb Drcv‡` cwiYZ nq Zv‡K Aat‡¶cY Kve©b weRviY Ges Zwor we‡kÐlY Dfq cÖwµqvB
wewµqv e‡j| Avek¨K we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
Zn(NO3)2 I jNy NaOH Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ Aat‡¶c : [Aa¨vq 10 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q]
Zn(NO3) Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ jNy NaOH †hvM Ki‡j Zv‡ì 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
g‡a¨ wewµqv N‡U Ges Zn(OH)2 I NaNO3 Drcbœ nq| GLv‡b h B‡jKUªb Z¨vM ev MÖn‡Yi d‡j †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡j Drcbœ abvÍK ev
Drcbœ NaNO3 Gi `ªeYxqZv †ewk nIqvq Zv cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z FYvÍK Avavb msL¨v‡K H †gŠ‡ji RviY msL¨v e‡j|
Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wKš‘ Zn(OH)2 Gi `ªeYxqZv Kg nIqvq Zv i A¨vjwK‡bi wbæZi m`m¨mg–n‡K Awjwdb ejv nq| A¨vjwK‡bi
cv‡Îi Zjvq Aat‡¶c wn‡m‡e Rgv nq| wbæZi m`m¨mg–n n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i ˆZjv³ c`v_©
Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Zn(OH)2  + 2NaNO3 (aq) Drcbœ K‡i e‡j A¨vjwKb‡K Awjwdb e‡j| †cÖvwcb A¨vjwK‡bi
wRsK bvB‡UªU †mvwWqvg wRsK †mvwWqvg GKwU wbæZg m`m¨ nIqvq n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµhv K‡i
nvB‡Wªv·vBW nvB‡Wªv·vBW bvB‡UªU
mv`v Aat‡¶c ˆZjv³ c`v_© ˆZwi K‡i| G Kvi‡Y †cÖvwcb‡K Awjwdb ejv nq|
j DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB Drcvw`Z wRsK wiUU© n‡Z ev®•vKv‡i †ei n‡q Av‡m Ges Gi eo
40C Ask Kb‡Wbmv‡i VvÊv n‡q Zij wRsK wn‡m‡e Rgv nq| Gfv‡e
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O
Drcbœ wRsK 9798% weky× nq| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Zwor we‡kva‡bi
(Q)
DcwiD³ wewµqvq Drcbœ K¨vjwmqvg †K¬v‡iv nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU mvnv‡h¨ G‡K Av‡iv weky× Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e K¨v‡_v‡W 99.98% weky× wRsK (Zn) Rgv nq|
[Ca(OCl)Cl] n‡jv weÐwPs cvDWvi| G weÐwPs cvDWvi †hŠMwU Øviv
AZGe K¨vjvgvBb n‡Z Drcbœ ZnO n‡Z wRsK avZz wb®‹vk‡b
Kvc‡oi `vM DVv‡bvi †KŠkj wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
Kve©b weRviY I Zwor we‡kÐlY Dfq cÖwµqvB Avek¨K|
weÐwPs cvDWvi evqygÊ‡ji Kve©b WvBA·vBW Ges cvwbi mv‡_
wewµqvq nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW cÖkœ  07 C2H2 + H2  C2H4 ; C2H5 ; H =  195 kJ/mole.
Zvr¶wYK we‡qvwRZ n‡q Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ K‡i| G [GLv‡b, C  C, H  H, C  H eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g 812, 436, 414 kJ/ mole]
Rvqgvb Aw·‡R‡bi RviY wµqvq Kvc‡oi `vM `–i nq| Rvqgvb K. M¨vjfvbvBwRs Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Aw·‡Rb I HCl Gi wewµqvq cvwb I mwµq †K¬vwib Drcbœ nq| L. Na+ GKwU RviK e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
Drcbœ †K¬vwi‡bi RviY wµqvq `vM `–i nq| M. DÏxcK †_‡K C = C eÜb kw³ wbY©q K‡iv| 3
Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O + CO2  CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HOCl N. DÏxc‡Ki Drcv`b †hŠM †_‡K A¨vj‡Kb †kÖ
w Yi 1g
2HOCl  HCl + [O] m`m¨ Drcv`b m¤¢e we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4
iwOb c`v_© + [O]  eY©nxb c`v_© [Aa¨vq 8 I 11 Gi mgš^‡q]
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
k DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
 h †Kv‡bv avZz i Dci wRsK/ `¯@vi cÖ‡jc †Ìqv‡KB
ZnCO3  ZnO + CO2
M¨vjfvbvBwRs e‡j|
wRsK Kve©‡bU wRsK A·vBW (X)
(K¨vjvgvBb) i †iW· wewµqvq †h wewµqK c`v_© GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb
DcwiD³ wewµqvi †hŠM wRsK Kve©‡bU n‡Z weky× wRsK avZz MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K RviK c`v_© e‡j| Na Avqb me©`vq GKwU B‡jKUªb
+
Kve©b weRviY I Zwor we‡kÐlY Dfq c×wZ eënvi K‡i wb®‹vkb MÖnY K‡i Na cigvYy‡Z cwiYZ nq| hv‡K wbæiƒ‡c †jLv nq
Kiv hvq; wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : Na+ + e  Na
ZnCO3 DËv‡c we‡qvwRZ n‡q ZnO Ges CO2 Drcbœ K‡i|
mvaviYZ Na Avqb n‡Z Av‡iv B‡jKUªb Acmvib Ki‡Z n‡j
+

cÖPzi kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nIqvq B‡jKUªb eR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq bv eis
ZnCO3  ZnO(s) + CO2 (g) MÖnY Kiv mnR nq| G Kvi‡YB Na+ Avqb GKwU RviK|
Drcv` ZnO †K C Øviv weRvwiZ K‡i Zn avZz wb®‹vkb Kiv nq|
2ZnO(s) + C  2Zn + CO2
j †Ìqv Av‡Q,
C  C Gi eÜb kw³ = 812 kJ/mole
myZivs Kve©b weRviY c×wZ Øviv K¨vjvgvBb †_‡K Zn avZz H  H Gi eÜb kw³ = 436 kJ/mole
wb®‹vkb Kiv m¤¢e| C  H Gi eÜb kw³ = 414 kJ/mole
myZivs Drcbœ wRsK A·vB‡Wi mv‡_ †KvK P‚Y© (Kve©b) wgwkÖZ K‡i wewµqv Zvc (H) =  195 kJ/mole
GKgyL eÜ wmwjÛvi AvK…wZi wiU‡U© †bIqv nq| G wiUU©wU  C = C Gi eÜb kw³ = X kJ/mole (awi)
AwMœmn gvwUi ˆZwi| Gi †Lvjvgy‡L gvwUi ˆZwi MÖvnK bj Ry‡o DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K wbæiƒc MvVwbKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
†Ìqv nq| G bjwU wRsK ev‡®•i Rb¨ Kb‡Wbmvi ev kxZKiƒ‡c H H
KvR K‡i| kxZ‡Ki †kl gv_vq †jvnvi ˆZwi GKwU ¶z`ªvKvi H  C  C  H + H  H  C=C
kxZK _v‡K, hv‡K †cÖvjs (prolong) ev cÖea©b e‡j| cÖ_g kxZ‡K H H
†h wRsK ev®• Nbxf‚Z nq bv, Zv‡K mÂq KivB G †cÖvjs-Gi DcwiD³ wewµqvq 2 mole H  C I 1 Mole C  C Ges 1 mole H 
KvR| H eÜb fv‡½ Avi 4 mole H  C I 1 mole C = C eÜb MwVZ nq|
Avgiv Rvwb,
wewµqv Zvc = eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³  eÜb Mo‡Z wbM©Z kw³
A_©vr H = {2  (H  C) + 1  (C  C) + 1  (H  H)} 
{4  (H  C) + 1  (C = C)}
ev,  195 = (2  414 + 1  812 + 1  436)  (4  414) + X
†cÖvjs (†QvU kxZK)
ev,  195 = (828 + 812 + 436)  (1656 + X)
wRsK A·vBW I
†Kv‡Ki wgkªY ev, 195 = 2076  1656  X
wPÎ : Kve©b weRvi‡Yi gva¨‡g wRsK wb®‹vkb ev, 195 = 420  X
wRsK A·vBW I †Kv‡Ki wgkÖY‡K M¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvq 24 NÈv ev,  X + 420 = 195
DËß Kiv nq| G mgq wRsK A·vBW weRvwiZ n‡q wRs‡K ev,  X = 195  420
iƒcvš@wiZ nq Ges Kve©b RvwiZ n‡q Kve©b g‡bv·vBW Drcbœ ev,  X =  615
K‡i, hv Kb‡Wbmv‡ii gy‡L R¡j‡Z _v‡K|  X = 615 kJ/mole
ZnO (s) + C(s)  Zn(s) + CO(g) AZGe C = C Gi eÜb kw³ 615 kJ/ mole.
imvqb  1565
k D”P Pvc I ZvcgvÎvq dmdwiK Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Bw_b j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
cvwb ev‡®•i mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i B_vbj Drcbœ nq| CaO + HCl  CaCl2 + H2O
H3PO4 K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK K¨vjwmqvg cvwb
H2C = CH2 + H2O (v)  CH3H2OH
60 atm 300C
A·vBW GwmW †K¬vivBW (X)
Bw_b cvwb B_vbj
DcwiD³ wewµqvi 'X' †hŠMwU CaCl2 hv cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZvi KviY|
Drcbœ B_vbj‡K (CH3CH2OH) Aèxq KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j ¯’vqx Li cvwb‡Z mvevb AcP‡qi KviY wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
B_vb¨vj Drcbœ nq| cvwb‡Z K¨vjwmqvg ev g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi †K¬vivBW, mvj‡dU, Kve©‡bU
KMnO4
CH3CH2OH + [O]  CH3CHO + H2O
evBKve©‡bbU BZ¨vw` jeY `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j D³ cvwb mvev‡bi mv‡_
B_vbj
H2SO4
B_vb¨vj mn‡R †dbv Drcbœ K‡i bv| G ai‡bi cvwb‡K Li cvwb e‡j|
Gfv‡e B_vb¨vj‡K cybivq Aèxq KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j Aek¨ K¨vjwmqvg ev g¨vM‡bwmqvg Qvov Avqib, g¨v½vwbR cÖf…wZ
B_vbwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq| jeY `ªexf‚Z _vK‡jI cvwb Li nq| Li cvwb‡Z mvevb Nl‡j
KMnO4
mn‡R †dbv Drcv`b K‡i bv| KviY mvevb n‡jv D”PZi ˆRe
CH3CHO + [O]  CH3COOH
H2SO4 Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg ev cUvwkqvg jeY| †hgb †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU
(C17H35COONa) n‡jv w÷qvwiK Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg jeY| GwU
Drcbœ B_vbwqK GwmW NaOH Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i mvevb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| G mvevb w`‡q Li cvwb‡Z Kvco KvPv
†mvwWqvg B_vb‡qU jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| n‡j hZ¶Y cvwb‡Z K¨vjwmqvg ev g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi jeY Dcw¯’Z
CH3COOH + NaOH (a)  CH3COONa + H2O
_v‡K ZZ¶Y †dbv Drcbœ nq bv eis mvevb ¶qcÖvß n‡Z _v‡K|
B_vbwqK †mvwWqvg †mvwWqvg cvwb
2C17H35COONa + CaCl2  (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2NaCl
GwmW nvB‡Wªv·vBW B_vb‡qU
AZtci Drcbœ †mvwWqvg B_vb‡qU‡K K¨vjwmqvg A·vB‡Wi k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) I (iii) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j wg‡_b nCH2 = CH2  200C O2
(CH2CH2)n
1000 atm
(CH4) I †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU (Na2CO3) Drcbœ nq| Bw_b cwjw_b (Y)
CH3COONa + NaOH
CaO
 CH4 + Na2CO3 120C UvBUvwbqvg †K¬vivBW

