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Linux basic health check commands

9 August 2022 by Korbin Brown

There are a variety of tools that a system administrator can use to check and monitor
the health of their Linux system. This would include not only the physical hardware,
but also the so�ware and how many resources are being dedicated to running the
installed services. In this tutorial, you will learn several commands to check overall
health of your Linux system from the command line.

In this tutorial you will learn:

• How to check system processes, CPU usage, and RAM usage

• How to check hard drive diagnostics and input/output operations
• How to monitor network activity and hardware temperatures

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Linux basic health check commands

So�ware Requirements and Linux Command Line Conventions

Category Requirements, Conventions or So�ware Version Used

System Any Linux distro

So�ware top, htop, free, smartmontools, sysstat, lm-sensors, ss

Privileged access to your Linux system as root or via the sudo

Other
command.

# – requires given linux commands to be executed with root

privileges either directly as a root user or by use of sudo command
Conventions
$ – requires given linux commands to be executed as a regular non-
privileged user

Linux basic health check commands

Check out the commands below to see our compiled list of the best health check
tools on Linux. Most of these tools are installed by default on all major Linux distros,
but we have included installation instructions for the few tools that will need to be
installed via system package manager.

top and htop – Process Monitoring

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The top command is installed by default and is a great way to see CPU and RAM
usage on your system. It will also allow you to check which processes are consuming
the most system resources. This will give you insight as to whether or not it may be
necessary to upgrade system components, or rein in services that may be tying up an
unreasonable amount of system CPU or memory.

$ top

Linux top command output

A better alternative would be the htop command, which is just like top but more
human readable. It gives you a summary that is easier to digest and interact with, but
the program is usually not installed by default. If possible, it is highly recommended
to install this program and use it to get a quick glimpse of which processes are
chewing up the majority of your systemʼs hardware resources.

To install htop:

$ sudo apt install htop # Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint

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$ sudo dnf install htop # Fedora, Red Hat, CentOS, AlmaLinux

$ sudo pacman -S htop # Arch Linux, Manjaro

To use htop:

$ htop

Linux htop command output is more user friendly

free – Memory Usage Statistics

The free command is installed by default and allows you to check RAM usage as
well as monitor it in real time.

# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1.9G 784M 145M 20M 1.0G 1.0G

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Swap: 947M 0B 947M

The -s (seconds) switch allows free to run continuously, issuing new output every
speci�ed number of seconds. For example, to run the free command every 3
seconds:

# free -s 3

To see more free usage examples and explanations, check out our tutorial on How
to Monitor RAM Usage on Linux.

SMART Data – Check Hard Drive Health

All hard drives collect data about their performance statistics, bad sectors, power on
hours, and other information. These stats are known as SMART (Self Monitoring
Analysis and Reporting Technology) data, and can be viewed if your system has the
smartmontools package installed.

To install smartmontools:

$ sudo apt install smartmontools # Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint

$ sudo dnf install smartmontools # Fedora, Red Hat, CentOS, AlmaLinux
$ sudo pacman -S smartmontools # Arch Linux, Manjaro

To use smartmontools to check the current status of a hard drive (/dev/sda):

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda

To see more smartctl usage examples and learn how to run diagnostic tests on your
hard drives, check out our tutorial on How to check an hard drive health from the
command line using smartctl.

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Hard Drive Input/Output Statistics

If you are working with computers that do lots of read/write operations, like a busy
database server, for instance, you will need to check disk activity. This can be done
with the help of the iostat command, which will give us statistics about the input
and output operations of all the hard disks in our system.

iostat is available in the sysstat package. To install sysstat:

$ sudo apt install sysstat # Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint

$ sudo dnf install sysstat # Fedora, Red Hat, CentOS, AlmaLinux
$ sudo pacman -S sysstat # Arch Linux, Manjaro

To use iostat :

$ iostat

Or to run continuously for 10 seconds:

$ iostat -d 1 10

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Command output of the iostat command on Linux

Hardware Temperature Monitoring

Another basic health check to perform is monitoring your systemʼs temperature.

Incorrectly installed heat sinks, clogged vents, or dust-ridden chassis fans can lead
to high temperatures, which are a detriment to the longevity of system components,
including the CPU, video card, etc. This can be accomplished through the sensors-
detect command.

sensors-detect is available in the lm_sensors package. To install lm_sensors:

$ sudo apt install lm-sensors # Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint

$ sudo dnf install lm_sensors # Fedora, Red Hat, CentOS, AlmaLinux
$ sudo pacman -S lm_sensors # Arch Linux, Manjaro

To use sensors-detect :

$ sudo sensors-detect

k8temp-pci-00c3
Adapter: PCI adapter
Core0 Temp: +32.0°C
Core0 Temp: +33.0°C
Core1 Temp: +29.0°C
Core1 Temp: +25.0°C

nouveau-pci-0200
Adapter: PCI adapter
temp1: +58.0°C (high = +100.0°C, crit = +120.0°C)

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Network Activity Monitoring

The ss command is the successor to the netstat command on Linux systems. The
command is used by system administrators to see information about network
connections. This means we can check the health of our network by understanding
which processes and services are communicating across our local network as well as
the internet.

The ss command also allows you to check things like the status, origin, and
destination of connections. In addition, ss displays route tables, interface statistics,
masquerade connections, and multicast memberships.

It should already be installed by default on all major Linux distros. It comes with
many extra options, or you can just run the command by itself (recommended to run
as root):

$ sudo ss

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Output of the ss command on Linux

To see more about the ss command, including usage examples and options, check
out our tutorial on Using ss command on Linux.

Closing Thoughts
In this tutorial, we saw how to use commands to perform a basic health check on a
Linux system. This included commands to check system processes, hard drive
diagnostic data, input and output stats, hardware temperatures, network
connections, CPU usage, and RAM usage. As you can see, Linux has no shortage of
tools to let us monitor our system for problems. It is necessary for all system
administrators to run these and similar commands on a regular basis in order to
maintain a healthy system.

Related Linux Tutorials:

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• How to monitor network activity on a Linux system
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• How to partition USB drive in Linux
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• Things to do a�er installing Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jelly�sh…
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System Administration
administration, beginner, commands, server

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