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Unit 4 - CCN

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21 views2 pages

Unit 4 - CCN

Uploaded by

adityachopde27
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT 4: TCP/IP Protocol Suite

4.1 Host-to-Network Layer Protocols: SLIP, PPP


The Host-to-Network Layer is responsible for establishing the connection between a computer (host)
and the network. Protocols like SLIP and PPP help manage this:

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol): An older protocol used for simple communication between two
devices over a serial connection. It's mostly replaced by newer protocols but was once used for dial-up
internet connections.

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): A more advanced protocol used for establishing a direct connection
between two nodes, commonly over a phone line or direct cable connection. It supports error detection,
and authentication, and is used in many modern internet connections (such as DSL).

4.2 Internet Layer Protocols: IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP


The Internet Layer is crucial for routing data between different networks. It provides addressing and
delivers packets to their destination. The key protocols include:

IP (Internet Protocol): The main protocol responsible for delivering packets from the source to the
destination across networks. It assigns IP addresses and ensures packets are correctly routed.

-ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Converts IP addresses to physical MAC addresses, which are used
on local networks like Ethernet.

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): Opposite of ARP, it finds an IP address from a device's
MAC address. It's used when a device knows its MAC address but not its IP address.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used by network devices to send error messages and
operational information, like when data cannot reach its destination (for example, the `ping` command
uses ICMP to check the availability of devices on a network).

4.3 Transport Layer Protocols: TCP and UDP


The Transport Layer ensures that data sent across the network arrives at its destination correctly, and
offers two major protocols:

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): This protocol ensures reliable communication. It breaks data into
packets, tracks them to ensure they arrive in order, and reassembles them at the destination. It also
handles retransmission if packets are lost or damaged.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol): A simpler protocol than TCP. It sends packets without checking for errors
or ensuring they arrive in the correct order. This makes it faster, but less reliable. It's useful for
applications like video streaming or online gaming where speed is critical and occasional data loss is
acceptable.

4.4 Application Layer Protocols: FTP, HTTP, SMTP, TELNET, DNS, BOOTP, DHCP
The Application Layer is the topmost layer where most network applications operate, and it deals with
specific data services for end-users. Some key protocols include:

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Allows the transfer of files between a client and server over a network. It
supports both downloading and uploading files.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The protocol used by web browsers to communicate with web
servers and display web pages. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): A protocol used for sending emails between mail servers. It works
in conjunction with other protocols like IMAP or POP for receiving emails.

TELNET: A protocol used to establish a connection with a remote computer, allowing the user to log in
and execute commands as if they were sitting at that computer.

DNS (Domain Name System): Translates human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into IP
addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network.

BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol): An older protocol used to assign IP addresses to devices. It has been
mostly replaced by DHCP.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): A protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses to
devices on a network. It reduces the need for manual configuration of IP addresses.

Each of these protocols serves a specific purpose and is essential for enabling various types of network
communication and services.

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