‫إدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬

Database Administration

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ [ ۱ ] © ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل‬
۱ All Rights Reserved for KFU ©
Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧظﻣﺔ ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﶈﺎﺿﺮة‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﺧﻮاص ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬أﻧﻮاع اﳌﻠﻔﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• اﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت و ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮا ﺟﻮﻫﺮ�ً ﰲ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ اﻣﻮر اﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ اﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ان ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﱵ ﳝﺎرﺳﻬﺎ اﻓﺮاد اﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻮاﻟﻴﺪ ووﻓﻴﺎت و ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﻴﺔ و وﺎﺛﺋﻖ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ و اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ و‬
‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﳚﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﺣﺪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺬﻛﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ و اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻻﻟﻜﱰوﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﺧﻮاص ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﲤﺜﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﱂ اﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ .‬أي إ�ﺎ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﲤﺜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﳌﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎ وﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺿﻤﲏ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ و ﲣﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻏﺮض ﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪ :(Database‬ﻫﻲ اﺳﻠﻮب ﳏﺪد ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﺒﺴﻂ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ادﺧﺎﳍﺎ و ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ و‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﳌﱰاﺑﻄﺔ واﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻ ِﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ اﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪاول )واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ(‪ .‬وﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﳉﺪول اﻋﻤﺪة )ﺣﻘﻮل ‪ (Fields‬وﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﻮف )ﺳﺠﻼت‬
‫‪.(Record‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳌﻠﻔﺎت ﰲ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳌﱪﳎﻮن ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﰲ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻔﱰة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• أدى اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳌﻠﻔﺎت إﱃ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ واﻟﻌﻴﻮب‪.‬‬
‫• أدى إﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت وﺑﺬل اﳉﻬﺪ واﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻛﺎن ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮ�ﻣﺞ ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻷداء ﻏﺮض ﻣﻌﲔ وﻟﻪ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬دون وﺟﻮد إﻃﺎر‬
‫ﻋﺎم ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﲨﻴﻊ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ او ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺈﺑﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۷‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪:(File Systems‬‬

‫اﻧﻮاع اﳌﻠﻔﺎت‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﻠﻒ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺳﺠﻼت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ وﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺠﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺳﱰﺟﺎع اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﲡﺮي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺴﺠﻼت ﻣﻦ اول ﺳﺠﻞ اﱃ اﺧﺮ ﺳﺠﻞ و ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺳﺠﻼت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ او ﻋﻨﻮان ﻛﻞ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺑﻴﺎ�ت‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﺮس‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻬﺮس اﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﻔﻬﺮس اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﱃ اي ﺳﺠﻞ ﺑﻴﺎ�ت‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻬﺮس ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺣﺪ ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۸‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪:(File Systems‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪ :‬ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﰲ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﺣﻴﺰ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ و اﳉﻬﺪ و اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻋﺪم ﲡﺎﻧﺲ او ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪ :‬ﻧﻔﺲ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﳐﺰﻧﻪ ﰲ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺪﳍﺎ ﰲ‬
‫اﳌﻠﻔﺎت اﻻﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫• ﻋﺪم اﳌﺮوﻧﻪ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ و اﳊﺬف ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺟﻬﺪ و وﻗﺖ و ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎر اﱃ اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺪل ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۹‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪:(File Systems‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﳏﺪودة ﺟﺪاً ﺑﲔ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ اي ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﳌﻠﻒ ﻳﻠﺰم ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق ﳏﺪود‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﻧﺸﺄت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت و ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ اﳚﺎد ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﳌﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت و ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﲢﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﳌﺸﻜﻼت و اﻟﻘﻴﻮد و اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺎﺑت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت‪.‬‬
‫• اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﳌﻄﻠﻮب ادﺧﺎﳍﺎ او اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﺎن ﳝﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫)اﺳﻢ اﳌﺮﻳﺾ ‪ ،‬رﻗﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ‪.(.... ،‬‬
‫• اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﻟﱵ ﲤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ و وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱۱‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻫﻲ اﺳﻠﻮب ﳏﺪد ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻳﺒﺴﻂ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ادﺧﺎﳍﺎ و ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ و اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻬﺎ اﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﳌﺪﺧﻞ او ﳎﻤﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻮرة اﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ او ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ او ﺷﺎﺷﺎت اﺳﺘﻌﻼم ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت و اﻟﱰاﻛﻴﺐ و اﻟﻘﻴﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﰲ وﺳﻂ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎ�ت ﳚﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ و اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱۲‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ ادارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﳝﻜﻦ اﻧﺘﺎج و ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺎﺑﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳊﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﱄ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎً ﳍﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض أو ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ ادارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪ (DBMS‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪.MS-Access ‬‬
‫‪.Oracle ‬‬
‫‪.Sybase ‬‬
‫‪.Power Builder ‬‬
‫‪.Informix ‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱۳‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﲔ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت وﻧﻈﻢ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻮاص اﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮق ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت وﻧﻈﻢ اﳌﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ وﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﺬاﰐ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪ :(Self-Description Nature‬ﲢﺘﻮى ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‬
‫ووﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﻬﺮس اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت واﻟﺬى ﳛﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ )‪.(Meta-data‬‬
‫• اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ واﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪ :(Program/Data Insulation‬ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮى اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺻﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﻞ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﺪون اﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ‪.‬‬
‫• اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ )‪Data Sharing and Multi-‬‬
‫‪ :(user system‬ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﳌﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﰲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺪون ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱٤‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت و ﻧﻈﻢ ادارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﻧﻈﺎم ادارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻧﺸﺎء و ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻈﺎم ادارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺮاﳎﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻻﻏﺮاض ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ و ﺑﻨﺎء و ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﳝﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺼﻤﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎ�ت واﺣﺪة ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ واﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱٥‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﺧﻮاص أﺧﺮى ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﰲ أي ﺣﺠﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ أن ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت أو اﳌﺌﺎت ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫وﳝﻜﻦ أن ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺌﺎت اﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‪.‬‬
‫• ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ و اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺪو� أو ﺎﺑﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻵﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• إذا ﰎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳊﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﱄ ﻹدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻓﺈن ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻤﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أو ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ) ‪Database Management‬‬
‫‪.(System DBMS‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱٦‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪:(Database Management System DBMS‬‬