nCH2 = CH(CH3)  [CH2CH(CH3)]n
140 atm
†mvwWqvg †mvwWqvg wg‡_b †mvwWqvg †cÖvwcb cwj‡cÖvwcb (Z)
B_vb‡qU nvB‡Wªv·vBW Kve©‡bU
DcwiD³ wewµqv `ywU j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Y I Z †hŠMØq n‡jv
AZGe, Drcv` †hŠM (C2H4) Bw_b n‡Z A¨vj‡Kb †kÖwYi 1g m`m¨
h_vµ‡g cwjw_b I cwj‡cÖvwcb| hv cÐvw÷K RvZxq c`v_©| eZ©gvb
(CH4) Drcv`b m¤¢e|
we‡k¦ e¨vcK nv‡i cÐvw÷K RvZxq K…wÎg cwjgvi eënvi Kiv
cÖkœ  08 n‡”Q| G RvZxq c`v_© eënv‡ii cÖPzi myweav i‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K,
(i) CaO + 2HCl  ʻXʼ + H2O cÐvw÷K RvZxq c`v_© Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK¯î“c| wb‡æ
1000 evqygÊj
(ii) nCH2 = CH2  ʻYʼ
Pvc G‡ì myweav I Amyweavmg–n we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
200C O2
myweav : cÐvw÷K RvZxq c`v_© †_‡K Avgv‡ì wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq
140 evqygÊj Pvc
(iii) nCH2 = CH(CH3)  ʻZʼ wRwbm †hgb- _vjvevmb, wewfbœ ai‡bi cvBc, wewfbœ K‡›UBbvi,
120C UvB‡Uwbqvg †K¬vivBW
e¨vMmn AviI A‡bK wKQy cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| GMy‡jv ˆZwi‡Z Av‡M
K. e¨vcb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c avZz, cÖvK…wZK Zš‘ †hgb- Zzjv, cvU, †ikg, KvV
L. †gv‡gi Mjb †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©b? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2 BZ¨vw` eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| cÐvw÷K G‡ì Zzjbvq A‡bK cvZjv|
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ †hŠMhy³ cvwb‡Z mvevb AcP‡qi KviY cÐvw÷K‡K B”Qv Abyhvqx iƒc w`‡q wewfbœ AvKv‡ii wRwbm ˆZwi Kiv
e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 hvq Ges Zv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi is wgwk‡q AvKl©Yxq K‡i Zzjv m¤¢e|
N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻYʼ I ʻZʼ RvZxq c`v_© eënvi myweavRbK n‡jI Amyweav : cÐvw÷K RvZxq `ª‡eï me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡jv Zv
Zv Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc we‡kÐlY K‡iv| 4 cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ¶wZKi| Avgiv †h mKj wRwbm gvwU‡Z ev
[Aa¨vq 9 I 11 Gi mgš^‡q] cvwb‡Z †dwj †mMy‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev evqygÊ‡ji Aw·‡Rb ev gvwU
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi ev cvwb‡Z Ab¨ c`v‡_©i mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i ¶qcÖvß nq Ges
h †Kv‡bv gva¨‡g KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq e¯‘i ¯^Ztù‚Z© I cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ eRvq iv‡L| wKš‘ cÐvw÷K `ªe¨ †hgb
mgfv‡e cwie¨vß nIqzvi cÖwµqv‡K e¨vcb e‡j| e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv ¶qcÖvß nq bv, †ZgbB Ab¨vb¨ c`v‡_©i mv‡_I
i †gvg Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv MwVZ GKwU nvB‡WªvKve©b| wewµqv K‡i bv| ZvB gvwU‡Z ev cvwb‡Z †dj‡j Zv GKB iKg
†gvg‡K AvMyb Øviv R¡vjv‡j Gi `nb N‡U| d‡j †gv‡gi `n‡bi †_‡K hvq| d‡j GwU gvwU I cvwbi `–lY NUvq| †mB mv‡_
mgq Gi wKQy As‡ki Mjb nq| hv †gv‡gi wbP As‡k Rgv n‡q cwi‡e‡kiI fvimvg¨ bó nq|
KwVb AvKvi aviY K‡i| Avi GwU n‡jv †fŠZ cwieZ©b| A_©vr myZivs DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z mn‡RB eySv hvq †h, cwjw_b I
†gv‡gi MVbMZ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| cwj‡cÖvwcb A_©vr cÐvw÷K RvZxq c`v‡_©i eënvi myweavRbK
AZGe, †gv‡gi Mj‡bi mgq †fŠZ cwieZ©b j¶ Kiv hvq| n‡jI Zv Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc|
ewikvj †evW©-2024
1. gwiPvnxb B¯•v‡Z †µvwgqv‡gi kZKiv cwigvY KZ? 12. †mvwWqvg UviUv‡i‡Ui ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
K 8% L 8.33% K Na2CO3 L NaOCl
M 18% N 74% M Na2C4H4O6 N CH3  COONa
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 13. †KvbwU gy`ªv avZz?
C2H5  X + KOH(alc)  A + KX + H2O K Mg L Ag
2. DÏxc‡Ki †KvbwU D”P Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼wewkó? M Hg N Og
K H2 O L KX 14. 100 mL †Wwm‡gvjvi Kw÷K‡mvWvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z Kx cwigvY
M C2 H 5  X NA `ªe cÖ‡qvRb?
3. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' †hŠMwUÑ K 0.4 L 0.2
i. Br2 `ªe‡Yi eY© `–i Ki‡Z cv‡i M2 N4
ii. ms‡hvRb wewµqv †`q 15. †KvbwU AavZz?
iii. RvwiZ n‡q A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cwiYZ nq K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb L wjw_qvg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M wR¼ N wmjfvi
K i I ii L i I iii 16. †Kvb `ywUi e¨vcb nvi mgvb?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K CH4, NH3 L C2H4, CO
4. weÐwPs cvDWv‡ii ms‡KZ †KvbwU? M C2H6, SO2 N NO, N2
K CaCO3 L Ca(HCO3)2 17. †Kvb †hŠMwU‡Z wZbwU wØeÜb Av‡Q?
M CaC2 N Ca(OCl)Cl K C4 H 8 L C5H12
5. †KvbwU wR¼ avZzi AvKwiK? M C6 H 6 N C7H14
K M¨v‡jbv L wmbœvevi 18. 1 †gvj cvwbi
AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi msL¨v KZwU?
M K¨vjvgvBb N P¨vj‡KvmvBU K 2wU L 18wU
H+ M 6.023  1023wU N 1.2046  1024wU
6. CH3  COO  CH2  CH3 + H2O 
CH3 COOH + CH3  CH2  OH wewµqvwUÑ 19. Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii g–j Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
i. DfgyLx K NaOH L Ca(OH)2
M NH4OH N Ca(OCl)Cl
ii. cvwb‡hvRb
20. M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡lÑ
iii. cvwb we‡kÐlY
i. A¨v‡bvW FYvÍK
ii. K¨v‡_vW weRviY ZworØvi
K i I ii L i I iii
iii. RviY-weRviY N‡U
7. l = 3 n‡j cÖvß Dc¯@‡i B‡jKUªb aviY ¶gZv KZwU?
K2 L6 K i I ii L i I iii
M 10 N 14 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
8. †K‡ivwm‡b †Kvb †gŠjwU Dcw¯’Z? 21. †KvbwU `–e©j GwmW?
K Kve©b L †K¬vwib K HCl L HNO3
M Aw·‡Rb N bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M H2CO3 N H2SO4
9. CH4 + 2Cl2  CH2Cl2 + 2HCl 22. †KvbwU AwaK ¶vixq?
[C  H, Cl  Cl, C  Cl Ges H  Cl Gi eÜb kw³ h_vµ‡g K i³ L g–Î
414, 244, 326 Ges 431 kJ/mol] M AMœ¨vkq im N e„wói cvwb
wewµqvq H Gi gvb KZ? 23. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi GKwU AYy‡Z KZwU eÜb †Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K?
K 92 L 99 K 1wU L 2wU
M 192 N 198 M 3wU N 4wU
10. †KvbwUi avZe ag© †ewk? 24. H2SO3 †hŠ‡M 'S' Gi myß‡hvRbx KZ?
K Be L Sr M Ca N Mg
K0 L2
11. H, C, O cigvYymg–‡ni AbycvZ 1 : 1 : 2 Ges AvYweK fi 90 n‡j M4 N6
†hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ †KvbwU? 25. `yB †gvj Cl  Cl Gi eÜb kw³ KZ?
K HCO2 L CH2O
K 326 kJ L 431 kJ
M H 2 C2 O 4 N C6H12O6
M 488 kJ N 498 kJ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
imvqb  1567
ewikvj †evW©-2024
1| cvigvYweK msL¨v 6 9 12 5| (i) A¨v‡gvwbqv + cvwb + AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
†gŠj X Y Z  P.
[X, Y I Z cÖPwjZ †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq] (ii) jivBj A¨vj‡Kvnj + GwmW  Q + cvwb|
K. Pwe© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 (iii) Q + ¶vi  R.
L. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †m‡j Kxfv‡e we`y¨r Drcbœ nq? K. mycvi wn‡UW IqvUvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. avZz Zvc mycvwievnx †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ †gŠ‡ji A·vBW MV‡bi †¶‡Î AóK
wbqg gvbv nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻPʼ †hŠMwU cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi g‡a¨ ʻYʼ †gŠ‡ji AvqwbKiY eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻRʼ †hŠMwU Kvco cwi®‹v‡i mvev‡bi †P‡q
kw³i gvb me‡P‡q †ewk hyw³ `vI| 4
AwaKZi Dc‡hvMxwe‡kÐlY Ki| 4
2| (i) K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW + cvwb  ʻAʼ.
6| Mg (s) + Fe (aq)  Mg (aq) + Fe (s).
2+ 2+
ˆRe cviA·vBW
(ii) ʻAʼ + HCl  B  ʻCʼ. K. AvKwiK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
(iii) Fe + O2 + H2O  D; L. MÐ‡y Kv‡Ri Rjxq `ªeY we`y¨r cwienY K‡i bv †Kb?
†hLv‡b ʻDʼ GKwU nvB‡Wªv·vBW| e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. ¯’vqx Li cvwb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki 2q avZzi ˆZwi wRwb‡mi Dci Zwor
L. Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW‡K ev`vwg e‡Y©i †evZ‡j ivLv nq cÖ‡jcb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
†Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 N. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`b wK m¤¢e?
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻCʼ †hŠ‡Mi cÖ¯‘wZ eY©bv Ki| 3 wPÎmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
N. RviY-weRvi‡Yi gva¨‡g DÏxc‡Ki ʻDʼ †hŠMwU MwVZ
7| †gŠj AvKwiK
nq wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
3| A e·vBU
(i) wZb Kve©b B K¨vjvgvBb
wewkó 
A¨vjwWnvBW 
A¨vj‡Kb
(B) (C) C M¨v‡jbv
A¨vjKvBb (A)
[A, B I C cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq|]
(ii) dmdiv‡mi GKwU A·vB‡W P = 43.66% Ges Gi
AvYweK fi 142. K. †gw_‡j‡UW w¯•wiU Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. g„`y GwmW Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. weky× H2SO4 GwmW wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i bvÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. †µvwgqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm e¨wZµgag©x †Kb? e¨vL¨v M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻCʼ †gŠ‡ji AvKwi‡Ki NbxKiY cÖwµqv
Ki| 2 eY©bv Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs Gi mvnv‡h¨ ʻCʼ †hŠ‡Mi cÖ¯‘wZ N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻAʼ I ʻBʼ †gŠ‡ji AvKwiK †_‡K wK
mgxKiYmn †jL| 3 GKB cÖwµqvq avZz wb®‹vkb Kiv m¤¢e? hyw³mn
N. DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs Gi Z_¨My‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ A·vBWwUi we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢eÑ MvwYwZKfv‡e 8| GKB g‡bvgvi †cÖvwcb eënvi K‡i ʻAʼ cwjgvi Ges wfbœ
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 wfbœ g‡bvgvi A¨vwWwcK GwmW I †n·vwgw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb
4| †gŠj A B C eënvi K‡i 'B' cwjgvi Drcbœ Kiv hvq| Avevi, Lvevi
B‡jKUªb web¨vm 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 14, 2 2, 8, 18, 1 †mvWvi mv‡_ UviUvwiK GwmW wgkv‡j ʻCʼ †hŠM Drcbœ nq|
K. ¯^weRviY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
[A, B Ges C cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠji cÖZxK bq|]
K. cvZb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. AvqwbK †hŠ‡M Avš@tAvYweK AvKl©Y ej †ewk †Kb?
L. e¨vcb GKwU ¯^Ztù‚Z© cÖwµqvÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. ʻCʼ †gŠ‡ji †kl K¶c‡_i B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻCʼ †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e cvDi“w U †dvjvq? eY©b v
fi‡eM wbY©q Ki| 3 Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi jeY‡K Kxfv‡e kbv³ Ki‡e? N. ʻAʼ I ʻBʼ Df‡qB cwjgvi n‡jI G‡ì MVb cÖ
w µqv
wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 wfbœÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 M 2 L 3 K 4 N 5 M 6 L 7 N 8 K 9 N 10 L 11 M 12 M 13 L
DËi
14 K 15 K 16 L 17 M 18 N 19 K 20 N 21 M 22 M 23 M 24 L 25 M
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 cvigvYweK msL¨v 6 9 12
k DÏxc‡K X, Y I Z †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v h_vµ‡g 6, 9 I
†gŠj X Y Z 12|
myZivs †gŠj wZbwU h_vµ‡g Kve©b (C), †d¬vwib (F) I
[X, Y I Z cÖPwjZ †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq] g¨vM‡bwkqvg (Mg)|
K. Pwe© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †gŠj wZbwUi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
L. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †m‡j Kxfv‡e we`y¨r Drcbœ nq? 6C  1s2 2s2 2p2
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 9F  1s2 2s2 2p5
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ †gŠ‡ji A·vBW MV‡bi †¶‡Î AóK 12Mg  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
wbqg gvbv nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Kve©b (C) I
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi g‡a¨ ʻYʼ †gŠ‡ji AvqwbKiY †d¬vwib (F) †gŠj `ywU ch©vq mviwYi 2q ch©v‡q Aew¯’Z Ges MÖ“c
kw³i gvb me‡P‡q †ewk hyw³ `vI| 4 h_vµ‡g 14 I 17|
[Aa¨vq 4 I 5 Gi mgš^‡q] AvqwbKiY kw³ GKwU ch©vqe„Ë ag©| GKB ch©v‡qi evg †_‡K
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Wv‡b †M‡j AvqwbKiY kw³ mvaviYZ ev‡o (K‡qKwU e¨wZµg
h m¤•„³ d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi wjwcW KwVb Ae¯’vq _v‡K, G‡ì‡K Qvov)| †Kbbv GKB ch©v‡q cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i d‡j
Pwe© e‡j| B‡jKUª‡bi kw³¯@i ev‡o bv, d‡j wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K me©ewnt¯’
i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dz‡qj †mj GKwU ivmvqwbK †mj Ges G †m‡ji B‡jKUª‡bi `–iZ¡ bv †e‡o wKQy K‡g hvq| Dciš‘ wbDwK¬qv‡mi
gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv hvq| G dz‡qj †m‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb PvR© e„w×i d‡j me©ewnt¯’ B‡jKUªbwU AwaKZi `„pfv‡e AvK…ó
A¨v‡bv‡W RvwiZ nq Avi Aw·‡Rb K¨v‡_v‡W weRvwiZ n‡q cvwb nq| A_©vr Zv Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ AwaKZi kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Drcbœ nq| d‡j †Kv‡li g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb A¨v‡bvW n‡Z K¨v‡_v‡W Avevi GKB MÖ“‡ci Dci †_‡K wb‡P hvIqvi †¶‡Î AvqwbKiY kw³
cÖevwnZ nq Ges Zwor Drcbœ nq| G Ae¯’vq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K n«vm cvq| hLb GKB MÖ“‡ci †gŠj Dci †_‡K wb‡P Av‡m ZLb
R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| cvigvYweK AvKvi e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_
j DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ †gŠjwUi cvigvYweK msL¨v 6| myZivs ʻXʼ †hvR¨Zv ¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb AvKl©Y n«vm cvq| d‡j AvqwbKiY
†gŠjwU n‡jv Kve©b (C)| Kve©b †gŠ‡ji A·vBW A_©vr CO2 MV‡bi kw³i gvb K‡g hvq| A_©vr †gŠjmg–‡ni g‡a¨ †d¬vwib (F) †gŠ‡ji
†¶‡Î AóK wbqg gvbv nq wb‡æ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv : AvqwYKiY kw³i gvb me‡P‡q †ewk|
Kve©b I Aw·‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc : myZivs †gŠj wZbwUi AvqwbKiY kw³i µg n‡jv Mg < C < F|
6C  1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz0
*
 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1
cÖkœ  02 (i) K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW + cvwb  'A'.
6C
2 2 2
8O  1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
1 1
ˆRe cviA·vBW
(ii) ʻAʼ + HCl  B  ʻCʼ.
Kve©b (C) cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq, Gi me©ewnt¯’
(iii) Fe + O2 + H2O  D;
2q kw³¯@‡i 4wU B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| ZvB Kve©b cigvYyi c‡¶ 4wU
=
B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i ev AviI 4wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i wØZ¡ ev †hLv‡b ʻDʼ GKwU nvB‡Wªv·vBW|
AóK c–iY Kiv m¤¢e bq| Aciw`‡K Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi AóK K. ¯’vqx Li cvwb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
c–Y© nIqvi Rb¨ AviI 2wU B‡jKUª‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB GKwU L. Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW‡K ev`vwg e‡Y©i †evZ‡j ivLv nq
Kve©b cigvYy Zvi me©ewnt¯’ ¯@‡ii 4wU B‡jKUªb 2wU Aw·‡Rb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
cigvYyi 4wU B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ †kqvi K‡i C = O wØeÜb MV‡bi M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻCʼ †hŠ‡Mi cÖ¯‘wZ eY©bv Ki| 3
gva¨‡g CO2 AYy MVb K‡i| d‡j Dfq cigvYyB wbw®Œq M¨vm N. RviY-weRvi‡Yi gva¨‡g DÏxc‡Ki ʻDʼ †hŠMwU MwVZ
wbq‡bi w¯’wZkxj AóK KvVv‡gv AR©b K‡i| CO2 †hŠM MV‡bi nq wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
mgq Dfq cigvYyB mgvb msL¨K B‡jKUªb †kqvi Kivi Rb¨ †hŠMwU‡Z [Aa¨vq 7 I 11 Gi mgš^‡q]
mg‡hvRx eÜb we`¨gvb| myZivs CO2 GKwU mg‡hvRx †hŠM| 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
h †h cvwb‡Z K¨vjwmqvg, g¨vM‡bwkqvg I Avqib cÖf…wZ avZzi †K¬vivBW
ev mvj‡dU jeY `ªexf‚Z _v‡K †mB cvwb‡K ¯’vqx Li cvwb e‡j|
i Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW‡K (HNO3) iwOb †evZ‡j ivLv nq| KviY
HNO3 Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mn‡RB we‡qvwRZ n‡q ev`vwg e‡Y©i
wPÎ : CO2 AYyi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv
CO2 †hŠMwU MV‡bi †¶‡Î Kve©b Gi †kl K¶c‡_ 4wU B‡jKUªb
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvBA·vBW (NO2) ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j HNO3 Gi AcPq
Dcw¯’Z Av‡Q| myZivs CO2 Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYy Kve©b AóK wbqg nq| Avi Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z HNO3 Gi wewµqvwU n‡jvÑ
m–‡h©i Av‡jv
†g‡b P‡j| HNO3  NO2 + O2 + H2O
imvqb  1569
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) I (ii) bs wewµqv m¤•–Y© K‡i C †hŠMwUi cÖ¯‘Z 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv : h †hme GwmW cvwb‡Z AvswkKfv‡e we‡qvwRZ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb
cÖ_g wewµqvq K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW (CaC2) cvwbi (H2O) mv‡_ (H+) Drcbœ K‡i †mme GwmW‡K g„`y GwmW ev `ye©j GwmW e‡j|
wewµqv K‡i B_vBb (C2H2) Drcbœ K‡i|
CaC2 + H2O  HC  CH
i Cr Gi B‡jKUªb wbæiƒc ;
24Cr  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
K¨vjwmqvg cvwb B_vBb (A)
Kve©vBW DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, 3d4 I 4s2 Gi
AZtci Drcbœ B_vBb (C2H2) wØZxq wewµqvq nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK cwie‡Z© 3d5 I 4s1 n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, †Kv‡bv AiweUvj
Gwm‡Wi (HCl) mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i cÖ_‡g wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (C2H3Cl) AvswkKfv‡e c–Y© nIqvi PvB‡Z Aa©c–Y© ev c–Y© Ae¯’vq AwaK
Drcbœ K‡i Ges cieZx©‡Z ˆRe cviA·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z w¯’wZkxj nq|
cwjgviKiY Ki‡j cwj wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (PVC) Drcbœ nq| †m Kvi‡Y 24Cr Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m e¨wZµg cwijw¶Z nq|
HC  CH + HCl  H2C = CH  Cl ‰Re cvivA·vBW A_©vr 24Cr Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm e¨wZµgagx©|

B_vBb (A) nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (B) Cl
DÏxc‡Ki wZb Kve©bwewkó A¨vjKvBb (A) n‡jv †cÖvcvBb| Avi

j
†cÖvcvBb n‡Z C †hŠM A_©vr A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘wZ mgxKiYmn wb‡æ
[CH2  CH  ]n
D‡jÐL Kiv n‡jv
cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW
(PVC) (C) †cÖvcvBb n‡Z A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘wZ :
Gfv‡e DÏxc‡Ki C †hŠM A_©vr cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW (PVC)
2% HgSO4 I 20% H2SO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 80C ZvcgvÎvq
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
†cÖvcvBb‡K (C3H4) cvwbmn DËß Ki‡j †cÖvcv‡bvb Drcbœ nq|
k DÏxc‡Ki (iii) bs wewµqvi D †hŠMwU n‡jv nvB‡Wªv·vBW| 2% HgSO4
A_©vr wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, H3C  C  CH + H2O  H3C  CO  CH3
20% H2SO4 80C
Fe + O2 + H2O  Fe(OH)3 †cÖvcvBb †cÖvcv‡bvb
G wewµqvwU‡K AvqwbK AvKv‡i wbæiƒ‡c †jLv hvq, Drcbœ †cÖvcv‡bvb‡K ¶vixq KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j B_vbwqK
RviY GwmW Drcbœ nq|
0 0 +3 -2 +1 KOH KMnO4
Fe + O2 + H2O  Fe(OH)3 H3C  CO  CH3 + [O]  CH3COOH
weRviY †cÖvcv‡bvb B_vbwqK GwmW
DcwiD³ wewµqvi †¶‡Î, GLb Drcbœ B_vbwqK GwmW‡K LiAlH4 Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j
RviY Aa© wewµqv : Fe  3e  Fe3+ B_vb¨vj Drcbœ nq Ges cybivq weRvwiZ Ki‡j B_vbj Drcbœ nq|
LiAlH4
weRviY Aa© wewµqv : O2 + 4e  2O2 CH3COOH + [H]  H3C  CHO + H2O
GLv‡b Fe, 3wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Fe3+ Avq‡b cwiYZ nq Ges B_vbwqK GwmW B_vb¨vj
O2 AYy 4wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i 2O2 Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| Avi O2 H C  CHO + [H]  LiAlH4
H3C  CH2  OH
3
Avqb cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| B_vb¨vj B_vbj
O2 + H2O  2OH Gfv‡e Drcbœ B_vbj‡K Mvp H2SO4 Øviv wbi“w`Z Ki‡j Bw_b
†hme ivmvqwbK wewµqv B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g msNwUZ Drcbœ nq|
nq †mme ivmvqwbK wewµqv‡K RviY-weRviY wewµqv e‡j| wbi“w`Z
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki D †hŠMwU A_©vr Fe(OH)3 †hŠMwU RviY-weRviY H3C  CH2  OH + H2SO4  H2C = CH2 + H2SO4 . H2O
B_vbj mvjwdDwiK Bw_b
wewµqvi gva¨‡g MwVZ nq| GwmW
cÖkœ  03 AZtci Drcbœ Bw_b‡K Ni cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z (180  200)C
(i) wZb Kve©b ZvcgvÎvq nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j B‡_b bvgK A¨vj‡Kb
wewkó A¨vjwWnvBW A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq|
 
