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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

Table of Contents
Abstract:.........................................................................................................................................................3
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................4
2. Background/ History..............................................................................................................................4
3. Construction and Working of speed control of induction motor..........................................................4
4. Discussion..............................................................................................................................................4
5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................5
6. Reference...............................................................................................................................................5

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

Abstract:
In this report, we are discussing one of the ac machine types. The ac machines contain the
synchronous and asynchronous machines and classified also in to motors and generators. When
the machine gives the mechanical power then it is a motor but when it gives an electrical power
then it is a generator. In this project we are studying the asynchronous motor discussing how to
control its speed. The speed of the asynchronous motor ranges from zero and the value of the
synchronous speed. The synchronous speed is the speed of the generated magnetic flux in the
stator. Supplying the stator is done through a three-phase source injects a three-phase current in
the stator coils generates the snipping magnetic field. The speed of the generated field depends
on the frequency of the supply and the number of poles of the motor. It can be increased with the
increase of the frequency and decreased with the increase of the motor's number of poles.
Controlling the speed of the motor can be implemented by controlling the synchronous speed or
the motor's slip. Slip is a value indicates the relation between the speed of the rotor and the speed
of the rotating field in the stator of the induction motor. The are several methods of controlling
the speed depending on the relation between the speed of the rotor the synchronous speed. It can
be controlled by controlling the frequency of the stator or the applied voltage. In these methods,
the operation of the motor is affected by the change in the frequency of the voltage due to the
change in the internal flux of the motor. Also, the starting torque and maximum torque are
reduced when the voltage is reduced. In case of varying the stator frequency, the maximum tor is
increased when it is reduced. So, to get a constant flux and torque, the speed can be controlled
through variation of the voltage and frequency at the same time as a constant ratio. The speed
also can be controlled using a connected resistance in the rotor side, this method gives a variation
in the speed keeping the maximum torque constant.

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ELEG 330 Power System Analysis Project Report

1. Introduction
The induction motor is an ac machine that depends on electromagnetic induction to operate. The
two main parts of this type of machine are the stator and the rotor. The electrical power is
injected to the motor through the stator to be processed inside it and converted to a mechanical
motion in the rotor side. The rotating magnetic field is produced in the stator at a speed called the
synchronous speed.

The induction motor has two types the first one is the squirrel cage motor and the second one is
the slip ring one. The squirrel cage type has a rotor shaped like the cage and closed its side as it
looks loke cylindrical cage. Controlling the speed of the rotor side in this type of motor is
impossible as it is closed but it can be controlled from the stator side easily. The slip ring
induction motor has a similar construction for the rotor and the stator which is three-phase
winding where the speed can be controlled through any part of them.

Figure 1 Types of induction motors

The produced flux interacts with the rotor causing inertia works on rotating the moving part on
the machine. The speed of this part is usually less than the speed of the rotating magnetic field or
the synchronous speed. Slip is the ratio between the relative speed in the motor and the
synchronous speed. Methods of controlling the speed depend on changing the stator voltage of
the motor, changing the frequency, the ratio of the stator voltage and the frequency. The speed
also can be controlled using an added resistor at the rotor side.

Methods of controlling the speed has different effect on the torque of the motor where the
maximum torque is a function of the voltage and the frequency but not a function of the stator

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

resistance. So, when the speed is controlled through the stator voltage or frequency, the induced
torque will be affected but not in case of the external resistance control method.

2. Background/ History
The foundation stone of the induction motor's invention is the experiments of the scientist
Faraday which resulted in the low of electromagnetic induction that is applied in the induction
motor by the year of 1821. Galileo Ferrary and Nekol Tesla had invented the first polyphase
induction motor in 1887.

 In the 20th century, controlling the speed of the induction motors was one of the main
problems which had the scientist's interest.

In this time controlling the speed was implemented through even changing the number of poles
or gearing.

Changing the number of poles depends on the equation of the speed as follows:

120 f
Ns= This equation indicates that the number of the motor's poles is inversely proportional
2P
to its speed so, when the motor has many poles means that its speed is low but if it has a smaller
number of poles then this machine has faster mechanical rotation.