‫• ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ‪ +‬ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﻨﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫)ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ‪ +‬ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ← ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت (‬
‫‪(Database (DB) +‬‬ ‫→ ‪DBMS‬‬ ‫))‪Database System (DBS‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱۷‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﳑﻴﺰات اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﻧﺪرة اﻟﺘﻜﺮار و اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• اﻣﻦ و ﺳﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﺮض اﻟﻘﻴﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ و ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﺎﺑﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﳌﺘﻮاﺟﺪة‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻮﻓﲑ واﺟﻬﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﲤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﳌﻌﻘﺪة ﺑﲔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱۸‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﳑﻴﺰات اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﱄ و ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ اي ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ و ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻃﺮق ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺔ و ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﰱ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻷﻋﻄﺎل اﻟﱴ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﲢﺪث ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ زﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ‪.‬‬
‫• اﳌﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪة ﰲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۱۹‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﳑﻴﺰات اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺑﻴﺎ�ت ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪.‬‬
‫• اﳌﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت و ﺑﻜﻞ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۲۰‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﳐﻄﻂ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت وﻧﻈﻢ إدارﻬﺗﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪ :(DBA‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻮم ﺈﺑدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وﲢﺴﲔ أداء ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪ :(DB Designer‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻟﻴﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ وﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ذات ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت )‪ :(End User‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﳋﱪة اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺪاد‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎرات اﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎرات‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﳋﱪة ﻓﻴﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﳍﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﻄﻠﻮب‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۲۲‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪:‬‬

‫• ﳏﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ وﻣﱪﻣﺞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ )‪:(Analyst & Programmer‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﳏﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﳌﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﱪﻣﺞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻹﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺎﺑﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﳏﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ‪ +‬ﻣﱪﻣﺞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ← ﻣﻬﻨﺪس اﻟﻨﻈﻢ(‬
‫‪(Analyst +‬‬ ‫→ ‪Programmer‬‬ ‫)‪Software Engineer‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۲۳‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫ﻣﱴ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت؟‬

‫• إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻋﺪاد ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺎﺑﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳊﺠﻢ اﳌﺸﺮوع‪.‬‬
‫• إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت و اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ و ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• إذا ﻛﺎن اﳌﺸﺮوع ﳛﺘﺎج ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪا وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﺮوري‪.‬‬
‫• اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎج اﱃ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ذات ﻋﺪة ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۲٤‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫أﺷﺨﺎص ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﺆﻻء اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮن ﺑﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ذاﻬﺗﺎ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮن ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﳍﻢ‬
‫وﻫﻢ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﺼﻤﻢ وﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪ :‬ﻫﻢ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻄﻮر اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪة‪ :‬اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ اﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‪،‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‪ ،‬إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ وواﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫• اﳌﺸﻐﻠﻮن وأﻓﺮاد اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ وإدارﻬﺗﺎ وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﱪاﻣﺞ واﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬
‫اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ إﻧﺸﺎء وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎ�ت‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫‪۲٥‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻌﻠم اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم ﻋن ﺑﻌد‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺣﻘوق ﻣﺣﻔوظﺔ ﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﺻل ©‬
‫‪Deanship of E-Learning and Distance Education‬‬ ‫© ‪All Rights Reserved for KFU‬‬