(B) (C)
A¨vjKvBb (A) Ni
H2C = CH2 + H2  H3C  CH3
(ii) dmdiv‡mi GKwU A·vB‡W P = 43.66% Ges Gi Bw_b
(180  200)C
B‡_b
AvYweK fi 142. AZGe, †cÖvcvBb n‡Z B‡_b cÖ¯‘wZ m¤¢e|
K. g„`y GwmW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. †µvwgqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm e¨wZµgag©x †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 k DÏxc‡Ki bs Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K dmdiv‡mi A·vBWwUi
(ii)
AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢eÑ wb‡æ Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e we‡kÐlY
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs Gi mvnv‡h¨ 'C' †hŠ‡Mi cÖ¯‘wZ
mgxKiYmn †jL| 3 Kiv n‡jv
N. DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs Gi Z_¨My‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ A·vBWwUi †Ìqv Av‡Q,
AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e MvwYwZKfv‡e dmdiv‡mi A·vB‡W, P = 43.66%
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4  " " O = (100  43.66)% = 56.34%
[Aa¨vq 6 I 11 Gi mgš^‡q] Ges AvYweK fi = 142
†gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv mshywZ‡K wbR wbR cvigvYweK fi Øviv fvM me©‡kl kw³¯@i, n = 4
K‡i cvB, Ges cÐv‡¼i aª“eK, h = 6.626  1034 Js
P=
43.66
= 1.4083  †KŠwYK fi‡eM, mvr = ?
31
Avgiv Rvwb,
56.34
O= = 3.5212 nh
16 mvr =
2
GLb fvMdjMy‡jvi g‡a¨ n‡Z †h msL¨vwU ¶z`ªZg †mB msL¨v w`‡q
4  6.626  1034
fvMdjMy‡jv‡K fvM K‡i cvB, =
2  3.1416
1.4083
P= =1 = 4.22  1034 Js
1.4083
3.5212
AZGe C †gŠj A_©vr Kcv‡ii (Cu) †kl K¶c‡_i B‡jKUª‡bi
O=
1.4083
= 2.5 †KŠwYK fi‡eM = 4.22  10 34 Js
†h‡nZz †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡M cigvYyi msL¨v fMœvsk n‡Z cv‡i bv| †m‡nZz k B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jv
cigvYyi msL¨v‡K c–Y©msL¨vq cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e| myZivs cigvYy n‡jv h_vµ‡g A¨v‡jvwgwbqvg (Al), Avqib (Fe) I Kcvi (Cu)|
msL¨v‡K 2 Øviv MyY K‡i cvB, DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi jeY‡K wb‡æ kbv³KiY wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY
P=12=2 Kiv n‡jv :
O = 2.5  2 = 5 Al3+ Avq kbv³KiY :
 †hŠMwUi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ n‡e = P2O5 GKwU †U÷wUD‡e 2  3 mL g–j `ªeY wb‡q Gi g‡a¨ K‡qK †duvUv
GLb †hŠMwUi ¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi = (31  2 + 16  5) = 142 jNy NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j A¨vjywgwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW [Al(OH) 3]
awi, †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ = (P2O5)n Ges NaNO3 Drcbœ nq| Al(OH)3 mv`v e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c wn‡m‡e
Avgiv Rvwb, †U÷wUD‡ei wb‡P Rgv nq Ges †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU NaNO3 cvwb‡Z
†hŠMwUi AvYweK fi 142 `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GwU cvwb‡Z †Kv‡bv eY© cÖ`vb K‡i bv|
n = =
¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi 142 Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH  Al(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
n =1 mv`v e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c
myZivs †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ = (P2O5)n = (P2O5)1 = P2O5 myZivs g–j `ªe‡Y Al3+ Avqb Dcw¯’Z|
AZGe, dmdiv‡mi A·vBW †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡jv P2O5| Fe3+ Avqb kbv³KiY :
GKwU †U÷wUD‡e 2  3 mL g–j `ªeY wb‡q Gi g‡a¨ K‡qK †duvUv
cÖkœ  04 †gŠj A B C
jNy NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Fe(OH)3 Gi jvj‡P ev`vwg e‡Y©i
B‡jKUªb web¨vm 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 14, 2 2, 8, 18, 1 Aat‡¶c Drcbœ nq Ges †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU NaNO3 cvwb‡Z
[A, B Ges C cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠji cÖZxK bq|] `ªexfzZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
K. cvZb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOH  Fe(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
jvj‡P ev`vwg
L. e¨vcb GKwU ¯^Ztù‚Z© cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
myZivs g–j `ªe‡Y Fe3+ Avqb Dcw¯’Z|
M. ʻCʼ †gŠ‡ji †kl K¶c‡_i B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK
Cu2+ Avqb kbv³KiY :
fi‡eM wbY©q Ki| 3
GKwU †U÷wUD‡e 2  3 mL g–j `ªeY wb‡q Gi g‡a¨ K‡qK †duvUv
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjMy‡jvi jeY‡K Kxfv‡e kbv³ Ki‡e?
jNy NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Kcvi nvB‡Wªv·vBW [Cu(OH)2] Gi
wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
nvjKv bxj e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c Drcbœ nq Ges †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi NaNO3 cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH  Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3
h †Kv‡bv Zij c`v_©‡K Zvc cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g ev‡®• cwiYZ K‡i nvjKv bxj
cybivq kxZjxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zi‡j cwiYZ Kivi c×wZ‡K
myZivs g–j `ªe‡Y Cu2+ Avqb Dcw¯’Z|
cvZb e‡j|
cÖkœ  05
i †Kv‡bv gva¨‡g KwVb, Zij ev M¨vmxq e¯‘i ¯^Ztù‚Z© I
mgfv‡e cwie¨vß nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K e¨vcb e‡j| mvaviYZ e¨vcb (i) A¨v‡gvwbqv + cvwb + AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj  P.
cÖwµqvq c`v_©mg–n D”P NbgvÎvi ¯’vb n‡Z wbæ NbgvÎvi ¯’v‡bi (ii) jivBj A¨vj‡Kvnj + GwmW  Q + cvwb|
w`‡K wb‡R wb‡R Qwo‡q c‡o| A_©vr e¨vcb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv (iii) Q + ¶vi  R.
Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq bv| e¨vcb †h‡Kv‡bv e¯‘i fi I NbgvÎvi K. mycvi wn‡UW IqvUvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Dci wbf©ikxj| AZGe e¨vcb GKwU ¯^Ztù–Z© cÖwµqv| L. avZz Zvc my
c vwievnx †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻPʼ †hŠMwU cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i
j †Ìqv Av‡Q, eY©bv Ki| 3
C †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻRʼ †hŠMwU Kvco cwi®‹v‡i mvev‡bi †P‡q
C  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 AwaKZi Dc‡hvMxwe‡kÐlY Ki| 4
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq C †gŠjwU n‡jv Kcvi (Cu)| [Aa¨vq 12 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
imvqb  1571
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi mvevb ev wWUvi‡R‡›Ui †cvjvi cÖvš@ cvwb‡Z wg‡k _v‡K Avi
h AwaK Pv‡c 100C n‡Z 374C ZvcgvÎvi gaëZx© †h‡Kv‡bv A‡cvjvi cÖvš@ cvwb weKl©x nIqvq cvwbi Dcwifv‡M †f‡m _v‡K|
ZvcgvÎv‡K mycvi wn‡UW IqvUvi e‡j| †Kv‡bv gqjvi ms¯•‡k© (†Zj, wMÖR) mvevb ev wWUvi‡R›U KYv
Avm‡j G‡ì †jRMy‡jv gqjvi g‡a¨ cÖweó nq Avevi Zv‡ì gv_v
i avZe cigvYymg–‡ni me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡ii B‡jKUªb mvaviYZ cvwb‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| †jR Ges gv_vi wecixZgyLx AvPi‡Yi
`ye©jfv‡e wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| avZe L‡Êi G
B‡jKUªbmg–n cigvYyi K¶c_ n‡Z †ei n‡q gy³fv‡e mgMÖ avZe Kvi‡Y gqjvi `vMMy‡jv Bgvjm‡b cwiYZ n‡q †j‡M _vKv c„ôZj
L‡Ê PjvPj K‡i| GB wegy³ B‡jKUªbMy‡jv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cigvYyi n‡Z Avjv`v n‡q c‡o| Gfv‡eB mvevb ev wWUvi‡R›U gqjv
cwi®‹vi K‡i|
Aax‡b _v‡K bv eis mgMÖ avZe L‡Ê gy³fv‡e PjvPj K‡i| Giƒc
Ae¯’vq avZe L‡Êi GKcÖv‡š@ Zvc w`‡j gy³ B‡jKUªbMy‡jvi wKš‘ mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui g‡a¨ mvevb A‡c¶v wWUvi‡R›U DËg
gva¨‡g GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨¯’v‡b Zvc cwievwnZ nq| Avi G cwi®‹viK| KviY-
Kvi‡YB avZz Zvc I we`y¨r mywievnx nq| i. Li cvwb‡ZI wWUvi‡R›U mgvb Kvh©Kix †hLv‡b Li cvwb‡Z
mvev‡bi cwi®‹viKiY †KŠkj evavcÖvß nq| Li cvwb‡Z
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, mvevb Ca2+ I Mg2+ Avq‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i K¨vjwmqvg I
A¨v‡gvwbqv + cvwb + AvB‡mv †cÖvcBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi Kve©w·‡j‡Ui Zjvwb ˆZwi K‡i, hv †dbv
 MÐvm wK¬bvi (P)
ˆZwi‡Z evav ˆZwi K‡i d‡j mvev‡bi AcPq N‡U|
DcwiD³ wewµqv n‡Z cÖvß MÐvm wK¬bvi (P) †hŠMwU cwi®‹viK
Ca2+ + 2C17H35COONa  (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+
wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i wb‡æ Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
MÐvm cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ †h cwi®‹viK `ªe¨ eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K Aat‡¶c ev Zjvbx
MÐvm wK¬bvi e‡j| Mg + 2C17H35COONa  (C17H35COO)2Mg + 2Na+
2+
MÐvm wK¬bvi‡K hLb Kv‡Pi Mv‡q †Ìqv nq ZLb NH4OH Kv‡Pi wKš‘ wWUvi‡R›U mvev‡bi b¨vq Abyiƒc wµqv bv Kivq
†Zj, Pwe© ev wMÖ‡Ri mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †Zj ev Pwe© ev wMÖR‡K KvP wWUvi‡R‡›Ui †Kv‡bv AcPq N‡U bv| ZvB Li cvwb‡Z mvevb
†_‡K AcmviY K‡i| hw` Kv‡ì Mv‡q †Kv‡bv ˆRe c`v_© †j‡M A‡c¶v wWUvi‡R›U DËg cwi®‹viK|
_v‡K Z‡e AvB‡mv-†cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj †mB ˆRe c`v_©‡K `ªexf‚Z ii. VvÛv cvwb‡Z wWUvi‡R›U A‡c¶v mvevb Kg Kvh©KvwiZv cÖ`k©b
K‡i ˆRe c`v_©‡K KvP †_‡K AcmvwiZ K‡i| MÐvm wK¬bvi w`‡q K‡i| A_©vr mvev‡bi †P‡q wWUvi‡R›U DËg cwi®‹viK|
hLb KvP cwi®‹vi Kiv nq ZLb bv‡K I gy‡L gv¯‹ K‡i wb‡Z cÖkœ  06 Mg (s) + Fe2+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + Fe (s).
nq| KviY MÐvm wK¬bv‡ii g‡a¨ †h A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW _v‡K K. AvKwiK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Zv gy‡L †h‡Z cv‡i| L. MÐ‡y Kv‡Ri Rjxq `ªeY we`y¨r cwienY K‡i bv †Kb?
AZGe, P †hŠM A_©vr MÐvm wK¬bvi, KvP cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e wewµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K‡i| M. DÏxc‡Ki 2q avZzi ˆZwi wRwb‡mi Dci Zwor
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs I (iii) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, cÖ‡jcb cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
ii. C12H26O + H2SO4  C12H26SO4 + H2O N. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`b wK m¤¢e?
jivBj jivBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wPÎmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
A¨vj‡Kvnj mvj‡dU (Q) [Aa¨vq 8 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
iii. C12H26SO4 + NaOH  C12H25SO4Na + H2O 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
jivBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †mvwWqvg jivBj †h mKj LwbR n‡Z mnR I jvfRbK Dcv‡q avZz wb®‹vkb
mvj‡dU (Q) mvj‡dU (R) h
DcwiDw³ wewµqvi R †hŠM A_©vr wWUvi‡R›U Kvco cwi®‹v‡i Kiv hvq, Zv‡ì‡K AvKwiK e‡j|
mvev‡bi †P‡q AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx| wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : i MÐ‡y KvR GKwU mg‡hvRx †hŠM| Avi mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi Rjxq
mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui `yÕwU Ask i‡q‡Q, GKwU A‡cvjvi Ges `ªeY mvaviYZ we`y¨r cwienY K‡i bv| KviY mg‡hvRx †hŠM Rjxq
AciwU †cvjvi| A‡cvjvi Ask‡K †jR (Tail) Ges †cvjvi Ask‡K `ªe‡Y †Kv‡bv abvÍK ev FYvÍK Avqb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
gv_v (Head) ejv nq| Rjxq `ªe‡Y we`y¨r cwien‡Yi Rb¨ Avq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Na + Acwimxg| wKš‘ MÐ‡y KvR Rjxq `ªe‡Y Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i
gv_v (†cvjvi cÖvš@) bv| GRb¨ MÐ‡y Kv‡Ri Rjxq `ªeY we`y¨r cwienY K‡i bv|
†jR
A‡cvjvi cÖvš@ j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq 2q avZzi (Fe) ˆZwi Pvg‡Pi Dci Zwor
+
Na cÖ‡jcb cÖwµqv wb‡æ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
Na+ Na+
Na+ †jvnvi ˆZwi †Kv‡bv wRwbm †hgb, PvgP Gi Ici wmjfv‡ii cÖ‡jc
Na+ w`‡Z AgNO3 `ªeY GKwU KvPcv‡Îi g‡a¨ †bIqv nq| †h wRwb‡mi
Na+
Na+
Na+
Dci cÖ‡jc w`‡Z n‡e Zv‡K e¨vUvwii FYvÍK cÖv‡š@i mv‡_ hy³
Na+ K‡i K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| wmjfvi avZzi
Na+ cvZ A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| e¨vUvwi Øviv `ªe‡Y we`y¨r
Na+
Na+
Na+ cÖevwnZ Ki‡j A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e †h wmjfv‡ii cvZ eënvi Kiv
Na +
nq, †mB wmjfvi cvZ †_‡K avZe Ag cigvYy GKwU B‡jKUªb
Z¨vM K‡i Ag+ Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡q `ªe‡Y P‡j hvq Ges `ªe‡Yi cÖkœ  07 †gŠj AvKwiK
Ag+ Avqb K¨v‡_vW ZworØvi †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i avZe A e·vBU
wmjfv‡i cwiYZ nq K¨v‡_v‡W †j‡M hvq| G‡Z †jvnvi ˆZwi B K¨vjvgvBb
wRwb‡mi Dci wmjfv‡ii cÖ‡jc c‡o|
C M¨v‡jbv
[A, B I C cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cÖZxK bq|]
wmjfvi cvZ (A¨v‡bvW)
K. †gw_‡j‡UW w¯•wiU Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. weky× H2SO4 GwmW wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i bve¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ʻCʼ †gŠ‡ji AvKwi‡Ki NbxKiY cÖwµqv
PvgP (K¨v‡_vW) eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki ʻAʼ I ʻBʼ †gŠ‡ji AvKwiK †_‡K wK
GKB cÖwµqvq avZz wb®‹vkb Kiv m¤¢e? hyw³mn
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
wPÎ : Pvg‡Pi Ici wmjfv‡ii B‡jK‡Uªv‡cÐwUs [Aa¨vq 10 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
`ªe‡Y AgNO3 Gi we‡qvRb : AgNO3  Ag+ + NO3–
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
A¨v‡bv‡W RviY wewµqv : Ag  Ag+ + e–
K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY wewµqv : Ag + e  Ag
+  h †iKwUdvBW w¯•wi‡Ui mv‡_ mvgvb¨ wg_vbj †hvM Ki‡j †h
welv³ wgkÖY ˆZwi nq Zv‡K †gw_‡j‡UW w¯•wiU e‡j|
k DÏxc‡Ki2+wewµqvwU wbæiƒc2+:
Mg(s) + Fe (aq)  Mg (aq) + Fe(s) i weky× H2SO4 eY©nxb Zij c`v_© Ges †hŠMwU AvYweK
DcwiD³ wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`b m¤¢e wb‡æ Zv wPÎmn Ae¯’vq _v‡K| d‡j Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ nq bv| A_©vr H+
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : Avq‡b cwiYZ nq bv| myZivs weky× H2SO4 G nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb
wewµqv n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ wb‡q MwVZ †KvlwU n‡e (H+) Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| Zvn‡j ejv hvq, weky× H2SO4, Gwm‡Wi
2+ 2+
Mg | Mg || Fe | Fe êwkó¨m–PK ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| Gme Kvi‡Y weky× H2SO4,
cv‡Î A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e g¨vM‡bwkqvg `ÊwU MgSO4 Gi Rjxq GwmW wn‡m‡e wµqv K‡i bv|
`ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K Ges G‡K Mg / Mg2+ (aq) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq| j DÏxc‡Ki C †gŠj n‡jv M¨v‡jbv| wb‡P M¨v‡jbv n‡Z †jW avZz
Avevi, Ab¨ cv‡Î K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e Avqib (Fe) `ÛwU FeSO4 Gi wb®‹vkY cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
†jW A·vBW, Myuov †KvK,
Rjxq `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K Ges G‡K Fe2+ / Fe(aq) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv Myuov †jvnv I CaO Gi wgkÖY
nq|
Mg|Mg2+ I Fe2+|Fe ZworØvi `ywUi c‡iv¶ ms‡hv‡M M¨vjfvwbK
†Kvl MV‡bi gva¨‡g Zwor Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e|
UzB‡qW
jeY‡mZz
wbM©gY bvwj
MwjZ †jW
Mg Fe wPÎ : evZ¨vPzwjÐ‡Z †jW wb®‹vkb
MgSO4 FeSO4 cÖK…wZ‡Z †jW cÖavbZ M¨v‡jbv AvKwiK wn‡m‡e _v‡K, hv
cÖK…Zc‡¶ †jW mvjdvBW (PbS)| f‚-c„‡ô Zv eû¯’v‡b cvIqv
wPÎ : M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl
hvq| wkí‡¶‡Î M¨v‡jbv AvKwiK‡K †fŠZ c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wKQyUv
M¨vjfvwbK †Kv‡li GKwU cv‡Î FeSO4 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y K¨v‡_vW
wn‡m‡e Avqib (Fe) `Ê Ges Aci GKwU cv‡Î MgSO4 Gi Rjxq cwiky× K‡i evZv‡mi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DËß Kiv nq, ZLb Zv
`ªe‡Y A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e g¨vM‡bwkqvg (Mg) `Ê †bIqv nq| AZtci RvwiZ n‡q †jW A·vB‡W iƒcvš@wiZ nq|
cvÎ `ywU‡K cvkvcvwk †i‡L jeY †mZzi gva¨‡g ms‡hvM ¯’vcb 2PbS(s) + 3O2(g)  2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Ki‡j ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e wb‡æv³ RviY-weRviY wewµqv N‡U| cieZx©Z‡Z †jW A·vB‡Wi mv‡_ Myuov †KvK ev Kqjv wgwk‡q †QvU
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv : Mg(s)  Mg (aq) + 2e
2+ 
evZ¨vPzwjÐ‡Z DËß Kiv nq, ZLb †jW A·vBW Kve©b Øviv
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv : Fe2+(aq) + 2e  Fe(s) weRvwiZ n‡q †jW avZz‡Z cwiYZ nq|
mvwe©K wewµqv : Mg(s) + Fe (aq)  Mg (aq) + Fe(s)
2+ 2+ PbO(s) + C(s)  Pb(l) + CO(g)
Giƒc Ae¯’vq ZworØvi `ywU‡K Zvi Øviv hy³ Ki‡jB A¨v‡bvW n‡Z cÖ_g av‡c wKQy †iW mvjdvBW wewµqv bv K‡i AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K
K¨v‡_v‡W B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni m„wó n‡e| Avi G B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni †h‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y, Gi mv‡_ wKQy Avqib †hvM Kiv nq| hv
gva¨‡g we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq| A_©vr Zv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ evj¦wU R¡‡j †jW mvjdvB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †jW avZz‡K gy³ K‡i|
DV‡e| PbS(s) + Fe(s)  Pb(l) + FeS(l)
imvqb  1573
k DÏxc‡Ki A I B †gŠ‡ji AvKwiK h_vµ‡g e·vBU I 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