 By the year 1950, power electronics and thyristors started to be used in implementation
of speed control process like silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR). But this method had
disadvantages like high losses because of the harmonics which affect the voltage and the
current of the machine. These rectifiers were the foundation stone to be developed and
known as a variable frequency control method.
 Then, a scientist called McMurray implemented voltage/ frequency control method on the
induction motor for constant magnetic flux in the motor.
 The next step in the development of controlling the speed of the induction motor is using
variable frequency drives. In this method the ratio between the voltage and the frequency
is kept constant where the voltage is converted from ac to dc then converted to ac again
with the required frequency with isolated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) .

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

3. Construction and Working of Speed control of the induction

motor.
To know how to control the speed of the induction motor, we must firstly recognize the
parameters that the speed depends on, to be able to use these parameters in the controlling
process.

As we know, the moving part of the motor is the rotor which rotates because of the inertia
produced on it because of the electromagnetic induction in the machine.

Supplying the stator with the three-phase source generates a three-phase flux rotates with a speed
called the synchronous speed.

120 f
NS=
2p

N s is the synchronous speed .

P is the number of poles., f: is the frequency.

The windings of the rotor link with the generated flux and a magnetomotive force is produced in
the rotor according to faraday's low. The speed of the rotating movement of the rotor never
equals the synchronous speed, it is usually less than it. The speed of the rotor is determined as
follows:

N r =( 1−s )∗N s

N r is the speed of the rotor, S is the slip.

It is clear from the equation that the speed of the rotor depends on the slip and the synchronous
speed means dependance on the frequency and the number of poles also.

 Methods of controlling the induction motor

 Pole changing:

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

As we know, the stator contains number of coil's groups forming the poles. Theses poles
are responsible for the production of the magnetic flux in the machine. The number of
these poles can be changed through changing its connection as indicated in the following
figure which results in varying the synchronous speed of the rotating field and as a result
the speed of the rotor will be changed.

Figure 2Pole changing of the induction motor

 Line frequency changing:

According to the equation of the synchronous speed,

120 f
NS=
2p

The frequency has a direct proportional relation with the speed which can be easily
changed using inverters and power electronics so as to be able to adjust the frequency at
the required value for the purposed speed.

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

Figure 3 Line frequency changing method.

As we can see in figure (3), changing the frequency of the stator results in changing the
developed torque in the motor to be increased when the frequency is decreased as the
torque depends on it. Increasing the frequency to get higher speed results in increasing
the drown current by the motor and the magnetic lux in the machine leads it to be
saturated at constant voltage.
 V/f control method of the induction motor:
Changing the voltage in the same time with the frequency keeping the ratio between them
constant which results in a constant flux in the motor and stable operation.

Figure 4Constant V/f contol method.

The following equation gives the voltage induced in the motor and indicates that varying the
frequency at constant voltage reduces the flux. The induced flux of in the motor must kept

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

constant for stable operation of the machine so, reducing the voltage as well as the frequency is
implemented for constant flux.

V =4.44 N Φ m f

 Stator voltage control method:

Changing the voltage of the stator results in a change in the speed of the motor as the
voltage applied to the stator coils causes the generated flux in the machine and the
synchronous speed. When the voltage is decreased to lower value, the speed also is
decreased as shown in figure (5).
Decreasing the stator voltage results in decreasing the starting and maximum torque of
the motor as shown in the figure:

Figure 5 Stator voltage control method

 Rotor resistance speed control:

In this method an external resistance is added to the rotor coils in case of the
slipring motor. This method has the feature that the maximum torque doesn't
depend on the resistance so it will not be affected and in the same time the starting
current of the motor is reduced as well as the speed.

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

Figure 6 Adding a resistance to the rotor coils.

4. Discussion
 Pole changing method:
- Advantages:
Through changing the motor's poles, the speed is varied with a constant maximum
torque.
- Disadvantages:

A limited range of speed variation, 1:2 steps ratio.

The stator must have multiple windings.
Providing the mechanical ability of the motor's construction to switch between
the windings.
 Line frequency changing:
This method provides the required variation of the speed.
- Disadvantages:
- The maximum torque is changed due to the change in the frequency.
- Increasing the generated flux in the core casing saturation in the motor.
- Producing the magnetizing current.
- Increasing the frequency increases the current drawn by the motor.

 V/f control method of the induction motor:

- Advantages:
- The acceleration of the motor is smooth.
- High power factor of the operation.
- Decreasing the harmonics.

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

- Wide range of controlling the speed.

