Opening

Prayer
 Methods
of Data
Collection
 Essential
Question
What is the importance of
collecting data as a researcher?
Springboard Activity

“ Covid-19 Vaccines
Efficacy Rates”
Objectives
At the end of the lesson you should
be able to:
a. define data and its significance;
b. differentiate primary data from
secondary data resource
c. Identify the different methods
in collecting data ; and
d. determine the the advantages
and disadvantages of each
method.
 What is Data?
❏ collection of facts,
figures, objects,
symbols, and events
gathered from
different sources.
Why do we need to collect data?
➔ Data will empowers you to
make inform decisions
➔ Data helps you identify
problems
➔ Data allows you to develop
possible accurate theories
Why do we need to collect data?
➔ Data will help up you backup
your arguments
➔ Data saves you time
➔ Minimize the risk of error/s
in decision making
➔ Ensure the integrity of the
research
What is Data Collection?

❏ Methodical process of
gathering and analyzing
specific information to offer
solutions to relevant questions
and evaluate the results.
What is Data Collection?

❏ Data collected can be further

subjected to hypothesis
testing which seeks to explain
a phenomenon.
What is Data Collection?

❏ To put a researcher in a
vantage position to make
predictions about future
probabilities and trends.
 Methods
of Data
Collection
A. Primary Data Collection Method
❏ Primary data is collected from
the first-hand experience and
is not used in the past.

The data gathered by primary

data collection methods are
specific to the research’s motive
and highly accurate
A. Categories Primary Data
Collection Method
1. Quantitative Method
➔ Quantitative methods are
presented in numbers and
require a mathematical
calculation to deduce.
A. Categories Primary Data
Collection Method
1. Quantitative Method
➔ Use of a questionnaire with
close-ended questions to
arrive at figures to be
calculated mathematically.
A. Categories Primary Data
Collection Method
2. Qualitative Method
➔ Especially useful in situations
when historical data is not
available or there is no need of
numbers or mathematical
calculations.
A. Categories Primary Data
Collection Method
2. Qualitative Method
➔ closely associated with words,
sounds, feeling, emotions,
colors, and other elements
that are non-quantifiable.
Interviews
Personal Interview –
In this method, a
person known as an
interviewer is required
to ask questions face ❏ The personal interview can be
structured or unstructured,
to face to the other
direct investigation, focused
person.
conversation, etc.
Interviews Telephonic Interview
– In this method, an
interviewer obtains
information by
contacting people on the
telephone to ask the
questions or views orally.
Interviews Advantages
➢ In-depth information
can be collected.
➢ Non-response and
response bias can be
detected.
➢ The samples can be
controlled.
Interviews
Disadvantages
➢ It is more
time-consuming.
➢ The interviewer may be
biased.
 Surveys
Surveys are used to
collect data from the
target audience and
gather insights into
their preferences,
opinions, choices, and
feedback related to their
products and services.
 Questionnaires

❏ A questionnaire is a
printed set of questions,
either open-ended or
closed-ended.
 Questionnaires
❏ The respondents are
required to answer based
on their knowledge and
experience with the issue
concerned.
 Questionnaires
❏ The questionnaire is a
part of the survey,
whereas the
questionnaires end-goal
may or may not be a
survey.
 Advantages
➢ Can be administered in
large numbers and is
cost-effective.
➢ It can be used to
compare and contrast
previous research to
measure change. Questionnaires
 Advantages
➢ Easy to visualize and
analyze.
➢ Questionnaires offer
actionable data.
➢ Respondent identity is
protected.
➢ Relatively inexpensive. Questionnaires
 Disadvantages
➢ Answers may be
dishonest or the
respondents lose
interest midway.
➢ Questionnaires may not
produce qualitative
data. Questionnaires
 Disadvantages
➢ Questions might be left
unanswered.
➢ Respondents may have
a hidden agenda.
➢ Not all questions can be
analyzed easily.
Questionnaires
Observation
A way to gather data by
watching people, events,
or noting physical
characteristics in their
natural setting.
Observation Types of Observation

Naturalistic vs. Controlled

Participant vs.
Non-participant

Structured vs. Unstructured

Overt vs. Covert

 Naturalistic
vs. Controlled Naturalistic

Naturalistic observation
involves observing
people in their natural
environment without
manipulating variables
 Naturalistic Controlled
vs. Controlled
This observation involves
observing people in a
controlled environment
where variables can be
manipulated to create
specific conditions.
 Participant vs.
Non-participant Participant

Observer becomes a part

of the group being
studied and actively
participates in the
activities being studied.
 Participant vs.
Non-participant Non - participant

Involves observing from

a distance without
becoming a part of the
group.
Structured vs.
Unstructured Structured

Structured observation
refers to observing
people in a structured
setting with
predetermined activities
Structured vs.
Unstructured Unstructured

Unstructured
observation involves
observing people without
predetermined activities
to observe.
Overt vs. Covert
Overt

Overt observation
involves observing
people with their
knowledge and consent
Overt vs. Covert
Covert

Covert observation
involves observing
people without their
knowledge or consent
Observation Advantages
➢ Easy to administer.
➢ Greater accuracy with
results.
➢ It is a universally
accepted practice.
➢ It is appropriate for
certain situations.
Observation
Advantages
➢ It diffuses the situation
of an unwillingness of
respondents to
administer a report.
Observation Disadvantages
➢ Some phenomena aren’t
open to observation.
➢ It cannot be relied upon.
➢ Bias may arise.
➢ It is expensive to
administer.
➢ Its validity cannot be
predicted accurately.
 Focus Group
❏ It is slightly similar to
interviews, but this
involves discussions and
interactions rather than
questions and answers.
 Focus Group
❏ Focus groups are less
formal and the participants
are the ones who do most
of the talking, with
moderators there to
oversee the process.
 Focus Group
❏ This research involves
asking open-ended
questions to a group of
individuals usually ranging
from 6-10 people, to
provide feedback.
 Advantages
➢ Information obtained is
usually very detailed.
➢ Cost-effective when
compared to
one-on-one interviews.

Focus Group
 Disadvantages
➢ Lacking depth in covering
the essence of a subject
matter.
➢ Bias might still be evident.
➢ Requires interviewer
training
➢ The researcher has very
little control over the
Focus Group
outcome.