K¨vjvgvBb| h wewµqvq Drcbœ †Kv‡bv Drcv` hw` wb‡RB weRviK wn‡m‡e
K¨vjvgvB‡bi ms‡KZ n‡jv ZnCO3 Ges e·vB‡Ui ms‡KZ n‡jv KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K ¯^-weRviY e‡j|
Al2O3.2H2O| K¨vjvgvBb n‡jv wRs‡Ki AvKwiK Ges e·vBU
i B‡jKUªb Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi d‡j m„ó Avq‡bi g‡a¨ †h eÜb m„wó
n‡jv A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi AvKwiK| Al I Zn avZz G‡ì AvKwiK n‡Z nq Zv‡K AvqwbK eÜb e‡j| Avi G eÜb Øviv MwVZ †hŠM‡K
wb®‹vk‡bi †¶‡Î wfbœ c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| wb‡æ welqwU AvqwbK †hŠM e‡j| avZz Avi AavZzi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb Av`vb
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g AvqwbK †hŠM MwVZ nq| B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi
avZz wb®‹vkb g–jZ Zwor we‡kÐlY c×wZ‡Z A_ev Kve©b weRviY gva¨‡g eÜb MwVZ n‡j G‡ì g‡a¨ w¯’i ê`y¨wZK AvKl©Y ej
c×wZ‡Z m¤•bœ Kiv nq| GLv‡b A¨vjywgwbqvg wb®‹vkb Zwor KvR K‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y AvqwbK †hŠ‡M Avš@tAvYweK AvKl©Y ej
we‡kÐlY c×wZ‡Z Ges wRsK wb®‹vkb Kve©b weRviY c×wZ‡Z †ewk nq|
Kiv n‡q‡Q| j DÏxc‡Ki C †hŠMwUi †¶‡Î wewµqvwU wbæiƒc :
†Kbbv, †h mKj avZz AwaK mwµq Zv‡ì wb®‹vkb Kve©b weRviY NaHCO3 + C4H6O6  C4H4Na2O6 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
cÖwµqvq m¤¢e bq| MwjZ AvKwiK ev Zv‡ì je‡Yi Zwor †mvwWqvg UviUvwiK (C)
we‡kÐlY c×wZ‡Z D³ avZzmg–n wb®‹vkb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î evBKve©‡bU GwmW
e·vBU †_‡K A¨vjywgwbqvg wb®‹vkb cÖwµqvq MwjZ Ges Abv`©ª (Lvevi †mvWv)
DcwiD³ wewµqv n‡Z †`Lv hvq, C †hŠMwU n‡jv Kve©b WvBA·vBW
e·vBU (hv g–jZ A¨vjywgbv) Gi Zwor we‡kÐlY Kiv nq| d‡j
(CO2) Avi G CO2 B cvDi“wU †dvjvq wb‡æ Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
A¨vjywgbv (Al2O3) we‡qvwRZ n‡q Al3+ I O2– Avqb Drcbœ nq Ges
†ewKs cvDWvi †KK ev wcVv †dvjv‡Z eëüZ nq| †ewKs
wbæiƒc wewµqv †`qÑ
cvDWv‡ii g–j Dcv`vb †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU| †K‡Ki
Al2O3  Al3+ + O2–
gq`vi mv‡_ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU (NaHCO3) wgwk‡q
Al + 3e  Al(l) (K¨v‡_v‡W wewµqv)
3+ –
DËvc †Ìqv nq| Zv‡c †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU we‡qvwRZ
O2– – 2e–  O (A¨v‡bv‡W wewµqv)
n‡q †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU, Kve©b WvBA·vBW I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
O + O  O2(g) Kve©b WvBA·vBW M¨vm gq`v‡K †dvjv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| AZtci
A_©vr e·vBU †_‡K Drcbœ Al3+ Avqb Zwor we‡kÐlY c×wZ‡Z GB M¨vm wb‡R wb‡RB D‡o hvq|
K¨v‡_v‡W wewµqv K‡i MwjZ A¨vjywgwbqvg Drcbœ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î 2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Abv`ª© e·vBU ev A¨vjywgbvi D”P Mjbv¼ 2050C n«v‡mi Rb¨ Gfv‡e †ewKs cvDWvi n‡Z Drcbœ CO cvDi“wU‡K dzwj‡q _v‡K|
2
µv‡qvjvBU Na3AlF6 †hvM Kiv nq d‡j Gi Mjbv¼ (800 –
k DÏxc‡Ki A cwjgviwU n‡jv cwj‡cÖvwcb Ges GwU hyZ ev
1000C) G †b‡g Av‡m| ms‡hvRb cwjgvi| Avevi B cwjgviwU n‡jv bvBjb 6 : 6 Ges
c¶vš@‡i, mwµqZv wmwiR Abymv‡i wRsK ga¨g mwµq nIqvq †KvK GwU Nbxfeb cwjgvi| myZivs cwj‡cÖvwcb I bvBjb 6 : 6 `yBwU
Kve©b ev Kve©b g‡bv·vBW Øviv Gi weRviY m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î †KvK cwjgvi n‡jI G‡ì MVb cÖwµqv wfbœ wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
Kve©b K¨vjvgvBb †_‡K cÖvß wRsK A·vB‡Wi Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ †h cwjgviKiY wewµqvq g‡bvgvi AYyMy‡jv mivmwi G‡K Ac‡ii
wewµqv K‡i wRsK gy³ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| mv‡_ hy³ n‡q `xN© wkKjwewkó cwjgvi MVb K‡i Zv‡K ms‡hvRb
ZnO + C  Zn + CO cwjgviKiY wewµqv ejv nq| ms‡hvRb cwjgviKiY wewµqv MwVZ
ZvB G wb®‹vk‡b Zwor we‡kÐlY cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Avi cwjgvi‡K ms‡hvRb cwjgvi e‡j|
Zwor we‡kÐlY cÖwµqv Kve©b weRviY c×wZ A‡c¶v A‡bK e¨qeûj †cÖvwcb‡K UvBUvwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 140 atm Pv‡c
nIqvq, jvfRbK Kve©b weRviY c×wZ‡ZB wRsK wb®‹vkb Kiv 120C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j cwj‡cÖvwcb Drcbœ nq|
n‡q _v‡K| 140 evqygÊj Pvc
nCH2 = CH(CH3)  [CH2  CH(CH3)]n
myZivs K¨vjvgvBb I e·vBU n‡Z avZz wb®‹vkb c×wZ GKB bq| 120C UvBUvwbqvg †K¬vivBW
†cÖvwcb cwj‡cÖvwcb
cÖkœ  08 GKB g‡bvgvi †cÖvwcb eënvi K‡i 'A' cwjgvi Ges †h cwjgviKiY wewµqvq g‡bvgvi AYy m g–
n ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ hy³
wfbœ wfbœ g‡bvgvi A¨vwWwcK GwmW I †n·vwgw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb nevi mgq ¶z ` ª ¶z ` ª AYy †hgb- H 2O, CO 2 BZ¨vw` AcmviY K‡i
eënvi K‡i 'B' cwjgvi Drcbœ Kiv hvq| Avevi, Lvevi †mvWvi †mB cwjgviKiY wewµqv‡K Nbxfeb cwjgviKiY wewµqv ejv nq|
Nbxfeb cwjgviKiY wewµqvq bvBjb 6 : 6 cwjgvi ˆZwi nq|
mv‡_ UviUvwiK GwmW wgkv‡j 'C' †hŠM Drcbœ nq|
K. ¯^-weRviY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 UvBUvwbqvg A·vBW Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †n·vwgw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb Gi
L. AvqwbK †hŠ‡M Avš@tAvYweK AvKl©Y ej †ewk †Kb? mv‡_ A¨vwWwcK GwmW DËß Ki‡j bvBjb 6.6 Drcbœ nq|
TiO2
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 nHOOC  (CH2)4  COOH + nNH2  (CH2)6  NH2 

M. DÏxc‡Ki 'C' †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e cvDi“wU †dvjvq? eY©bv A¨vwWwcK GwmW †n·vwgw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb
Ki| 3 [ OC  (CH2)4  CONH  (CH2)6  NH]n + 2nH2O
N. 'A' I 'B' Df‡qB cwjgvi n‡jI G‡ì MVb cÖwµqv bvBjb 6 : 6 cvwb
wfbœÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 AZGe, A I B A_©vr cwj‡cÖvwcb I bvBjb 6 : 6 DfqB cwjgvi
[Aa¨vq 11 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q] n‡jI G‡ì MVb cÖwµqv wfbœ|
w`bvRcyi †evW©-2024
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU we‡ùviK c`v_©?  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 13 I 14bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K †ebwRb L UjyBb
M bvB‡UªvwMÐmvwib N mvjwdDwiK GwmW 60 gm
2 mol
Pzbvcv_i
2. Avgv‡ì kix‡i KZ ai‡bi †gŠj Av‡Q? HCl
`ªeY
K 15 L 18 M 26 N 32
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb M¨v‡mi e¨vcb nvi me‡P‡q Kg? A B
K A¨v‡gvwbqv L Kve©b g‡bv·vBW 13. A cv‡Î cvwb †hvM K‡i 600 mL `ªeY ˆZwi Ki‡j, `ªe‡Yi
M B‡_b N mvjdvi WvBA·vBW †gvjvwiwU wb‡Pi †KvbwU n‡e?
4. K 0.6 M L 0.8 M M 1.0 M N 1.2 M
14. cvÎ A I cvÎ B Gi c`v_©mg–‡ni wewµqvq
ZvcgvÎv
i. Pzbvcv_i wjwgwUs wewµqK ii. Drcbœ CO2 Gi cwigvY 26.4 gm

iii. Drcbœ je‡Yi cwigvY 66.6 gm
mgq  K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
D³ †jLwU wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi Zvcxq eµ‡iLv? 15. †Kvb †hŠMwU cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq?
K CaCO3 L C6 H 6 M AlCl3 N Mg(NO 3) 2 K K2SO4 L CaSO4 M Fe(OH)2 N BaSO4
5. †mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU Gi GKwU AYy‡Z cigvYyi msL¨v KZ? 16. N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) + 92 kJ wewµqvwU‡Z Zvc cÖ‡ qvM Ki‡j Kx n‡e?
K 39 L 41 M 43 N 45 K Drcv` n«vm cv‡e L Drcv` e„w× cv‡e
6. Co2+ Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m M †k‡j B‡jKUªb msL¨v KZ? M wewµqvwU mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nq N Drcbœ Zv‡ci cwigvY e„w× cv‡e
K 15 L 14 M 13 N 10 17.
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 7 I 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
Zn Al
B‡jKUªb
A kw³¯@i
B kw³¯@i
ZnSO4 Al2(SO4)3
C kw³¯@i A B
DÏxc‡Ki †Kv‡lÑ
7. C kw³¯@‡i N–Y©vqgvb B‡jKUªbwUi †KŠwYK fi‡eM KZ?
i. A ZworØvi A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
K 2.11  1034 m2 kg/s L 3.16  1034 m2 kg/s
M 1.05  1034 m2 kg/s N 1.58  1034 m2 kg/s ii. B‡jKUªb B †_‡K A Gi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq
iii. B ZworØvi weRviK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
8. DÏxc‡Ki N–Y©vqgvb B‡jKUª‡bi †¶‡Î
i. B‡jKUªb B kw³¯@i †_‡K C kw³¯@‡i Mgb Ki‡j kw³ K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
†kvlY Ki‡e
18. 235 U + n  X + K + n + Zvckw³
1 A 92 3
ii. B kw³¯@‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM A kw³¯@‡ii 90 0 56 36 0

D³ wewµqvwU‡Z A Gi gvb KZ?
B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM A‡c¶v †ewk K 140 L 141 M 142 N 143
iii. A kw³¯@‡i N–Y©vqgvb Ae¯’vq B‡jKUªb kw³ †kvlY A_ev 19. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi Kvi‡Y cvwbi ¯’vqx LiZv nq?
wewKiY †KvbwUB K‡i bv K Ca(HCO3)2 L CaSO4 M Mg(HCO3)2 N Al(NO3 )3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 20. wb‡Pi †KvbwU gvwUi AwaK ¶viZ¡ wbqš¿Y K‡i?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K NH4OH L NaHCO3 M Ca(OH)2 N (NH 4)2SO 4
9. A¨vKwUbvBW mvwii †gŠjmg–‡ni cvigvYweK msL¨v n‡jv 21. c„w_exi f‚Z¡‡Ki Dcv`vbMy‡jvi g‡a¨ wmwjKb KZ kZvsk?
K 27% L 8.4% M 5% N 3%
K 104118 L 89103 M 7488 N 5771
22. LwbRgj ¶viKxq n‡j weMvjK wn‡m‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU †hvM Kiv nq?
10. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Ae¯’vš@i †gŠj bq? K CaO L MgO M Al2O3 N SiO2
K Ni L Cu M As N Mo
23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wmbœvevi?
11. Pz‡bi cvwb + CO2 (AwaK cwigvY)  'X' K HgS L PbS M ZnS N Cu2S
wb‡Pi †KvbwU 'X' †hŠM? 24. CaO
R  COONa + NaOH  CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  CH 3 + Na2 CO 3
K Ca(OH)2 L CaO M CaCO3 N Ca(HCO 3) 2 
R = CnH2n + 1 †hLv‡b, n = 4
12. SO3 AYyi †¶‡Î
D³ wewµqvi wewµqK jeYwUi bvg Kx?
i. 6wU eÜb †Rvo B‡jKUªb Av‡Q ii. 6wU gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUªb Av‡Q K †mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU L †mvwWqvg weDUvb‡qU
iii. †hŠMwU GwmW e„wó m„wó K‡i
M †mvwWqvg †c›Uvb‡qU N †mvwWqvg †n·vb‡qU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 25. M¨v‡mvwj‡b Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨vÑ
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K 15 L 510 M 1015 N 1520
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
imvqb  1575
w`bvRcyi †evW©-2024
1| ʻMʼ GKwU †hŠ‡M C = 40%, H = 6.67% Ges Aw·‡Rb 5| X S Y
we`¨gvb| †hŠMwUi AvYweK fi 180|
K Z Sc
K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
[X, Y, Z cÖPwjZ cÖZxK bq]
L. mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
K. pH Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. ʻMʼ †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q Ki| 3
L. Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW‡K iwOb †evZ‡j ivLv nq †Kb? 2
N. ʻMʼ †hŠMwUi 2L 0.5 †gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ MvwYwZK
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 M. B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ʻZʼ †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb
ch©vq mviwY‡Z wbY©q Ki| 3

2| Pvj‡KvmvBU + O2  X + Y(g) N. ʻXʼ I ʻYʼ Ges ʻZʼ I ʻYʼ Øviv MwVZ †hŠMØ‡qi
K. AcavZz Kv‡K e‡j? 1 g‡a¨ GKwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡jI AciwU `ªexf‚Z
L. wcucovi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b Pzb cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq †Kb? 2 nq bv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
M. ʻXʼ †hŠM n‡Z Kvw¸¶Z avZz wb®‹vkb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 6| (i) ʻXʼ + Cl2  S + 2HCl
N. ʻYʼ †hŠM n‡Z RviK I wbi“`Kag©x GwmW cÖ¯‘Z (ii) 30A + BSO4  ASO4 + 29B.
m¤¢e wK bv? wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 K. M‡elYvMvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
3| n=2 L. †KK ˆZwi‡Z †ewKs †mvWv eënvi Kiv nq †Kb? 2

n=1 M. (i) wewµqvwU Redox wewµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
+ N. (ii) wewµqvi wewµqK I Drcv` eënvi K‡i we`y¨r
kw³ Drcv`b m¤¢e wPÎmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
A
B 7| (i) CnH2n + 2 (ii) CnH2n
[GLv‡b, h = 6.626  10 34 2
m kg/s] n=2
K. KYvi MwZZË¡ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. Iqvwks †mvWv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Rb †K ¶vi avZz ejv nq †Kb? 2 L. PH4+ GKwU †hŠMg–jK e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. (i) I (ii) †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Am¤•„³? wewµqvmn
M. ʻBʼ g‡W‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯@‡i B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
fi‡eM wbY©q Ki| 3
N. (ii) n‡Z d¨vwU GwmW cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢e wK bv? we‡kÐlY
N. ʻAʼ I ʻBʼ g‡W‡ji †KvbwU AwaK Dc‡hvMx? we‡kÐlY
Ki| 4
Ki| 4
8| (i) C2H6(g) + Cl 2(g)  C2H 5Cl(g) + HCl(g) + 481kJ

4| CaCO3  A + B(g) [GLv‡b, C  H = 414 kJ/mol, Cl  Cl = 244 kJ/mol,
A + H2O  C H  Cl = 431 kJ/mol]
 (ii) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2 NH3(g); H =  92 kJ/mol.

C + Cl2  D + H2O
K. m–ß †hvRbx Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. cvigvYweK kuvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. He †K MÖ“c-2 G ivLv nqwb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. wbkv`j EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_© e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. (i) bs wewµqvi CCl Gi eÜb kw³ wbY©q Ki| 3
M. ʻCʼ †hŠMwU ¶viag©x cÖgvY Ki| 3
N. (ii) bs wewµqvwUi mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Zvc I Pv‡ci
N. ʻDʼ †hŠMwU weiÄK I RxevYybvkK we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 cÖfve we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 M 2 M 3 N 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 L 10 M 11 N 12 N 13 M
DËi
14 N 15 K 16 K 17 M 18 L 19 L 20 N 21 K 22 N 23 K 24 M 25 L
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 GKwU †hŠ‡M C = 40%, H = 6.67% Ges
ʻMʼ
myZivs M †hŠMwUi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ = CH2O
Aw·‡Rb we`¨gvb| †hŠMwUi AvYweK fi 180|  Ó Ó AvYweK ms‡KZ = (CH2O)n
K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1 GLb, ¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi = (12  1 + 1  2 + 16  1)
= 12 + 2 + 16
L. mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui cv_©K¨ †jL| 2
= 30
M. ʻMʼ †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ wbY©q Ki| 3
†hŠ‡Mi AvYweK fi
N. ʻMʼ †hŠMwUi 2L 0.5 †gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ MvwYwZK Avgiv Rvwb, n = ¯’‚j ms‡K‡Zi AvYweK fi
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 180
[Aa¨vq 6 Gi Av‡jv‡K] =
30
=6
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi myZivs M †hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ = (CH2O)  6
h †h mKj cigvYyi †cÖvUb msL¨v GKB wKš‘ fimsL¨v I wbDUªb = C6H12O6
msL¨v wfbœ Zv‡ì‡K ci¯•‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| AZGe, M †hŠMwU n‡jv C6H12O6|
i mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡æ D‡jÐL Kiv n‡jv k ÔMÕ †_‡K cvB, M †hŠMwU n‡jv C6H12O6|
mvevb wWUvi‡R›U C6H12O6 †hŠMwUi 2L 0.5 †gvjvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡æ MvwYwZKfv‡e
1. mvevb n‡jv Kve©b 1. wWUvi‡R›U n‡jv `xN© Kve©b
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
wkKjwewkó d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi wkKjwewkó †ebwRb
†mvwWqvg ev cUvwkqvg mvj‡dvwbK Gwm‡Wi †Ìqv Av‡Q,
jeY| †mvwWqvg jeY| V = 2L ev 2000 mL
2. mvevb Li cvwb‡Z fv‡jv 2. wWUvi‡R›U Li cvwb‡ZI S = 0.5 †gvjvi
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| fv‡jv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|  C6H12O6 Gi fi M = 12  6 + 1  12 + 16  6 = 180
3. wWUvi‡R›U Gi †P‡q 3. mvev‡bi †P‡q wWUvi‡R‡›Ui Avgiv Rvwb,
mvev‡bi cwi®‹viKi‡Yi cwi®‹viKi‡Yi ¶gZv SVM
w =
¶gZv Kg| †ewk| 1000
0.5  2000  180
j DÏxc‡Ki M †hŠ‡M C = 40%, H = 6.67% =
1000
g
 Ó Ó Ó O = {100  (40 + 6.67)}% = 180 g
= 53.33% AZGe, 2L cv‡Î 180 g C6H12O6 wb‡q Zv‡Z cvwb †hvM K‡i `ªe‡Yi
GLb †gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv mshywZ‡K wbR wbR cvigvYweK fi Øviv
fvM K‡i cvB, AvqZb 2000 mL Ki‡jB 0.5 †gvjvi C6H12O6 `ªeY ˆZwi n‡e|
40
C=
12
= 3.333 cÖkœ  02 Pvj‡KvmvBU + O2 
 X + Y(g)
6.67 K. AcavZz Kv‡K e‡j? 1
H= = 6.67
1
L. wcucovi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b Pzb cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq †Kb? 2
53.33
Ges O=
16
= 3.333 M. ʻXʼ †hŠM n‡Z Kvw¸¶Z avZz wb®‹vkb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
AZtci Gfv‡e cÖvß fvMdjmg–n‡K Zv‡ì g‡a¨ n‡Z ¶z`ªZg N. ʻYʼ †hŠM n‡Z RviK I wbi“`Kag©x GwmW cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢e
msL¨v 3.333 Øviv fvM K‡i cvB, wK bv? wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
3.333
C= =1 [Aa¨vq 10 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
3.333
6.67 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
H= =2
3.333
3.333 h †hme †gŠj avZz I AavZz Df‡qi êwkó¨ enb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K
Ges O=
3.333
=1 AcavZz e‡j| G AcavZz‡K Aa©avZz ev DcavZzI ejv nq|
imvqb  1577
i wcucovi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b wcucovi kixi †_‡K †h ivmvqwbK mvaviY Ae¯’vq SO2 evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ nq bv| Z‡e
c`v_© cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv‡Z Aèxq Dcv`vb (diwgK GwmW) _v‡K| ¯•k© †P¤^v‡i 400 – 450 C ZvcgvÎvq Pt P‚Y© ev V2O5 cÖfve‡Ki
¶viag©x c`v_© Pzb (CaO) wcucov n‡Z wbtm„Z diwgK Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q mvjdvi UªvBA·vBW Drcbœ K‡i|
(H  COOH) mv‡_ cÖkgb wewµqv K‡i| d‡j G c`v_©wU jvMv‡bv 450C, Pt/V2O5
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g);H = – 198kJ/mol
n‡j gvbyl R¡vjv hš¿Yv †_‡K i¶v cvq| ZvB wcucovi Kvg‡oi
¶Z¯’v‡b Pzb jvMv‡bv nq| G‡¶‡Î SO2 n‡Z SO3 Drc‡bœi wewµqvwU DfgyLx cÖK…wZi nIqvq
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, jv-kv‡Zwjqv‡ii bxwZ eënvi K‡i wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq SO3 Gi

