CPL (Gleims) - Chapter 4
CPL (Gleims) - Chapter 4
CPL (Gleims) - Chapter 4
Commercial Pilot
Chapter Four:
Federal Aviation Regulations
Commercial Pilot
Chapter Four:
Federal Aviation Regulations
1. Commercial operators engage in carriage by aircraft in air commerce of persons or property for
compensation or hire, other than as an air carrier.
2. An operator is a person who causes the aircraft to be used or authorizes its use.
3. Operational control of a flight means exercising authority over initiating, conducting, or
terminating a flight.
1. VS1 means the stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in a specified configuration.
2. VS means the stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable.
3. VF means the design flap speed.
4. VNO means the maximum structural cruising speed.
5. VLE means the maximum landing gear extended speed.
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Chapter Four: Federal Aviation Regulations Page 2 of 16
Commercial Pilot
Chapter Four:
Federal Aviation Regulations
1. The utility operational category of an airplane permits limited acrobatics, including spins (if
approved for that particular type of airplane).
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Chapter Four: Federal Aviation Regulations Page 3 of 16
Commercial Pilot
Chapter Four:
Federal Aviation Regulations
1. A current and appropriate pilot and medical certificate is required to be in a pilot's personal
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft whenever the pilot is acting as pilot in command or
as a required flight crewmember.
61.5 Certificates and Ratings Issued under This Part (Question 10)
1. Aircraft class ratings (with respect to airmen) are single-engine land, multiengine land, single-
engine sea, and multiengine sea.
1. A pilot convicted of operating a motor vehicle while either intoxicated by, impaired by, or under
the influence of alcohol or a drug is required to provide a written report to the FAA Civil Aviation
Security Division (AMC-700) not later than 60 days after the conviction.
2. A pilot convicted for the violation of any Federal or State statute relating to the process,
manufacture, transportation, distribution, or sale of narcotic drugs is grounds for suspension or
revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under Part 61.
3. A pilot convicted of operating an aircraft as a crewmember under the influence of alcohol, or
using drugs that affect the person's faculties (acts which are prohibited by Sec. 91.17), is grounds
for denial of an application for a certificate, rating, or authorization issued under Part 61 for a
period of one year after the date of that act.
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1. A second-class medical certificate expires for commercial pilot purposes at the end of the last day
of the 12th month after the month of the date of examination shown on the certificate.
1. For flights carrying passengers, the pilot must hold a category and class rating appropriate to the
aircraft being flown.
2. A type rating is required when operating any turbojet-powered airplane or an airplane having a
gross weight of more than 12,500 lb.
3. To act as pilot in command of a complex airplane (an airplane that has retractable landing gear,
flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller), the pilot must receive and log ground and flight training
in such an airplane and obtain a logbook endorsement of competence.
4. To act as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane (an airplane with an engine of more
than 200 horsepower), the pilot must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized
instructor in such an airplane.
5. To act as a pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane, without prior experience, a pilot must receive
and log flight training from an authorized instructor in a tailwheel airplane and receive a one-time
logbook endorsement.
1. Pilots may log as second-in-command time all flight time when qualified and occupying a
crewmember station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot.
2. The aeronautical training and experience used to meet the requirements for a certificate, rating, or
flight review and recent flight experience must be documented and recorded in a manner
acceptable to the FAA, e.g., a logbook.
1. To serve as second in command of an airplane type certificated for more than one pilot
crewmember and operated under Part 91, (in part) a person, within the last 12 months, must have
become familiar with the required information (systems operations, performance, limitations, etc.)
and must have logged pilot time in the type of airplane for which privileges are requested.
1. To act as pilot in command of an aircraft, a commercial pilot must have satisfactorily completed a
flight review or proficiency check within the preceding 24 months.
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1. If a pilot does not meet the recent night experience requirements, (s)he may not carry passengers
during the period 1 hr. after sunset to 1 hr. before sunrise.
2. Prior to carrying passengers, the pilot in command must accomplish required takeoffs and
landings in the same category, class, and type of aircraft (if a type rating is required).