- Ability to reverse the direction of rotation.
- Disadvantages:
- The cost
- Not suitable for some applications which require reaching zero speed like
elevators or crane host.

 Stator voltage changing control method:

- The advantage of this method is that it is easy and not expensive.
- When the application has low starting torque this method can be used.
- Disadvantages:
- Decreasing of the maximum torque
- Decreasing the starting torque.
- Small range of speed variation.
- This method is suitable for applications that requires low starting torque
and small motors.
 Rotor resistance control method:
- The advantages of this method that it is easy. And gives variation in the
speed with fixed maximum torque.
- The reduction of the starting current of the motor.
- Disadvantages:
- The rise of the losses of the machine due to the drop in the added
resistance.
- Low power factor of the motor.
- Future of the technology
The development of control technology is directed towards remote control using different
methods of communication. WIFI is used to connect the circuit of the induction motor to
the network with the help of IOT technology. Several parameters can be controlled

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

through this technology like the speed, the current, voltage or the temperature of the
motor.
- Learning outcomes of the project:
The speed of the induction motor is a function of synchronous speed and the slip.
Controlling the speed through changing the voltage and the frequency at the same time is
one of the best methods because the internal magnetic flux in the machine is constant.
Adding a resistance in the rotor side can be implemented only in the slip ring type ae it is
not closed at the rotor. Adding the resistance is useful to decrease the starting current of
the motor and control its speed but causes an increase in the winding losses as a result of
the increase in the resistance which decreases the power factor of the motor.

5. Conclusion
In this project we have studied the three-phase induction motor and learned how to control its
speed. The induction motor is a synchronous speed. The rotor's speed ranges from zero to
synchronous speed. The speed can be controlled through changing the moto's poles and this way
is the first used way has been used to control the motor in the earlier times. The speed also can
be controlled through changing the frequency with fixed voltage which affects the internal flux
of the machine. Also, the speed can be controlled through changing the stator voltage with a
fixed frequency which will also affects the internal flux and the maximum torque will be reduced
with the reduction of the voltage and the speed so, controlling the speed can be implemented
through changing the stator voltage and the frequency at the same time. This method gives a
variation in the speed with constant torque and flux in the motor. While the induction motor has
two types, the first one is the squirrel cage induction motor and the second one is the slip ring
type, controlling the speed from the rotor side in the squirrel cage one is not possible as it is
closed but it can be performed in case of the slipring type where the rotor is a three-phase coil
like the stator. We can connect a resistance to the rotor's coil works on controlling its speed.

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ELEG 330 Electric Machines and Power Fundamentals Project Report

6. Reference
1. Duranay, Z. B., Guldemir, H., & Tuncer, S. (2020). Implementation of a V/F controlled
variable speed induction motor drive. EMITTER International Journal of Engineering
Technology, 8(1), 35-48.
2. Shikhare, M., Kadam, L., Judpe, D., Pounikar, S., Waghmare, H., & Khadse, S. D.
SPEED CONTROL OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR USING VFD AND IOT.
3. Bojoi, R., Farina, F., Griva, G., Profumo, F., & Tenconi, A. (2005). Direct torque control
for dual three-phase induction motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, 41(6), 1627-1636.
4. Kailaswar, S. V., & Keswani, R. A. (2013). Speed control of three phase induction motor
by V/f method for batching motion system. International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications, 3(2), 1732-1736.
5. Diyoke, G. C., Okeke, C., & Aniagwu, U. (2016). Different Methods of Speed Control of
Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor. American Journal of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, 4(2), 62-68.
6. Karmakar, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Mitra, M., Sengupta, S., Karmakar, S., Chattopadhyay,
S., ... & Sengupta, S. (2016). Induction motor and faults (pp. 7-28). Springer Singapore.
7. Lamme, B. G. (1921). The story of the induction motor. Journal of the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers, 40(3), 203-223.
8. Simões, M. G. (2023). A Concise History of Induction Motor Drives—Part 1
[History]. IEEE Electrification Magazine, 11(2), 5-11.
9. Trzynadlowski, A. M. (2000). Control of induction motors. Elsevier.
10. McGuiness, D. T., Glance, M. O., & Kacavas, D. A. (2015, November). A performance
comparison of different rotor types for high-speed induction motors. In 2015 9th
International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO) (pp. 584-
589). IEEE.

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