Cu2S + O2  Cu2O + SO2 (g) cwigvY e„w× Kiv hvq| wewµqvwUi H FYvÍK A_©vr Zv‡cvrcv`x
Pvj‡KvmvBU X Y nIqvq wewµqvi Zvc evov‡j jv-kv‡Zwjqv‡ii bxwZ Abyhvqx SO3
 X †hŠM A_©vr Cu2O n‡Z Kvw¸¶Z avZz wb®‹vkb wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Gi Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e| Avevi Zvc n«vm Ki‡j G bxwZ Abyhvqx
Kiv n‡jv SO3 Gi Drcv`b e„w× cv‡e| Z‡e A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfRbK
Pvj‡KvmvBU Gi ms‡KZ n‡jv Cu2S| cwigv‡Y SO3 Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ AZ¨vbyK‚j ZvcgvÎv 450C
myZivs Cu2S + 3O2  2Cu2O + 2SO2 wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G ZvcgvÎvq Pt/V2O5 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
Cu2S + 2Cu2O  6Cu + SO2 cÖvq 96% SO3 cvIqv hvq|
wb®‹vwkZ Cu avZz‡K Zwor we‡kvab c×wZ‡Z wb®‹vkb Kiv nq| Drcbœ SO3 †K 98% H2SO4 G †kvlY K‡i a–gvqgvb mvjwdDwiK
Zwor we‡kÐl‡Y we`y¨r kw³ eënvi K‡i ivmvqwbK wewµqv m¤•bœ GwmW ev Awjqvg (H2S2O7) Drcbœ Kiv nq| Gici Awjqv‡gi
Kiv nq| G‡Z Aweï× Kcv‡ii †gvUv cvZ ˆZwi K‡i we`y¨r mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq Abycv‡Z cvwb wgwkÖZ K‡i 100% weï× H2SO4 ev
Dr‡mi abvÍK cÖv‡š@i mv‡_ Ges weï× Kcv‡ii GKwU cvZjv
†h †Kv‡bv NbgvÎvi H2SO4 cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
cvZ FYvÍK cÖv‡š@i mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| CuSO4 `ªeY I H2SO4
SO3 + H2SO4(98%)  H2S2O7
Gi wgkÖ‡Y c–Y© GKwU U¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ `ywU cvZ‡KB †Wvev‡bv nq| Awjqvg
GB `ªe‡Yi †fZi w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevn Pvjbv Ki‡j Aweï× Kcvi H2S2O7 + H2O  2H2SO4(100%)
`ªexf‚Z nq Ges weRviY wewµqvq weï× Kcvi cvZjv cv‡Z Rgv nq| mvjwdDwiK GwmW
Drcvw`Z H2SO4 GwmW wbi“`K GwmW| KviY cvwbi cÖwZ Mvp
H2SO4 Gi cÖej Avmw³i Kvi‡Y wewfbœ †hŠM n‡Z cvwb †ei K‡i
(–)
wb‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ
(+)
C2H5OH(l) + H2SO4(aq) = C2H4(g) + H2SO4.H2O(aq)
Aweï× Kcvi weï× Kcvi
myZivs ejv hvq, Y †hŠMwU Z_v SO2 †_‡K jvfRbK Dcv‡q RviK
CuSO4 `ªeY I wbi“`K ag© GwmW H2SO4 cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e|
wPÎ : Kcv‡ii Zwor we‡kvab n=2
cÖkœ  03
Aweï× Kcv‡ii Ac`ªe¨My‡jv U¨vs‡Ki Zjvq Mv` wn‡m‡e Rgv n=1
nq| Gfv‡e Drcbœ Kcvi 99% weï× nq|
+
DcwiD³ cÖwµqv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j cvIqv hvq, Kcv‡ii AvKwiK
n‡Z cÖvß Kcvi †_‡K Ac`ªe¨ Zwor we‡kÐl¨ †Kv‡li wµqv‡K Kv‡R A
B
jvwM‡q `–i Kiv nq Ges GB c×wZ me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨| ZvB
[GLv‡b, h = 6.626  10 m kg/s]
34 2
Gfv‡eB Kcvi‡K wb®‹vkb Kiv nq|
K. Iqvwks †mvWv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, L. Rb †K ¶vi avZz ejv nq †Kb? 2
 Cu O + SO (g)
Cu2S + O2  M. ʻBʼ g‡W‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯@‡i B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK
2 2
Pvj‡KvmvBU X Y fi‡eM wbY©q Ki| 3

DcwiD³ wewµqvq Y †hŠMwU n‡jv SO2| myZivs SO2 †hŠM n‡Z N. ʻAʼ I ʻBʼ g‡W‡ji †KvbwU AwaK Dc‡hvMx? we‡kÐlY
RviK I wbi“`Kag©x GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e Zv wewµqvmn Ki| 4
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ [Aa¨vq 3 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

h †mvWv A¨v‡mi GK AYyi mv‡_ `k AYy cvwb h avZz cigvYymg–n Zvi me©‡kl kw³¯@‡ii GK ev GKvwaK
(Na2CO3)
ivmvqwbKfv‡e hy³ nIqv‡K Kvco KvPv ev Iqvwks †mvWv e‡j| B‡jKUªb Z¨vM FYvÍK Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| GB abvÍK Avqb‡KB
Rb †K ¶vi avZz ejv nq †Kb Zv wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
cvigvYweK kuvm e‡j|
i
†hme avZz cvwbi mv‡_ Zxeªfv‡e wewµqv K‡i ¶vi Drcbœ K‡i i †hme KwVb c`v_©‡K Zvc w`‡j Zv mivmwi KwVb n‡Z M¨vmxq
Zv‡ì‡K ¶vi avZz e‡j| ¶vi avZzmg–‡ni me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nq Zv‡ì‡K EaŸ©cvwZZ e¯‘ e‡j| wbkv`j ev
GKwU gvÎ B‡jKUªb _v‡K Ges Giv ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-1 G
A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW †hŠM‡K Zvc w`‡j Zv KwVb †_‡K Zi‡j
Ae¯’vb K‡i| Rb cigvYyi me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i GKwUgvÎ
B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb Ges ch©vq mviwYi MÖ“c-1 G Aew¯’Z| Avi Rb cwiYZ bv n‡q mivmwi ev‡®• cwiYZ nq| GRb¨ wbkv`j‡K
cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqvq Zxeª ¶vi Drcbœ K‡i| EaŸ©cvwZZ e¯‘ ejv nq|
2Rb + 2H2O  2RbOH + H2 j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
myZivs i“wewWqvg (Rb) GKwU ¶vi avZz|  CaO + CO (g)
CaCO3  2
j B g‡W‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯@i, n=2 (A) (B)

CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
h = 6.626  1034m2kg/s
(A) (C)
 = 3.1416

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O
Avgiv Rvwb, †KŠwYK fi‡eM,
(C) (D)
nh
mvr =
2
DcwiD³ wewµqvq C †hŠM A_©vr Ca(OH)2 †hŠMwU ¶viag©x Zv wb‡æ
2  6.626  10 34 cÖgvY Kiv n‡jv
=
2  3.1416 †h †hŠMMy‡jv Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i
= 2.11  1034m2kg/s †mme †hŠMMy‡jv‡K ¶viag©x †hŠM ejv nq|
B g‡W‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯@‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + 2H2O
= 2.11  1034m2kg/s. Avevi, A¨v‡gvwbqvg je‡Yi mv‡_ ¶v‡ii wewµqvq A¨v‡gvwbqv
k A I B g‡W‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK Dc‡hvMx Zv wb‡æ we‡kÐlY M¨vm, jeY I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2  2NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O
Kiv n‡jvÑ
GQvovI Ca(OH)2 Gi Rjxq `ªeY jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i Ges
wPÎ-A Gi mvnv‡h¨ iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj Ges wPÎ-B Gi
Gi Rjxq `ªeY wcw”Qj| Gme êwk‡óï Kvi‡Y Ca(OH)2 n‡jv
mvnv‡h¨ †evi cigvYy g‡Wj eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨
¶viag©x †hŠM|
K¶c‡_i AvKvi-AvK…wZ m¤•‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv †Ìqv nqwb, wKš‘
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
wPÎ-B Gi mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKUª‡bi K¶c‡_i AvKvi I AvK…wZ mg‡Ü k
CaCO3  CaO + CO (g)
aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| wPÎ-B Gi mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ †kvlY 2
(A) (B)
I wewKiY m¤•‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq, hv †_‡K cvigvYweK eY©vwji CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2
mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ †kvlY wewKiY ev cvigvYweK eY©vwj (A) (C)

m¤•‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| †h‡nZz B g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O
(C) (D)
B‡jKUª‡bi kw³¯@i, kw³, kw³i †kvlY I wewKiY m¤•‡K© aviYv
DcwiD³ wewµqvq D †hŠM A_©vr Ca(OCl)Cl †hŠMwU weiÄK I
cvIqv hvq †m‡nZz B g‡WjwU A_©vr †evi cigvYy g‡Wj AwaK DbœZ|
RxevYybvkK wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
cÖkœ  04 
CaCO3  A + B(g) weÐwPs cvDWvi [Ca(OCl)Cl] evqygÊ‡ji Kve©b WvBA·vBW Ges
A + H2O  C cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqvq nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|

C + Cl2  D + H2O nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW Zvr¶wYK we‡qvwRZ n‡q Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb
K. cvigvYweK kuvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Drcbœ K‡i| GB Rvqgvb Aw·‡R‡bi RviY wµqvq Kvc‡oi `vM
L. wbkv`j EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_© e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 `–i nq| Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb I HCl Gi wewµqvq cvwb I mwµq
M. 'C' †hŠMwU ¶viag©x cÖgvY Ki| 3 †K¬vwib Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ †K¬vwi‡bi RviY wµqvq `vM `–i nq|
N. 'D' †hŠMwU weiÄK I RxevYybvkK we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O + CO2  CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HOCl
[Aa¨vq 9 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q] 2HOCl  HCl + [O]
imvqb  1579
`vMhy³ Kvco + [O]  `vMnxb Kvco Ca †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒcÑ
Gfv‡e weÐwPs cvDWvi Kvc‡oi `vM `–i K‡i| 20Ca  1s22s22p63p64s2
myZivs Ca(OCl)Cl †hŠMwU weiÄK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Ca Gi me©‡kl B‡jKUªbwU
Avevi, weÐwPs cvDWvi GKwU Kvh©Kix RxevYybvkK| N‡ii †g‡S, s AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek Kivq Ca n‡jv s block †gŠj|
K‡gvW, †ewmb BZ¨vw` RvqMv †_‡K RxevYy aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R weÐwPs ch©vq wbY©q : Ca †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªbmg–n †gvU 4wU ¯@‡i web¨¯@|
cvDWvi eënvi Kiv nq| weÐwPs cvDWvi‡K hLb †Kv‡bv N‡ii myZivs Ca †gŠjwU 4_© ch©v‡q Aew¯’Z|
†g‡S, K‡gvW, †ewmb BZ¨vwì Dci †i‡L cvwb †hvM Kiv nq, ZLb MÖ“c wbY©q : Ca †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯@‡ii s AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb
weÐwPs cvDWvi cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i CaCl2 I HOCl GwmW
msL¨v 2| myZivs Ca †gŠjwU MÖ“c-2 G Aew¯’Z|
Drcbœ K‡i|
AZGe K¨vjwmqvg (Ca) †gŠjwU ch©vq mviwYi 4_© ch©v‡qi MÖ“c-2
Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O  CaCl2 + HOCl
G Aew¯’Z|
nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW †f‡O wM‡q Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb [O] Drcbœ
K‡i, hv RxevYy‡K aŸsm K‡i| k DÏxc‡Ki Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi mvjdv‡ii (S) c–e©eZ©x 'X' †gŠjwU
n‡jv dmdivm (P) I cieZ©x 'Y' †gŠjwU n‡jv †K¬vwib (Cl)| Avi
HOCl  HCl + [O]
G `ywU †gŠj P I Cl Øviv MwVZ †hŠMØq n‡jv PCl3 Ges PCl5|
RxevYy + [O]  g„Z RxevYy|
Avevi, DÏxc‡Ki 4_© ch©v‡qi cUvwkqvg (K) I ¯‹¨vbwWqvg
†h‡nZz weÐwPs cvDWv‡ii Rvi‡Y RxevYy aŸsm nq| ZvB ejv hvq †h, †gŠ‡ji gaëZ©x †gŠjwU n‡jv K¨vjwmqvg (Ca)| Avi 'Z' I 'Y'
weÐwPs cvDWvi GKwU Kvh©Kix RxevYybvkK| A_©vr Ca I Cl †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠM n‡jv CaCl2| A_©vr PCl3 I
cÖkœ  05 X S Y CaCl2 †hŠMØ‡qi g‡a¨ GKwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡jI AciwU `ªexf‚Z
nq bv| wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
K Z Sc
CaCl2 †hŠ‡Mi cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqZv cix¶v :
[X, Y, Z cÖPwjZ cÖZxK bq] Ca I Cl Øviv MwVZ †hŠM n‡jv CaCl2 hv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq|
K. pH Kv‡K e‡j? 1 cvwb GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM| cvwbi AYy‡Z we`¨gvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I
L. Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW‡K iwOb †evZ‡j ivLv nq †Kb? 2 Aw·‡R‡bi g‡a¨ Zwor FYvÍKZvi cv_©K¨ AwaK nIqvq †cvjvwiwUi
M. B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ʻZʼ †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb m„wó nq| d‡j Aw·‡Rb (O) cigvYywU AvswkK FYvÍK Ges
ch©vq mviwY‡Z wbY©q Ki| 3 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy `ywU AvswkK abvÍK PvR©cÖvß nq|
N. ʻXʼ I ʻYʼ Ges ʻZʼ I ʻYʼ Øviv MwVZ †hŠMØ‡qi 2
O
g‡a¨ GKwU cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡jI AciwU `ªexf‚Z
nq bv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 H+ H+
[Aa¨vq 4 I 5 Gi mgš^‡q] wPÎ : cvwbi †cvjvwiwU
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †Kv‡bv AvqwbK †hŠM‡K cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ki‡j †hŠMwU cÖ_‡g
h †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Y Dcw¯’Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi (H+) NbgvÎvi abvÍK I FYvÍK Avq‡b we‡qvwRZ n‡e| G‡¶‡Î AvqwbK
FYvÍK jMvwi`g‡K pH e‡j| †hŠ‡Mi abvÍK cÖvš@wU cvwbi AYyi FYvÍK cÖvš@ ev Aw·‡Rb
Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡e| Aciw`‡K, AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi FYvÍK cÖvš@wU
i Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW‡K (HNO3) iwOb †evZ‡j ivLv nq| KviY
cvwbi abvÍK cÖvš@ ev nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cÖvš@ Øviv AvKwl©Z n‡e| d‡j
HNO3 Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mn‡RB we‡qvwRZ n‡q ev`vwg e‡Y©i
AvqwbK †hŠM CaCl2 cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡e|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvBA·vBW (NO2) ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j HNO3 Gi AcPq
nq| Avi Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z HNO3 Gi wewµqvwU n‡jv
m–‡h©i Av‡jv
HNO3  NO2 + O2 + H2O
j DÏxc‡K 4_© ch©v‡q cUvwkqvg Ges ¯‹¨vbwWqv‡gi (Sc)