3. To act as pilot in command under IFR or in weather conditions that are less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR, a pilot must have, within the preceding 6 months, performed and logged
(under actual or simulated instrument conditions) at least 6 instrument approaches, holding
prodecures, and intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigation systems.
1. Alternatively, the pilot may have passed an instrument proficiency check in the appropriate
category of aircraft within the preceding 6 months
61.58 Pilot-in-Command Proficiency Check: Operation of Aircraft Requiring More than One Pilot
Flight Crewmember (Question 24)
1. To serve as pilot in command of an airplane that is certificated for more than one pilot
crewmember and operated under Part 91, a person must have completed a pilot-in-command
proficiency check within the preceding 12 calendar months in an airplane that is type certificated
for more than one pilot.
1. You must notify the FAA Airman Certification Branch in writing of any change in your
permanent mailing address.
2. You may not exercise the privileges of your pilot certificate (act as pilot in command) after
30 days from moving unless you make this notification.
1. To act as pilot in command of an airplane towing a glider, the tow pilot is required to hold at least
a current private pilot certificate with a category rating for powered aircraft, have a logbook
endorsement from an authorized glider instructor certifying receipt of ground and flight training in
gliders, and be proficient with techniques and procedures for the safe towing of gliders.
2. To act as pilot in command of an airplane towing a glider, a pilot must have accomplished, within
the preceding 12 months, at least three actual or simulated glider tows while accompanied by a
qualified tow pilot.
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1. Commercial pilots without an instrument rating cannot carry passengers for hire on cross-country
flights during the day beyond a radius of 50 NM.
1. Carrying passengers for hire at night is prohibited without an instrument rating.
2. A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an airplane that
1. Carries persons or property for compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in
accordance with Part 61 and any other FAR Parts that apply to the operation
2. Operates for compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with
Part 61 and any other FAR Parts that apply to the operation
Commercial Pilot
Chapter Four:
Federal Aviation Regulations
1. If you, as pilot in command, deviate from any rule in FAR Part 91 (due to an in-flight emergency
requiring immediate action), you must submit a written report to the FAA, if requested.
2. The pilot in command is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of
the airplane.
1. You, as pilot in command, are responsible for determining whether your aircraft is in condition for
safe flight.
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91.9 Civil Aircraft Flight Manual, Marking, and Placard Requirements (Question 34)
1. You may not operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft unless there is a current, approved Airplane
Flight Manual available in the aircraft.
1. As pilot in command of a civil aircraft, you may not allow any object to be dropped from that
aircraft in flight if it creates a hazard to persons or property.
1. Portable electronic devices which may cause interference with the navigation or communication
system may not be operated on any of the following U.S.-registered civil aircraft operations.
1. Air carrier
2. Any other aircraft under IFR
91.23 Truth in Leasing Clause Requirement in Leases and Conditional Sales Contracts (Question
38)
1. In order to operate a large civil aircraft of U.S. registry which is subject to a lease, the lessee must
have mailed a copy of the lease to the FAA in Oklahoma City within 24 hr. of its execution.
1. Pilots are required to familiarize themselves with all available information concerning the flight
prior to every flight, and specifically to determine
1. For any flight, runway lengths at airports of intended use and the airplane's takeoff and
landing requirements
2. For IFR flights or those not in the vicinity of an airport
1. 1) Weather reports and forecasts
2. 2) Fuel requirements
3. 3) Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed
4. 4) Any known traffic delays
1. Required flight crewmembers' seatbelts must be fastened while the crewmembers are at their
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stations.
2. Each required flight crewmember is required to keep his/her shoulder harness fastened during
takeoff and landing unless
1. The crewmember would be unable to perform required duties with the shoulder harness
fastened.
2. The seat at the crewmember's station is not equipped with a shoulder harness.
91.107 Use of Safety Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint Systems (Questions 45-46)
1. All occupants of airplanes must wear a safety belt and shoulder harness (if installed) during
taxiing, takeoffs, and landings.
91.109 Flight Instruction; Simulated Instrument Flight and Certain Flight Tests (Question 47)
1. No person may operate an airplane in simulated instrument flight conditions unless the other
control seat is occupied by a safety pilot who possesses at least a private pilot certificate with
category and class ratings appropriate to the airplane being flown.