(K)
gaëZ©x †gŠj 'Z' n‡jv K¨vjwmqvg (Ca)| B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi
mvnv‡h¨ K¨vjwmqvg (Ca) †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb ch©vq mviwY‡Z wbY©q
Kiv n‡jvÑ wPÎ : cvwbi AYy ms‡hvwRZ CaCl2
PCl3†hŠ‡Mi cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqZv cix¶v : I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| G wewµqvi gva¨‡g Drcbœ Kve©b WvBA·vBW
P Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm Ki‡j Avgiv cvB, M¨v‡mi Rb¨ †KK dz‡j D‡V| Avi G Kvi‡YB †KK ˆZwii mgq
15P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 3d0 †ewKs †mvWv eënvi Kiv nq|
*
15
P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3px1 3py1 3pz1 3dxy1 2NaHCO3 + C4H6O6  C4H4Na2O6 + 2Ca2 + 2H2O
A_©vr dmdiv‡mi ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i 5wU B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| UviUvwiK †mvwWqvg
Ab¨w`‡K †K¬vwib (Cl) cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm Ki‡j cvB,
GwmW UviUv‡iU
17Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
A_©vr †K¬vwib cigvYyi me©‡kl ¯@‡i 7wU B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q|
H2S + Cl2  S + 2HCl
†K¬vwi‡bi me©‡kl ¯@‡i AóK c–i‡Yi Rb¨ 1wU B‡jKUªb cÖ‡qvRb|
(X)
Ab¨w`‡K dmdiv‡mi AóK c–i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb 3wU B‡jKUªb| DcwiD³ wewµqvwU GKwU †iW· wewµqv| wb‡æ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
dmdivm ZvB 3wU †K¬vwib cigvYyi mv‡_ B‡jKUªb †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g
†iW· ev RviY-weRviY wewµqvi mgq †h wewµqvq wewµqK B‡jKUªb
hy³ n‡q Zvi ewnt¯’ ¯@‡i AóK c–iY K‡i| d‡j PCl3 †hŠM
MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K weRviY Ges †h wewµqvq wewµqK B‡jKUªb eR©b
MVb K‡i|
K‡i Zv‡K RviY wewµqv e‡j| DcwiD³ wewµqvwUi †¶‡Î,
weRviY
Cl P Cl 2 0 0 1
H2S + Cl2  S + 2HCl
RviY
Cl RviY Aa©wewµqv : H2S  2e  2H+ + S

weRviY Aa© wewµqv : Cl2 + 2e  2Cl
wPÎ : PCl3 AYy MVb mvgwMÖK wewµqv : H2S + Cl2  2HCl + S [RviY-weRviY wewµqv]
mg‡hvMx †hŠM PCl3 AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi g‡Zv abvÍK I FYvÍK wewµqvwU‡Z wewµqK H2S G mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb –2 Ges Drcv‡`
cÖvš@ bv _vKvq cvwbi wecixZ cÖvš@‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| RviY gvb 0| A_©vr mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb e„w× †c‡q‡Q Kv‡RB
d‡j PCl3 †hŠM cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq _v‡K| Abyiƒcfv‡e PCl5 †hŠMI wewµqvwU‡Z H2S weRviK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Z_v H2S Gi RviY
cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq _v‡K| N‡U‡Q|
AZGe, CaCl2 I PCl3 †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ CaCl2 cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI Aciw`‡K, wewµq‡K Cl2 Gi RviY msL¨v 0 Ges Drcv‡` Cl2 Gi
PCl3 cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|
RviY msL¨v –1| A_©vr †K¬vwi‡bi RviY msL¨v n«vm †c‡q‡Q|
cÖkœ  06 (i) ʻXʼ + Cl2  S + 2HCl Kv‡RB, Cl2 RviK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q Z_v Cl2 Gi weRviY N‡U‡Q|
(ii) 30A + BSO4  ASO4 + 29B myZivs DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, wewµqvwU GKwU †iW·
K. M‡elYvMvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wewµqv|
L. †KK ˆZwi‡Z †ewKs †mvWv eënvi Kiv nq †Kb? 2
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
M. (i) wewµqvwU Redox wewµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
N. (ii) wewµqvi wewµqK I Drcv` eënvi K‡i we`y¨r kw³
ev, Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Drcv`b m¤¢e wPÎmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
cÖ`Ë wewµqvwUi wewµqK I Drcv` c`v_©mg–n‡K eënvi K‡i
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi we`y¨rkw³ Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
h †hLv‡b weÁv‡bi wewfbœ cix¶v-wbix¶v ev M‡elYv Kiv nq K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e GKwU cv‡Î Kcvi `Ê Kcvi mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq
Zv‡K cix¶vMvi ev M‡elYvMvi e‡j| `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K| G‡K Cu/Cu2+(aq) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Ab¨ cv‡Î A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e wRsK `Ê wRsK mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq
i †eKvwi‡Z †KK ˆZwii mgq †ewKs †mvWv eënvi Kiv nq|
mvaviYZ †KK cÖ¯‘wZi mgq gq`vi mv‡_ †ewKs cvDWvi wgwkÖZ `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bv _v‡K| G‡K Zn/Zn (aq) wn‡m‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq|
2+
K‡i Zvc cÖ`vb Kiv nq| d‡j †ewKs †mvWv wgkÖ‡Yi UviUvwiK Zn/Zn I Cu /Cu ZworØvi `ywUi c‡iv¶ ms‡hv‡M W¨vwb‡qj
2+ 2+
Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg UviUv‡iU, Kve©b WvBA·vBW †Kvl MV‡bi gva¨‡g we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :
imvqb  1581
i GKvwaK †gŠ‡ji GK ev GKvwaK cigvYy ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ hy³
n‡q GKwU cigvYyMy”Q ˆZwi K‡i hv GKwU cigvYyi b¨vh AvPiY
K‡i Avi G‡KB †hŠMg–jK e‡j|
PH4+ GKwU †hŠMg–jK| KviY PH4+ G GKwU dmdivm (P)
cigvby I 4wU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) cigvYy ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
GKwU cigvYyMy”Q (PH4+) ˆZwi K‡i| myZivs PH4+ GKwU †hŠMg–jK|
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) I (ii) bs †hŠM `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g C2H6 Ges
C2H4| C2H6 I C2H4 †hŠMØ‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Am¤•„³ wb‡æ Zv
wewµqvmn e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
wPÎ : M¨vjfvwbK †Kvl C2H6 †hŠMwU jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †eªvwg‡bi
W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡l K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ Cu|Cu2+(aq) avZz/avZe jvj eY©‡K `–ixf‚Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb
CH3 – CH3 + Br2 (`ªeY)  wewµqv nq bv| (jvj e‡Y©i `ªeY)
Avqb ZworØvi I A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e Zn|Zn2+(aq) avZz/avZe Avqb
Aciw`‡K Bw_b †eªvwg‡bi mv‡_ wbæiƒc wewµqv K‡i| †Kv‡bv ˆRe
ZworØvi eëüZ nq| cvÎØ‡qi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi †hŠ‡M Kve©b-Kve©b  eÜb Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j D³ †hŠMwU Am¤•„³
Rb¨ wbw®Œq Zworwe‡kÐl¨ (KCl) `ªeYc–Y© U-AvK…wZi wUDe nq| DcwiDwjÐwLZ Bw_‡b (CH2 = CH2) Kve©b-Kve©b  eÜb
`ªeYØ‡qi g‡a¨ Wzev‡bv nq| Gevi hw` Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ ZworØvi Dcw¯’Z| ZvB GwU Am¤•„³ †hŠM| †eªvwgb cvwb cix¶vi gva¨‡g
`ywU‡K mshy³ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j wb‡æv³ RviY-weRviY wewµqv Gi Am¤•„³Zv cÖgvY Kiv hvq| Mvp jvj e‡Y©i Zij †eªvwgb‡K
¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e NU‡e| Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CCl4)-G `ªexf‚Z K‡i 5% `ªeY ˆZwi Kiv
nq| †eªvwg‡bi G `ªeYwU Kgjv-jvj e‡Y©i nq| wØeÜbhy³ Bw_‡bi
A¨v‡bvW wewµqv : Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e– m‡½ †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi hyZ wewµqvq eY©nxb 1, 2-WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b
K¨v‡_vW wewµqv : Cu2+(aq) + 2e–  Cu(s) Drcbœ nq| d‡j `ªe‡Y Br2 AYyi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Zv eY©nxb †`Lvq|
CCl4
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) CH2 = CH2 + Br2  CH2Br  CH2Br
A_©vr Zn A¨v‡bvW wb‡R B‡jKUªb †Q‡o we‡qvwRZ (dissolution) Bw_b 1, 2-WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b
myZivs, Bw_b (CH2 = CH2) †hŠMwU Am¤•„³|
`ªe‡Yi Cu2+(aq) Avqb K¨v‡_vW †_‡K B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i avZe k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) †hŠMwU n‡jv Bw_b (C2H4)| Avi Bw_b n‡Z
d¨vwU GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e| wb‡æ Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
Cu wn‡m‡e K¨v‡_vW Rgv n‡e| cÖK…Zc‡¶, A¨v‡bv‡W Drcbœ
C2H4 †K nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ Ni cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 180 
B‡jKUªb Zv‡ii gva¨‡g K¨v‡_v‡W †cuŠ‡Q B‡jKUª‡bi mgZv i¶v
200C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j B‡_b Drcbœ nq|
K‡i| Zvn‡j Zvi w`‡q ZworØvi `ywU‡K mshy³ Ki‡jB A¨v‡bvW
Ni
†_‡K K¨v‡_v‡W B‡jKUªb cÖev‡ni m„wó n‡e| B‡jKUªb cÖevn gv‡bB C2H4 + H2  C2H6
(180 - 200)C
B‡_b
we`y¨r cÖevn| myZivs, W¨vwb‡qj †Kv‡li ZworØviØq‡K jeY †mZz I
AZtci Drcbœ C2H6 †K 1500C ZvcgvÎvq `nb Ki‡j B_vBb
Zv‡ii gva¨‡g c‡iv¶fv‡e hy³ Kiv n‡j †Kv‡l Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡e| Drcbœ nq|
1500C
cÖkœ  07 (i) CnH2n + 2 (ii) CnH2n C2H6 + O2  C2H2 + 2H2O
B‡_b B_vBb
n=2
GLb C2H2 †K 20% H2SO4 I 2% gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU (HgSO4)
K. KYvi MwZZË¡ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 80C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb DËß Ki‡j B_vb¨vj
L. PH4 GKwU †hŠMg–jK e¨vL¨v Ki|
+
2 Drcbœ nq|
20%H2SO4 I 2% HgSO4
M. (i) I (ii) †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Am¤•„³? wewµqvmn C2H2 + H2O  CH3CHO
80C
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 B_vBb B_vb¨vj
N. (ii) n‡Z d¨vwU GwmW cÖ¯ ‘Z m¤¢e wK bv? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Drcbœ B_vb¨vj‡K g¨v½vwbR A¨vwm‡UU cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
[Aa¨vq 11 Gi Av‡jv‡K] Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j B_vbwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Mn2+

2CH3CHO + O2  2CH3COOH
60C
h Avš@tKYv AvKl©Y kw³ I KYvMy‡jvi MwZkw³ Øviv c`v‡_©i B_vb¨vj B_vbwqK GwmW
KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq Ae¯’v e¨vL¨v Kivi ZË¡‡K KYvi MwZZË¡ AZGe Bw_b n‡Z d¨vwU GwmW A_©vr B_vbwqK GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
e‡j| m¤¢e|
cÖkœ  08 †Ìqv Av‡Q, C – H = 414 kJ/mole

Cl – Cl = 244 kJ/mole
(i) C2H6(g) + Cl 2(g)  C2H 5Cl(g) + HCl(g) + 481kJ
H – Cl = 431 kJ/mole
[GLv‡b, C  H = 414 kJ/mol, Cl  Cl = 244 kJ/mol, H =  481 kJ/mole
H  Cl = 431 kJ/mol]
Avevi, awi, C – Cl = x kJ/mole
(ii) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2 NH3(g); H =  92 kJ/mol. wewµqK AYymg–‡ni eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU kw³
K. m–ß †hvRbx Kv‡K e‡j? 1
= 1 †gvj C – H eÜbkw³ + 1 †gvj Cl – Cl eÜbkw³
L. He †K MÖ“c-2 G ivLv nqwb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 = (4  414 + 1  244) kJ/mole
M. (i)bs wewµqvi CCl Gi eÜb kw³ wbY©q Ki| 3 = (414 + 244) kJ/mole
N. (ii)bs wewµqvwUi mvg¨ve¯’vi Dci Zvc I Pv‡ci cÖfve = 658 kJ/mole
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Avevi, Drcv` Abymg–‡ni eÜb Mo‡Z wbM©Z †gvU kw³
[Aa¨vq 7 I 8 Gi mgš^‡q] = 1 †gvj C – Cl eÜbkw³ +1 †gvj HCl eÜbkw³
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi = (x + 431) kJ/mole
Avgiv Rvwb,
h †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji m‡e©v”P †hvRbx I mwµq †hvRbxi cv_©K¨‡K myß
wewµq Zvc, H = wewµqK AYymg–‡ni eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq
†hvRbx e‡j|
†gvUkw³  Drcv` AYymg–‡ni eÜb Mo‡Z wbM©Z †gvU kw³
i wnwjqvg (He) Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm 1s2| A_©vr wnwjqv‡gi ev  481 = 658  (x + 431)
(He) me©‡kl K¶c‡_ 2wU B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| d‡j wnwjqv‡gi
ev, x + 431 = 658 + 481
B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m 1s AiweUvj B‡jKUªb Øviv c–Y© _v‡K| ZvB ev, x = 1139  431
¯^vfvweKfv‡e He Gi Ae¯’vb ch©vq mviwY‡Z wØZxq MÖ“‡c g„r¶vi  x = 708 kJ/mole
avZz‡ì mv‡_ nIqv DwPZ| He Gi me©‡kl K¶c_ B‡jKUªb Øviv AZGe C – Cl-Gi eÜb kw³ 708 kJ/mole|
c–Y© _vKvq G †gŠjwU MÖ“c-II Gi †gŠjmg–‡ni g‡Zv mwµqZv Ges k DÏxc‡Ki (i)bs wewµqvwU m¤•bœ K‡i cvB,
avZe êwkó¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi †gŠj wnwjqv‡gi N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + 92 kJ
†¶‡Î Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AiweUvj bv _vKvq Ges s AiweUvj B‡jKUªb DfgyLx wewµqvwUi mvg¨ve¯’vq jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ Abymv‡i
Øviv c–Y© _vKvq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡ci cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g wnwjqvg †gŠj †hŠM MVb ZvcgvÎvi cÖfve : wewµqvwU Zv‡cvrcv`x A_©vr G‡¶‡Î Zvc wbM©Z
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ êwkó¨ wgj nq| myZivs ZvcgvÎv evov‡j jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZ Abyhvqx
_vKvq He †K MÖ“c 18 †Z ivLv nq| wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb †_‡K evg w`‡K m‡i hv‡e| A_©vr NH3
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) wewµqvwU wbæiƒc : Gi Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e| Avevi, ZvcgvÎv Kgv‡j mvg¨ve¯’v evg
C2H6(g) + Cl2(g)  C2H5Cl(g) + HCl(g) + 481kJ †_‡K Wvb w`‡K AMÖmi n‡e A_©vr NH3 Gi Drcv`b †e‡o hv‡e|
DcwiD³ wewµqvwU‡K MvVwbK ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g wbæiƒ‡c wjLv hvqÑ Pv‡ci cÖfve : wewµqvwU‡Z wewµq‡Ki †gvU †gvj msL¨v (4) A‡c¶v
H H H H
| | | | Drcv‡ì †gvU †gvj msL¨v (2) Kg| myZivs Pvc evov‡j jv-
ev, H – C – C – H + ClCl  H – C – C – Cl + HCl + 481kJ kv‡Zwjqv‡ii bxwZ Abyhvqx mvg¨ve¯’v evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K m‡i
| | | |
hv‡e A_©vr NH3 Gi Drcv`b e„w× cv‡e| Avevi Pvc Kgv‡j
H H H H
DcwiD³ wewµqvq 1 †gvj C – H, 1 †gvj Cl – Cl eÜb fv‡O Ges mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb †_‡K evg w`‡K m‡i hv‡e A_©vr NH3 Gi Drcv`b
1 †gvj C – Cl, 1 †gvj H – Cl eÜb MwVZ nq| n«vm cv‡e|
imvqb  1583
gqgbwmsn †evW©-2024
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU bb-†iW· wewµqv? 14. 25C ZvcgvÎvq 1000 wU CH3COOH AYyi g‡a¨ cvwb‡Z KZwU
K HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O AYy we‡qvwRZ nq?
L S + O2  SO2 K4 L6 M8 N 10
M 2FeCl2 + Cl2  2FeCl3 15. wb‡Pi †Kvb AvqbwUi RviY I weRviY Dfq m¤¢e?
N Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2 K Na+ L Cl
2. 2H2SO4 (Mvp) + Cu  CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O wewµqvwU‡Z M Fe2+ N Fe3+
i. wewµqK GwmWwU RviY ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
16. CH3  CHO + [O]  A
ii. Drcv` M¨vmxq †hŠMwUi GKwU AYyi fi 1.06  1022 g DÏxc‡Ki A †hŠMwU
iii. wewµqK avZe †gŠjwU cwieZ©bkxj †hvRbx cÖ`k©b K‡i i. jvjwjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. avZzi mv‡_ wewµqvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i
K i I ii L ii I iii iii. Lvevi ˆZwi‡Z Ges Lv`¨ msi¶‡Y eënvi nq
M i I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
3. f‚Z¡‡K wmwjK‡bi kZKiv cwigvY KZ? K i I ii L ii I iii
K3 L4
M i I iii N i, ii I iii
M 27 N 46
4. wb‡æi †Kvb †hŠMwU EaŸ©cvwZZ nq bv? 17. †KvbwU iwOb c`v_©‡K eY©nxb K‡i?
K Ca(OH)2 L Ca(OCl)Cl
K A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivBW L Zzu‡Z
M HCl N HCOOH
M Kc–©i N wbkv`j 18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †d¬vwi‡bi GKwU cigvYyi fi?
5. †Kvb AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb Av‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡e? K 3.16  1023 MÖvg L 4.482  1023 MÖvg
K 4s L 3d
M 1.66  10 MÖvg
24
N 6.023  1023 MÖvg
M 4p N 5s
6. †KvbwU CO eÜb kw³? 19. A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU-Gi AYy‡Z KZwU cigvYy we`¨gvb?
K 17 L 18
K 724 kJ/mole L 615 kJ/mole
M 19 N 20
M 391 kJ/mole N 350 kJ/mole
7. †KvbwU 1 evqygÊjxq Pv‡c weky× mvjdv‡ii Mjbv¼? 20. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡b‡Ui ms‡KZ?
K KMn2O4 L KMnO4
K 100C L 115C
M K2MnO4 N KMnO2
M 133C N 140C
21. Kr Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v KZ? [cÖ‡kœ msL¨vi cwie‡Z© fi n‡e]
8. †Kvb †hŠMwU A¨vjKvBb? K 24 L 29 M 40 N 84
K C5H12 L C10H20 22. 21 K¨v‡iU ¯^‡Y© KZ fvM ¯^Y© _v‡K?
M C8H14 N C6H14
K 83.33% L 87.5%
9. K2Cr2O7 G Cr Gi RviY msL¨v KZ? M 91.67% N 95.13%
K+6 L+5
wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 23 I 24bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M+4 N+3
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
10. BDwiqvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
23. 2 MÖvg SO2 †_‡K KZ MÖvg SO3 cvIqv hv‡e?
H H H H
K NC=ON L N=C=ON K 2.5 L5
H H H H M 128 N 160
O 24. wewµqvq Drcv` †hŠMwUÑ
H H H H i. GKwU Aèagx© M¨vm
M NCN N NCON
H H H H ii. Mvp H2SO4 G †kvwlZ n‡j H2S2O7 cÖ¯‘Z nq
11. †KvbwU Gw›Ugwbi j¨vwUb bvg? iii. cvwb‡Z †gkv‡j Nb Kzqvkvi m„wó nq
K Argentum L Aurum
M Stannum N Stibium
K i I ii L i I iii
12. 500 mL cvwb‡Z 111 gm CaCl2 `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv KZ?
K 0.5 M L1M
M2M N3M 25. KuvPv Av‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆRe GwmW _v‡K| hLb Avg cv‡K ZLb
13. wb‡Pi †Kvb †gŠjwUi Zwor FYvÍKZv me‡P‡q †ewk? GB GwmWMy‡jv †_‡K Kx m„wó nq?
K Mg L Ca K MÐ‡y KvR I d«~‡±vR L wPwb
M Cl N Al M Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU N †mjy‡jvR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
DËi
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
gqgbwmsn †evW©-2024
1| cUvwkqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm : 5| 3H2(g) + X2(g) 2  2XH3(g); H = ?
c×wZ-1 : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d1 eÜb eÜb kw³ kJ/mole
c×wZ-2 : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s1 XH 391
K. †gŠj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 HH 436
L. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb wfbœ †Kb? XX 946
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 [X-cÖZxKx
A‡_© eëüZ]
M. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjwUi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªbwUi †KŠwYK K.
wewµqvi nvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
fi‡eM wbY©q Ki| 3 B_vBb GesL. †ebwR‡bi ¯’‚ j ms‡KZ GKBÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m †Kvb c×wZwU M.
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi H Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 3
mwVK e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶ N.
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq jv-kv‡Zwjqvi-Gi bxwZi cÖ‡qvM
h_vh_ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 4 N‡U wK? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
6| 40C ZvcgvÎvq KwVb K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi g‡a¨
2| †gŠj cvigvYweK msL¨v
†K¬vwib M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j X †hŠM I cvwb Drcbœ n‡jv|
X 11
K. GwmW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Y 12 L. B‡_b A‡c¶v Bw_b AwaK mwµq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Z 13 M. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠMwU‡Z mswkÐó †gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv
[X, Y, Z cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ] mshywZ wbY©q Ki| 3
K. †Wv‡eivB‡bi Îqx m–ÎwU †jL| 1 N. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠM Kvc‡oi `vM DVv‡bvi Rb¨ eënv‡ii
†KŠkj we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
L. Ò†K¬vwib GKwU n¨v‡jv‡Rb †gŠjÓÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. B‡jKUªb web¨vm D‡jÐLc–e©K ch©vq mviwY‡Z Y 7|
†gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ †gŠj wZbwUi cvigvYweK e¨vmv‡a©i
µg we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
3|
A B C K. BDwbfvm©vj BwÛ‡KUi Kx? 1

[GLv‡b A, B, C cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ] L. cÖkgb wewµqv bb-†iW· wewµqvÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. MvVwbK ms‡KZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq weKv‡ii wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv
L. SO3 †hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii myß †hvRbx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 wbY©q Ki| 3
N. ey‡i‡Ui m¤•–Y© HCl weKv‡i †hvM Ki‡j †h `ªeY
M. DÏxc‡Ki A Ges C †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi eÜb
cÖ¯‘Z n‡e Zvi cÖK…wZ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
N‡U? WU I µm wPý Øviv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki AC Ges BC Dfq †hŠMB GKB †KŠk‡j wZb Kve©bwewkó
8|
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡e wK? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 A¨vjKvBb-Y
4| Na + H2SO4  X + H2 K. g‡bvgvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. DfgyLx wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. †cÖvwcb‡K A¨vjwKb ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. ÒbvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AvYweK fi 28ÓÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki Y M¨vmwUi GKwU AYyi cÖK…Z fi wbY©q
M. DÏxc‡Ki X-†hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb wbY©q Ki| 3 Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡Z mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY KiÑ N. DÏxc‡Ki †hŠMwU †_‡K A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢e
ÒRviY Qvov weRviY wewµqv msNwUZ nqwbÓ| 4 wK? mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
imvqb  1585
DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 K 2 N 3 M 4 L 5 K 6 N 7 L 8 M 9 K 10 M 11 N 12 M 13 M
DËi
14 K 15 M 16 L 17 L 18 K 19 N 20 L 21 * 22 L 23 K 24 N 25 K
[we. `ª. 21. Kr Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v 36 Ges cvigvYweK fi 84]
m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 cUvwkqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm : k DÏxc‡Ki cUvwkqvg (K) †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi
Òc×wZ-1Ó 2n2 m–Î‡K AbymiY K‡i Ges Òc×wZ-2Ó AvDdevD
c×wZ-1 : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d1
bxwZ‡K AbymiY K‡i| cUvwkqvg †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m
c×wZ-2 : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s1 Òc×wZ-1Ó A‡c¶v Òc×wZ-2Ó n‡jv mwVK| Zvi KviY h_vh_
K. †gŠj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 hyw³mn wb‡æ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :
L. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb wfbœ †Kb? 2n2 m–ÎwU Øviv †h‡Kv‡bv kw³¯@‡ii m‡e©v”P †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 Rvbv hvq| wKš‘ B‡jKUªb †Kvb AiweUv‡j Av‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Zv
Rvbvi Rb¨ AvDdevD bxwZi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avgiv Rvwb, AvDdevD
M. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjwUi †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªbwUi †KŠwYK
bxwZ Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªbmg–n AiweUv‡ji kw³i
fi‡eM wbY©q Ki| 3 D”Pµg Abymv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| A_©vr, cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb cÖ_‡g
N. DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjwUi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m †Kvb c×wZwU me©wbæ kw³i AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i| myZivs †h AiweUv‡ji kw³
mwVK e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶ h_vh_ Kg †mB AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb Av‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges †h
hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 4 AiweUv‡ji kw³ †ewk †mB AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb c‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
[Aa¨vq 3 Gi Av‡jv‡K] A_©vr †h AiweUv‡ji (n + l) Gi gvb Kg †mB AiweUv‡ji kw³ Kg
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Ges †mB AiweUv‡jB B‡jKUªb Av‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| Aciw`‡K (n +
l) Gi gvb †h AiweUv‡ji †ewk Zvi kw³I †ewk Ges †mB
h †h c`v_©‡K fvO‡j H c`v_© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c`v_© cvIqv
hvq bv Zv‡K †gŠwjK c`v_© ev †gŠj e‡j| AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb c‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
GLb, 3d AiweUv‡ji †¶‡Î : n = 3, l = 2;
i †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl cÖavb kw³¯@‡ii †gvU B‡jKUªb  (n + l) Gi gvb = 3 + 2 = 5
msL¨v‡KB †hvRbx B‡jKUªb e‡j| Ges 4s AiweUv‡ji †¶‡Î : n = 4, l = 0;
Avevi, †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl K¶c‡_ hZ  (n + l) Gi gvb = 4 + 0 = 4
msL¨K B‡jKUªb _v‡K ev hZ msL¨K we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K Zv‡K †h‡nZz 4s AiweUv‡ji (n + l) Gi gvb 3d AiweUv‡ji (n + l) Gi
†hvRbx e‡j| gv‡bi Zzjbvq Kg, ZvB B‡jKUªb Av‡M 4s AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc : Ki‡e| K cigvYy‡Z 19wU B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| ZvB K Gi me©‡kl
7N  1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z B‡jKUªbwU 3d AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek bv K‡i 4s G cÖ‡ek K‡i|
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, cUvwkqvg (K) cigvYyi
me©ewnt¯’ cÖavb kw³¯@‡i †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v 5| d‡j B‡jKUªb web¨vm AvDdevD bxwZ †g‡b Pjvq K cigvYyi me©‡kl
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb n‡jv 5| Avevi bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb 3d AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek bv K‡i 4s AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i|
me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v 3| G Kvi‡Y AZGe cUvwkqv‡gi (K) B‡jKUªb web¨vm Òc×wZ-1Ó A_©vr 2n2
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) †hvRbx n‡jv 3| m–Î AbymiY K‡i bv| eis AvDdevD bxwZ AbymiY K‡i|
cÖkœ  02 †gŠj cvigvYweK msL¨v
AZGe, bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi (N) †hvRbx I †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb wfbœ|
X 11
j †h‡nZz DÏxc‡Ki †gŠjwU n‡jv cUvwkqvg (K)|
†m‡nZz Y 12
cUvwkqv‡gi (K) †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb †gŠjwUi 4_© kw³¯@‡i Aew¯’Z| Z 13
myZivs Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b, [X, Y, ZcÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ]
mvr =
nh cÖavb kw³¯@i, n = 4 K. †Wv‡eivB‡bi Îqx m–ÎwU †jL| 1
2
 34
cÐ¨v¼ aª“eK, L. Ò†K¬vwib GKwU n¨v‡jv‡Rb †gŠjÓÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
4  6.626  10
= h = 6.626  10 34m2kg/s M. B‡jKUªb web¨vm D‡jÐLc–e©K ch©vq mviwY‡Z Y
2  3.1416
 = 3.1416
= 4.22  10 34m2 kg/s †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q Ki| 3
 mvr = ?
N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ †gŠj wZbwUi cvigvYweK e¨vmv‡a©i
 4_© kw³¯@‡ii †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªbwUi †KŠwYK fi‡eM µg we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
4.22  10  34m2kg/s| [Aa¨vq 4 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖkœ  03

h †Wv‡eivBbv‡ii Îqx m–ÎwU n‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e m`„k Ggb
cÖwZ wZbwU †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ wØZxqwUi cvigvYweK fi †gvUvgywUfv‡e
A B C
cÖ_g I Z…Zxq †gŠjwUi cvigvYweK f‡ii †hvMd‡ji A‡a©K ev Zvi
[GLv‡b A, B, C cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ]
KvQvKvwQ _v‡K|
K. MvVwbK ms‡KZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
i n¨v‡jv‡Rb gv‡b jeY Drcv`bKvix Ges Gi g–j Drm mvgyw`ªK L. SO3 †hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii myß †hvRbx e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
jeY| n¨v‡jv‡Rb †gŠjMy‡jvi mv‡_ avZz hy³ n‡q jeY MwVZ nq| M. DÏxc‡Ki A Ges C †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi eÜb
†hgb- †K¬vwib (Cl) †gŠj †mvwWqvg (Na) avZzi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q N‡U? WU I µm wPý Øviv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW (NaCl) jeY MwVZ nq| ZvB †K¬vwib GKwU N. DÏxc‡Ki AC Ges BC Dfq †hŠMB GKB †KŠk‡j
n¨v‡jv‡Rb †gŠj| cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡e wK? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
j DÏxc‡Ki 'Y' †hŠMwUi cvigvYweK msL¨v 12| A_©vr 'Y' †hŠMwU 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
n‡jv g¨vM‡bwkqvg (Mg)| wb‡æ ch©vq mviwY‡Z g¨vM‡bwkqvg h GKwU AYy‡Z †gŠ‡ji mvRv‡bv cigvYyMy‡jvi cÖZxK Ges
(Mg) †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv n‡jv : eÜ‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv‡K MvVwbK ms‡KZ e‡j|
g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
2 2 6 2
i †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji m‡e©v”P †hvRbx Ges mwµq †hvRbxi cv_©K¨‡K
12Mg  1s 2s 2p 3s H †gŠ‡ji myß †hvRbx e‡j| SO3 †hŠ‡M S Gi mwµq †hvRbx Ges
ch©vq wbY©q : g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi B‡jKUªbmg–n †gvU 3wU kw³¯@‡i m‡e©v”P †hvRbx DfqB 6 A_©vr S Gi myß †hvRbx = 6 – 6 = 0|
web¨¯@| myZivs Mg n‡jv Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi †gŠj| A_©vr SO3 †hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii myß †hvRbx k–b¨|
MÖ“c wbY©q : g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i kyaygvÎ s DÏxc‡Ki A I C †gŠ‡ji †cÖvUb msL¨v h_vµ‡g 1 I 9|
j
AiweUvj Av‡Q| myZivs s AiweUv‡ji †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨vB n‡jv myZivs †gŠj 2wU n‡jv h_vµ‡g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I †d¬vwib| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
GB †gŠ‡ji MÖ“c msL¨v| myZivs Mg Gi me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯@‡i 2wU (H) I †d¬vwib (F) Øviv MwVZ †hŠM nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †d¬vivBW (HF)-Gi
B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| A_©vr Mg MÖ“c-2 G Aew¯’Z| eÜb MVb wb‡æ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) I †d¬vwib (F)-Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc :
AZGe g¨vM‡bwkqvg †gŠjwU ch©vq mviwYi Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi MÖ“c-2 G 1
1H  1s
Aew¯’Z| 2 2
9F  1s 2s 2p
5
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Dfq †gŠjB Zvi

k DÏxc‡Ki X, Y I Z †gŠj 3wUi cvigvYweK msL¨v h_vµ‡g wbKUeZ©x wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi MVb web¨vm AR©b Ki‡Z 1wU gvÎ
11, 12 I 13| myZivs X, Y I Z †gŠj 3wU n‡jv h_vµ‡g †mvwWqvg B‡jKUª‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| †h‡nZz nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) I †d¬vwib (F) †gŠj
(Na), g¨vM‡bwkqvg (Mg) I A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al)| wb‡æ †gŠj 3wUi `ywUi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb m¤¢e bq| †m‡nZz B‡jKUªb
cvigvYweK e¨vmv‡a©i µg we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g wbKUeZ©x wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi MVb web¨vm AR©b K‡i
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †d¬vivBW (HF) mg‡hvRx †hŠM MVb K‡i| A_©vr †gŠj
Na, Mg I Al †gŠj 3wUi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡jvÑ
`ywUi g‡a¨ mg‡hvRx eÜb we`¨gvb| wb‡æ WvqvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g HF
2 2 6 1
11Na  1s 2s 2p 3s Gi mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
12Mg  1s22s22p63s2
13Al  1s22s22p63s23p1
DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †gŠj 3wU Z…Zxq
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †d¬vwib nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
ch©v‡q Aew¯’Z| Avgiv Rvwb, GKB ch©v‡qi evg n‡Z Wvb w`‡K
cigvYy cigvYy †d¬vivBW AYy
†M‡j †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYyi AvKvi A_©vr e¨vmva© n«vm cvq| KviY wPÎ : HF-Gi eÜb MVb cÖwµqv
GKB ch©v‡qi evg n‡Z Wv‡b AMÖmi n‡j cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i
k DÏxc‡Ki A, B I C †gŠj 3wUi †cÖvUb msL¨v h_vµ‡g 1, 11 I
mv‡_ mv‡_ kw³¯@i e„w× cvq bv| wKš‘ cigvYy‡Z †cÖvUb msL¨v 9| myZivs †gŠj 3wU h_vµ‡g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H), †mvwWqvg (Na) I
e„w× cvq Ges me©ewnt¯’ ¯@‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ wbDwK¬qv‡mi †d¬vwib (F)| GLb AC I BC †hŠM A_©vr HF I NaF Dfq †hŠMB
AvKl©Y e„w× cvq| d‡j cigvYyi AvKvi/e¨vmva© n«vm cvq| GKB †KŠk‡j cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq| wb‡æ Zv hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Kiv
GKvi‡Y †gŠj 3wUi cvigvYweK e¨vmv‡a©i µg n‡e Na>Mg>Al| n‡jv :
imvqb  1587
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) I †d¬vwib (F) DfqB AavZz nIqvq GK †Rvov cÖkœ  04 Na + H2SO4  X + H2
B‡jKUªb †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb K‡i HF AYy Drcbœ K. DfgyLx wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K‡i| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) I †d¬vwib (F) cigvYyi g‡a¨ †d¬vwi‡bi (F) L. ÒbvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AvYweK fi 28Ó e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Zwor FYvÍKZv †ewk nIqvq †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªbhyMj †d¬vwib (F) M. DÏxc‡Ki X-†hŠ‡M mvjdv‡ii RviY gvb wbY©q Ki| 3
cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi w`‡K †ewk AvK…ó nq| GKvi‡Y †d¬vwib (F) N. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡Z mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Ki
cigvYy‡Z AvswkK FYvÍK cÖvš@ I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) cigvYy‡Z ÒRviY Qvov weRviY wewµqv msNwUZ nqwbÓ| 4
AvswkK abvÍK cÖv‡š@i m„wó nq| hv mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi †cvjvwiwU [Aa¨vq 7 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
bv‡g cwiwPZ| Abyiƒcfv‡e, cvwbi AYy‡ZI GKB Kvi‡Y †cvjvwiwU 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†`Lv hvq| h †h ivmvqwbK wewµqvq wewµqK c`v_© wewµqv K‡i Drcv‡`

 +
 2 cwiYZ nq Avevi Drcv` c`v_©My‡jv wewµqv K‡i cybivq wewµqK
O
H  F + +
H H
c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq Zv‡K DfgyLx wewµqv ejv nq|
Giƒc Ae¯’vq H2O I HF ci¯•‡ii wecwiZ PvR©hy³ cigvYy Øviv i †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji †cÖvUb msL¨v I wbDUªb msL¨vi †hvMdj‡K H
AvK…ó nq Ges HF cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq| †gŠ‡ji fimsL¨v e‡j| Avevi †Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z
†gŠjmg–‡ni cvigvYweK fi msL¨vi †hvMdj‡K H †hŠ‡Mi (AYyi)
AvYweK fi e‡j| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vmxq c`v_© nIqvq GwU
wØcigvYyK nq| †h‡nZz bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Gi cvigvYweK fi msL¨v 14|
†m‡nZz bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AvYweK fi n‡e 14  2 A_©vr 28|
j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvvB,
Na + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2
wPÎ : HF Gi cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqZv †mvwWqvg mvjwdDwiK †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
mvaviYZ AvqwbK †hŠMMy‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq| AvqwbK GwmW mvj‡dU(X)
†hŠMMy‡jv‡K cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ki‡j abvÍK Avqb cvwbi FYvÍK DcwiD³ wewµqvq Drcbœ ʻXʼ †hŠMwU n‡jv †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU
(Na2SO4)| wb‡æ Na2SO4 Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYy mvjdv‡ii RviY
†gi“i w`‡K Ges †hŠ‡Mi FYvÍK Avqb cvwbi abvÍK †gi“i w`‡K
AvewZ©Z n‡q cvi¯•wiK AvKl©Y Abyfe K‡i| d‡j j¨vwU‡mi msL¨v wbY©q Kiv n‡jv :
Avqbmg–‡ni ga¨Kvi Kzj¤^ AvKl©Y Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges AvqbMy‡jv g‡b Kwi, Na2SO4 †hŠ‡M S Gi RviY msL¨v = X
`ªveK cvwbi AYy Øviv †ewóZ Ae¯’vq j¨vwUm n‡Z wew”Qbœ n‡q Avgiv Rvwb, †h‡Kv‡bv †hŠ‡Mi AYyi RviYgvb k–b¨ nq| A_©vr
Na2SO4 = 0
`ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z nq| wb‡Pi wP‡Î NaF Gi `ªeYxqZv †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
ev, (+ 1)  2 + X + ( 2)  4 = 0
ev, (+ 2) + X + ( 8) = 0
ev, 2 + X  8 = 0
ev, X  6 = 0
X=+6
AZGe Na2SO4 †hŠ‡M S Gi RviY msL¨v = + 6
k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
wPÎ : NaF Gi cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqZv
Na + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2
NaF Gi abvÍK Na+ Avqb cvwbi FYvÍK †gi“ OH– Øviv Ges DcwiD³ wewµqvq RviY Qvov weRviY wewµqv msNwUZ nqwb| wb‡æ
NaF Gi FYvÍK Avqb F– cvwbi abvÍK †gi“ H+ Øviv cwi‡ewóZ Zv mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
nq| abvÍK I FYvÍK Avq‡bi mv‡_ cvwb AYyi ms‡hv‡Mi mgq †h wewµqvq wewµqK AYymg–‡ni cigvYyMy‡jvi g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK
wbM©Z kw³‡K nvB‡Wªkb kw³ e‡j| G wbM©Z Zvckw³i cÖfv‡e B‡jKUª‡bi Av`vb cÖ`vb N‡U Ges cigvYy ev Avq‡bi Pv‡R©i n«vm-
NaF Gi †Kjvm j¨vwUm †_‡K AvqbMy‡jv c„_K n‡q cvwb‡Z e„w× N‡U Zv‡K RviY-weRviY wewµqv e‡j| Avevi †h ivmvqwbK
`ªexf‚Z nq| wewµqvq wewµqK c`v_© B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Zv‡K RviY wewµqv
e‡j| Avi †h ivmvqwbK wewµqvi wewµqK c`v_© B‡jKUªb MÖnY DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K MvVwbK ms‡KZ AvKv‡i wbæiƒ‡c wj‡L cvB,
K‡i Zv‡K weRviY wewµqv e‡j| myZivs DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwUi H