1. No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard.
2. Formation flights are not authorized, except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each
aircraft.
3. Formation flights are not authorized when carrying passengers for hire.
1. When an airplane is overtaking another, the airplane being passed has the right-of-way.
1. The passing (overtaking) airplane shall alter course to the right to pass well clear.
2. When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude (except
head on, or nearly so), the aircraft to the other's right has the right-of-way.
1. Thus, on a night flight, if the pilot of aircraft #1 sees only the green navigation light of
aircraft #2, and the aircraft are converging, aircraft #1 has the right-of-way because it is to
the right of aircraft #2.
2. Airplanes and helicopters are equally maneuverable and have equal rights-of-way.
3. When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport for the purpose of landing, the aircraft at the
lower altitude has the right-of-way.
1. This rule shall not be abused by cutting in front of or overtaking another aircraft.
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1. When a pilot is operating an airplane at or above 18,000 ft. MSL, the altimeter should be set to
29.92 in. Hg.
1. After obtaining an ATC clearance, a pilot may not deviate from that clearance unless an amended
clearance is obtained, an emergency exists, or the deviation is in response to a traffic alert and
collision avoidance system (TCAS) resolution advisory.
1. When any information indicates that barometric pressure on the route of flight currently exceeds
or will exceed 31.00 in. of mercury, no person may operate an aircraft or initiate a flight contrary
to the requirements established by the FAA and published in NOTAMs.
1. The minimum flight visibility and cloud clearance requirements in Class C, D, or E airspace at
6,500 ft. MSL are
1. 3-SM visibility
2. 1,000 ft. above or 500 ft. below
2. The minimum flight visibility for VFR flight increases to 5 SM at an altitude of
1. 10,000 ft. MSL and above 1,200 ft. AGL in Class G airspace, or
2. 10,000 ft. MSL regardless of height above ground in Class E airspace.
1. Specified altitudes are required for VFR cruising flight at more than 3,000 ft. AGL and below
18,000 ft. MSL.
1. The altitude prescribed is based upon the magnetic course.
1. When an alternate airport is required on an IFR flight plan, you must have sufficient fuel to
complete the flight to the first airport of intended landing, fly to the alternate, and thereafter fly for
45 min. at normal cruising speed.
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1. For an airport with an approved instrument approach procedure to be listed as an alternate airport
on an IFR flight plan, the forecasted weather conditions at the time of arrival must be at or above
the following alternate airport weather minimums:
1. Nonprecision approach — ceiling 800 ft. and visibility 2 SM
2. Precision approach — ceiling 600 ft. and visibility 2 SM
2. For an airport with no instrument approach procedure to be listed as an alternate airport, the
forecasted weather conditions at the time of arrival must have a ceiling and visibility that allow
descent from the MEA, approach, and landing under basic VFR.
1. To operate an airplane under IFR using the VOR, you must ensure that the VOR equipment has
been operationally checked within the preceding 30 days and found to be within prescribed limits.
2. The maximum bearing error allowed for an operational VOR equipment check when using an
FAA-approved ground test signal (such as a VOT) is ±4°.
3. Each person making the VOR operational check must enter the date, place, and bearing error and
sign the aircraft log or other record.
1. One requirement for a pilot on an instrument approach to operate below the MDA or DH, or to
continue the approach, is that the airplane continuously be in a position from which a descent to
landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate using normal maneuvers.
2. A pilot is not authorized to land an airplane from an instrument approach unless the flight
visibility is at, or exceeds, the visibility prescribed in the approach procedure being used.
3. In the case of a radar vector to a final approach course or fix, a timed approach from a holding fix,
or an approach for which the procedure specifies "No PT," a pilot may not make a procedure turn
unless cleared to do so by ATC.
1. Except during takeoff or landing, the minimum altitude for IFR flight, within a horizontal distance
of 4 NM from the course to be flown, is 2,000 ft. above the highest obstacle over designated
mountainous terrain or 1,000 ft. above the highest obstacle over terrain elsewhere.
1. The pilot in command of an airplane operated under IFR in controlled airspace, and not in radar
contact, shall report by radio as soon as possible the time and altitude of passing each designated
reporting point.