†¶‡Î : 3 (H  H) + (X  X)  2(H  X  H)
RviY wewµqv DcwiD³ wewµqvq 3 †gvj H  H eÜb I 1 †gvj X  X eÜb
fv‡O Ges 2  3 = 6 †gvj X  H eÜb M‡o|
0 +1 +1 0 GLv‡b,
2Na + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2
eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ = 3  (H  H) + 1  (X  X)
= 3  436 + 1  946
weRviY wewµqv = 1308 + 946
GLv‡b 2wU Na weRviK wn‡m‡e 2wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i RvwiZ = 2254 kJ/mole
n‡q‡Q| Avi RviK H2SO4 Gi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Na KZ…©K Z¨vMK…Z Avevi, eÜb Mo‡Z wbM©Z kw³ = 6  391
2wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i weRvwiZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr = 2346 kJ/mole
RviY Aa© wewµqv : 2Na  2e  2Na+ Avgiv Rvwb,
weRviY Aa© wewµqv : 2H+ + 2e  H2 wewµqv Zvc (H) = eÜb fvO‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³  eÜb
myZivs wewµqvwU‡Z GKB mv‡_ weRviK c`v_© RviK c`v_©‡K Mo‡Z wbM©Z kw³
B‡jKUªb cÖ`vb K‡i RvwiZ n‡q‡Q Avi RviK c`v_© weRviK c`v_© = (2254  2346) kJ/mole
n‡Z B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i weRvwiZ n‡q‡Q| A_©vr wewµqvq  wewµqv Zvc, H =  92 kJ/mole
B‡jKUª‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U‡Q| AZGe wewµqvwU‡Z RviY Qvov AZGe wewµqvi H-Gi gvb  92 kJ/mole.
weRviY wewµqv msNwUZ nqwb|
k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU wbæiƒc :
cÖkœ  05 3H2(g) + X2(g) 2  2XH3(g); H = ?
3H2(g) + X2(g)  2XH3(g); H =  92 kJ|
eÜb eÜb kw³ kJ/mole
DcwiD³ wewµqvq jv-kv‡Zwjqvi bxwZi cÖ‡qvM hyw³mn we‡kÐlY
XH 391
Kiv n‡jv :
HH 436
Zv‡ci cÖfve : wewµqvq H Gi gvb FYvÍK A_©vr wewµqvwUi
XX 946
m¤§yLgyLx AskwU Zvc Drcv`x Ges wecixZ wewµqvwU Zvcnvix|
[X-cÖZxKx A‡_© eëüZ] GB wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j mvg¨ve¯’v evg
K. wewµqvi nvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q wewµq‡Ki cwigvY e„w× Ki‡e| A_©vr Zvcnvix
L. B_vBb Ges †ebwR‡bi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKBÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 wewµqv e„w×i gva¨‡g Zvc e„w×RwbZ djvdj cÖkwgZ Ki‡e|
M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvi H Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| 3 GKBfv‡e mvg¨ve¯’vq ZvcgvÎv n«vm Ki‡j mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb w`‡K
N. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq jv-kv‡Zwjqvi-Gi bxwZi cÖ‡qvM AMÖmi n‡e| A_©vr Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv e„w× cv‡e Ges Drcv‡ì
N‡U wK? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 cwigvYI evo‡e|
[Aa¨vq 7 I 8 Gi mgš^‡q] Pv‡ci cÖfve : M¨vmxq DfgyLx wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq Pv‡ci cÖfve
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi i‡q‡Q| wewµq‡Ki †gvU †gvj msL¨v 4 Ges Drcv‡ì 2| A_©vr
h GKK mg‡q †h cwigvY wewµqK Drcv‡` cwiYZ nq Zv‡K Drcv‡` AvqZb Kg| GLv‡b wewµqvwU m¤§yLgyLx n‡j AYyi msL¨v
wewµqvi nvi e‡j| n«vm cvq| d‡j GKB AvqZ‡b PvcI n«vm cvq| GB Ae¯’vq Pvc
i Aby‡Z we`¨gvb cigvYyMy‡jvi mij AbycvZ‡K †h cÖwµqvq e„w×‡Z mvg¨ve¯’v Wvb w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q Drcv‡ì cwigvY e„w×
Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K Avevi mvg¨ve¯’vq Pvc n«vm Ki‡j mvg¨ve¯’v
cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K ¯’‚j ms‡KZ e‡j| mvaviYZ ¯’‚jms‡KZ
evg w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q wewµq‡Ki cwigvY e„w× Ki‡e|
Øviv †hŠ‡Mi Aby‡Z we`¨gvb †gŠjmg–‡ni cigvYy msL¨vi AbycvZ
cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb, A¨vwmwUwjb/B_vBb I †ebwR‡bi AvYweK cÖkœ  06 40C ZvcgvÎvq KwVb K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi
ms‡KZ h_vµ‡g C2H2 Ges C6H6| Gwfbœ `yBwU †hŠ‡Mi †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ †K¬vwib M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j X †hŠM I cvwb Drcbœ n‡jv|
cigvYy msL¨vi AbycvZ CH| A_©vr ¯’‚j ms‡KZ CH| AZGe, K. GwmW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
GKvwaK †hŠ‡Mi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ GKB n‡Z cv‡i| L. B‡_b A‡c¶v Bw_b AwaK mwµq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
j †Ìqv Av‡Q, M. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠMwU‡Z mswkÐó †gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv
X  H Gi eÜb kw³ = 391 kJ/mole mshywZ wbY©q Ki| 3
H  H Gi eÜb kw³ = 436 kJ/mole N. DÏxc‡Ki X †hŠM Kvc‡oi `vM DVv‡bvi Rb¨ eënv‡ii
X  X Gi eÜb kw³ = 946 kJ/mole †KŠkj we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
 wewµqv Zvc H = ? [Aa¨vq 6 I 12 Gi mgš^‡q]
imvqb  1589
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O + CO2  CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HOCl
h †h me c`v‡_©i AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Av‡Q Ges Rjxq 2HOCl  HCl + [O]
`ªe‡Y we‡qvwRZ n‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡K `vMhy³ Kvco + [O]  `vMnxb Kvco
GwmW e‡j| Gfv‡e weÐwPs cvDWvi Kvc‡oi `vM `–i K‡i|
i B‡_b Kve©b-Kve©b I Kve©b-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb kw³kvjx GKK cÖkœ  7
mg‡hvRx eÜ‡bi gva¨‡g MwVZ| ZvB B‡_b mvaviYZ ivmvqwbK
wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| A_©vr B‡_b Ab¨ c`v‡_©i cÖwZ
Avmw³nxb| c¶vš@‡i Bw_‡bi Kve©b wkK‡j Aš@Z `ywU Kve©b
cigvYyi g‡a¨ wØ-eÜb Av‡Q Ges Kve©‡bi Aewkó †hvR¨Zv
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv c–Y© nq| Bw_b AYy‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb _vKvq
ivmvqwbKfv‡e AZ¨š@ mwµq KviY wØeÜ‡bi cÖ_g eÜbwU
kw³kvjx n‡jI wØZxq eÜbwU Zzjbvg–jKfv‡e `ye©j| G Kvi‡Y
B‡_b A‡c¶v Bw_b mwµq| K. BDwbfvm©vj BwÛ‡KUi Kx? 1
L. cÖkgb wewµqv bb-†iW· wewµqv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
j DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨‡K wbæiƒ‡c wewµqv AvKv‡i wj‡L cvB,
40C
M. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq weKv‡ii wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2(g)  Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O wbY©q Ki| 3
K¨vjwmqvg †K¬vwib K¨vjwmqvg †K¬v‡iv- cvwb
N. ey‡i‡Ui m¤•–Y© HCl weKv‡i †hvM Ki‡j †h `ªeY
nvB‡Wªv·vBW nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU (X)
cÖ¯‘Z n‡e Zvi cÖK…wZ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
DcwiD³ wewµqvi X †hŠMwU n‡jv weÐwPs cvDWvi {Ca(OCl)Cl}|
GLb,
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Ca(OCl)Cl A_©vr CaOCl2 Gi AvYweK fi
= 40 + 16 + 35.5  2 = 40 + 16 + 71 = 127 g/mole h wewfbœ GwmW, ¶vi BwÛ‡KUi ev wb‡`©k‡Ki wgkÖY n‡jv
myZivs Ca(OCl)Cl †hŠ‡Mi †gŠjMy‡jvi kZKiv mshywZ wbæiƒcÑ BDwbfvm©vj BwÛ‡KUi|
40
Ca Gi kZKiv cwigvY =  100% = 31.49% i GwmW I ¶viK ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb
127
16 Drcbœ Ki‡j Zv‡K cÖkgb wewµqv e‡j| mvaviYZ cÖkgb wewµqvq
O Gi kZKiv cwigvY =  100% = 12.59%
127 Gwm‡Wi H+ I ¶vi‡Ki OH– ci¯•i hy³ n‡q H2O MVb K‡i|
35.5  2
Cl Gi kZKiv cwigvY =  100% = 55.90% Ab¨vb¨ avZe I AavZe Avqbmg–n `ªe‡Y Avqb wn‡m‡eB we`¨gvb
127
AZGe Ca(OCl)Cl †hŠ‡Mi K¨vjwmqvg, Aw·‡Rb I †K¬vwib _v‡K| A_©vr Zv‡ì RviY msL¨vi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
†gŠ‡ji kZKiv mshywZ h_vµ‡g 31.49%, 12.59% I 55.90%| myZivs cÖkgb wewµqv bb-†iW· wewµqv|
k DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨‡K wewµqv AvKv‡i wbæiƒ‡c wj‡L cvB, j DÏxc‡K wewµqvq weKvi‡Ki wewµq‡Ki (NaHCO3) NbgvÎv
40C wbY©q :
Ca(OH)2(aq) + Cl2(g)  Ca (OCl)Cl + H2O
K¨vjwmqvg †K¬vwib K¨vjwmqvg †K¬v‡iv cvwb Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
nvB‡Wªv·vBW nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU(X) W=
SVM NaHCO3-Gi AvYweK fi,
1000
DcwiD³ wewµqvi 'X' †hŠMwU n‡jv weÐwPs cvDWvi {Ca(OCl)Cl}| M = 23 + 1 + 12 + 16  3 = 84 g/mole
1000  W
ev, S = VM NaHCO3 Gi fi, W = 50 gm
myZivs weÐwPs cvDWvi Øviv Kvc‡oi `vM DVv‡bvi †KŠkj wb‡æ
`ªe‡Yi AvqZb, V = 500 mL
we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv : =
1000  50
500  84  `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv, S = ?
weÐwPs cvDWvi [Ca(OCl)Cl] evqygÊ‡ji Kve©b WvBA·vBW Ges = 1.19 M
cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqvq nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| AZGe, weKv‡ii wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv 1.19 M|
nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW Zvr¶wYK we‡qvwRZ n‡q Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb
k `ªe‡Y HCl `ª‡ei †gvj msL¨v GLv‡b,
Drcbœ K‡i| GB Rvqgvb Aw·‡R‡bi RviY wµqvq Kvc‡oi `vM
50
`–i nq| Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb I HCl Gi wewµqvq cvwb I mwµq = mole HCl Gi AvYweK fi
36.5
†K¬vwib Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ †K¬vwi‡bi RviY wµqvq `vM `–i nq| = 1.37 mole = 36.5 g/mole
Avevi, j DÏxc‡Ki wZb Kve©b wewkó A¨vjKvBb 'Y' †hŠMwU n‡jv

`ªe‡Y NaHCO3 `ª‡ei †gvj msL¨v GLv‡b, †cÖvcvBb| hvi mvaviY ms‡KZ n‡jv C3H4| wb‡æ C3H4 Gi GKwU
=
50
mole NaHCO3 Gi AvYweK fi AYyi cÖK…Z fi wbY©q Kiv n‡jv :
84
= 23 + 1 + 12 + 16  3 1 †gvj C3H4 Gi AvYweK fi = {(12  3) + (1  4)} g
= 0.595 mole
= 84 g/mole = (36 + 4) g
DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU‡K m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, = 40 g
NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + CO2 + H2O Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb,
DcwiD³ wewµqvi †¶‡Î,
1 †gvj ev 40 g C3H4 G AYyi msL¨v 6.023  1023 wU|
1 †gvj NaHCO3-Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 1 †gvj HCl
1  0.595  C3H4 Gi 6.023  1023 wU AYyi fi = 40 g
 0.595 Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó = Ó Ó
1
40
†gvj HCl
= 0.595  Ó 1 Ó Ó Ó = 6.023  1023 g
myZivs `ªe‡Y AwZwi³ HCl Gi cwigvY = (1.37  0.595) †gvj = 6.64  10 23 g
= 0.775 †gvj
AZGe B_vB‡bi (C3H4) GKwU AYyi cÖK…Z fi = 6.64  10 23 g.
AZGe `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ Aèxq n‡e|
k DÏxc‡Ki wZb Kve©b wewkó A¨vjKvBb
†hŠMwU n‡jv ʻYʼ
wZb Kve©bwewkó †cÖvcvBb (C3H4)| wb‡æ †cÖvcvBb n‡Z A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘wZ
cÖkœ  08
A¨vjKvBb-Y mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv :
K. g‡bvgvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †cÖvcvBb (C3H4) n‡Z A¨vjwWnvBW (B_vb¨vj, CH3  CHO)
L. †cÖvwcb‡K A¨vjwKb ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 cÖ¯‘wZ :
M. DÏxc‡Ki Y M¨vmwUi GKwU AYyi cÖK…Z fi wbY©q †cÖvcvB‡bi (C3H4) Gi g‡a¨ 20% H2SO4 I 2% HgSO4 `ªeY †hvM
Ki| 3 K‡i 80C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j †cÖvcv‡bvb Drcbœ
N. DÏxc‡Ki †hŠMwU †_‡K A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘Z m¤¢e nq|
wK? mgxKiYmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 20% H SO + 2% HgSO 2 4 4
[Aa¨vq 6 I 11 Gi mgš^‡q] H3C  C  CH + H2 O H3C  CO  CH3
80C
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †cÖvcvBb †cÖvcv‡bvb
h †h mKj mij AYy ci¯•‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q cwjgvi MVb K‡i Gfv‡e cÖvß †cÖvcv‡bvb‡K Aèxq K2Cr2O7 Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j
Zv‡ì‡K g‡bvgvi e‡j| B_vbwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
i †hme nvB‡WªvKve©‡b Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb Dcw¯’Z _v‡K †mme K2Cr2O7
H3C  CO  CH3 + [ O ]  H3C  COOH
nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K A¨vjwKb e‡j| A¨vj‡K‡bi mvavib ms‡KZ H2SO4
CnH2n|
†cÖ
v cv‡bvb Rvqgvb B_vbwqK GwmW
Avgiv Rvwb, †cÖvwc‡bi MvVwbK ms‡KZ Aw·‡Rb
H H AZtci wjw_qvg A¨vjywgwbqvg nvBWªvBW (LiAlH4) Øviv Drcbœ
  H B_vbwqK GwmW‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡j B_vb¨vj Drcbœ nq|
HCC=C
 H LiAlH4
H3C  COOH + [ H ]  H3C  CHO
H
B_vbwqK GwmW Rvqgvb B_vb¨vj
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GKwU Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb we`¨gvb Ges A¨vjwK‡bi mvaviY nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
ms‡KZ CnH2n †K †g‡b P‡j| AZGe wZb Kve©b wewkó A¨vjKvBb (†cÖvcvBb) n‡Z A¨vjwWnvBW
AZGe †cÖvwcb‡K A¨vjwKb ejv hvq| (B_vb¨vj) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e|

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imvqb  1517

mgy`ªeZx© AÂjMy‡jv mgy`ªc„‡ô Wz‡e hv‡e|

cvwb AvKl©x †Zj AvKl©x

A_©vr 2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2  Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O K F +

3| 2Mg + O2  2MgO 40C

Mg Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm wbæiƒc : 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

g¨vM‡bwkqv‡gi (Mg) †hvRbx I †hvRbx B‡jKUªb GKB nq| 2+ 2 2 6

nq| d‡j Mg Gi RviY N‡U| I FYvÍK n‡Z cv‡i|

mvg¨ve¯’vq ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’v evg w`‡K

6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ_‡g A¨v‡gvwbqvg Kve©v‡gU (NH3COONH4) Drcbœ nq|

(ii) H2S2O7 + H2O  2 'X'

jvf K‡i? 18. †mvwWqvg †cÖvcvb‡q‡Ui mv‡_ †mvWvjvB‡gi wewµqvq †Kvb

26Fe  1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s (¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v)

cÖK…wZ‡Z wRsK mvjdvBW ZnS ev Zn2+S2 wn‡m‡e _v‡K|

M¨vm Zij + M¨vm

DÏxc‡Ki P †hŠMwU A_©vr †cÖvcvbj (CH3CH2CH2OH) n‡Z 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

i †gŠgvwQ †cvKvi Kvg‡oi ¶Z¯’v‡b †cvKvi kixi †_‡K †h wel 300

cÖkœ  02 DfgyLx wewµqvi mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµqvi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU wbqvgK

†mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW Gi ¯’‚j ms‡KZ NaCl| ms‡KZ Øviv †hŠ‡Mi cÖkœ  07

K. COD Gi c–Y©iƒc Kx? 1

h cigvYyi †cÖvUb msL¨v‡K ejv nq cvigvYweK msL¨v hv GKwU Y 35 18

i †mvwWqv‡gi fimsL¨v ej‡Z †mvwWqv‡gi †cÖvUb I wbDUªb

j DÏxc‡Ki ʻZʼ †gŠjwUi fimsL¨v 23 Ges wbDUªb msL¨v 12|

cÖkœ  05 AgNO3 I jNy NaOH Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ Aat‡¶c :

k DÏxc‡Ki A I B †gŠ‡ji AvKwiK h_vµ‡g e·vBU I 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

i. Pzbvcv_i wjwgwUs wewµqK ii. Drcbœ CO2 Gi cwigvY 26.4 gm

ii. B kw³¯@‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM A kw³¯@‡ii 90 0 56 36 0

m¤¢e wK bv? wewµqvmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 K. M‡elYvMvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1

3| n=2 L. †KK ˆZwi‡Z †ewKs †mvWv e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? 2

 (ii) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2 NH3(g); H =  92 kJ/mol.

Pvj‡KvmvBU X Y fi‡eM wbY©q Ki| 3

3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

j B g‡W‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯@i, n=2 (A) (B)

j DÏxc‡K 4_© ch©v‡q cUvwkqvg Ges ¯‹¨vbwWqv‡gi (Sc)

Cl RviY Aa©wewµqv : H2S  2e  2H+ + S

7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Mn2+

cÖkœ  08 †`Iqv Av‡Q, C – H = 414 kJ/mole

A B C K. BDwbfvm©vj BwÛ‡KUi Kx? 1

[we. `ª. 21. Kr Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v 36 Ges cvigvYweK fi 84]

2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖkœ  03

DcwiD³ B‡jKUªb web¨vm j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Dfq †gŠjB Zvi

Avevi, j DÏxc‡Ki wZb Kve©b wewkó A¨vjKvBb 'Y' †hŠMwU n‡jv

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