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91.187 Operation under IFR in Controlled Airspace: Malfunction Reports (Question 74)
1. The pilot in command of an airplane operated under IFR in controlled airspace shall report to
ATC, as soon as practicable, any malfunctions of navigational, approach, or communication
equipment occurring in flight.
91.205 Powered Civil Aircraft with Standard Category U.S. Airworthiness Certificates:
Instrument and Equipment Requirements (Questions 75-77a)
1. For a flight for hire over water beyond power-off gliding distance from shore, approved flotation
gear must be readily available to each occupant.
2. An anticollision light system is required for powered aircraft during VFR night flights.
3. An electric landing light is required for VFR night flights when operated for hire.
1. ELT batteries must be replaced (or recharged, if rechargeable batteries) after 1 cumulative hr. of
use or after 50% of their useful life expires.
1. Airplanes operating between sunset and sunrise must display lighted position (navigation) lights.
2. If an airplane is not equipped with an anticollision light system, no one may operate that airplane
after sunset.
1. At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 ft. MSL, each passenger of the aircraft must be
provided with supplemental oxygen.
1. At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 ft. MSL, each required crewmember must be
provided and must use supplemental oxygen.
2. If a flight is conducted at cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 ft. MSL to and including
14,000 ft. MSL, oxygen must be used by required crewmembers for the time in excess of 30 min.
at that altitude.
91.215 ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment and Use (Questions 83-84)
1. A transponder with altitude encoding (Mode C) equipment is required in all airspace above
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1. In order to operate an aircraft towing an advertising banner, the pilot must obtain a certificate of
waiver from the administrator of the FAA.
1. Persons or property cannot be transported for compensation or hire in a limited category aircraft.
1. Persons or property cannot be transported for compensation or hire in an airplane that has an
experimental certificate.
1. Persons or property cannot be transported for compensation or hire in a primary category aircraft.
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1. After an annual inspection has been completed and the aircraft has been returned to service, an
appropriate notation must be made in the aircraft maintenance records.
2. A standard airworthiness certificate remains in effect as long as the airplane receives required
maintenance and inspections.
1. When aircraft alterations or repairs substantially change the flight characteristics, the aircraft
documents must show that it was test flown and approved for return to service prior to carrying
passengers.
1. The pilot test flying the aircraft must be at least a private pilot and rated for the type of
aircraft being tested.
1. An ATC transponder may not be used unless, within the preceding 24 calendar months, that
transponder has been tested, inspected, and found to comply with appropriate regulations.
1. Each owner or operator must keep maintenance records for each airplane. The records must
include
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1. Current status of life-limited parts of the airframe and each engine, propeller, rotor, and
appliance
2. Current status of each Airworthiness Directive (AD)
3. Preventive maintenance accomplished by a pilot
1. A new maintenance record may be used for a rebuilt (zero-time) engine, but the new records must
include the status of previous Airworthiness Directives.
Commercial Pilot
Chapter Four:
Federal Aviation Regulations
1. A commercial pilot may act as pilot in command of the following operations, which are not
regulated by 14 CFR Part 119 (FAR Part 119):
1. Nonstop flights within a 25 SM radius of an airport for the purpose of carrying persons for
intentional parachute jumps.
2. Crop dusting, spraying, and bird chasing.
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Commercial Pilot
Chapter Four:
Federal Aviation Regulations
1. For an injury to be defined as a "serious injury" on the basis of hospitalization, the injury must
require hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date the injury
was received.
1. Even when no injuries occur to occupants, an airplane accident resulting in substantial damage
must be reported to the nearest National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) field office
immediately.
1. Damage to the landing gear, wheels, and tires are not considered "substantial damage," and
thus no notification or report is required.
2. The following incidents must also be reported immediately to the NTSB:
1. Inability of any required crewmember to perform normal flight duties because of in-flight
injury or illness
2. In-flight fire (but not a ground fire)
3. Flight control system malfunction or failure
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1. A written accident report is required to be filed with the nearest NTSB field office within 10 days
of an accident.
2. A written incident report is required only upon request.
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