Dr.

Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of Technology and Sports Complex

540, Dum Dum Road, Surer math,Kolkata – 700074; Phone: +91 33 25603889,
Website: www.surtech.edu.in, Email: [email protected]
Affiliated to MAKAUT, West Bengal, WBSCTVESD and Approved by AICTE

Continuous Assessment 1 (CA1)

Assignment -I

Subject’s Name: PHYSICS BS-PH

Subject Code: DSC/2024/0056

College Code: 255

Name of Student: Sampad Mukherjee

Name of Stream: CYBER SECURITY (CS)

Name of Semester: 1st

Class Roll No. 30

Name of Section: E

Date of Submission: 25.11.2024

Title: Friction
Subtitle: Understanding the Force that Resists Motion

•Name : Sampad Mukherjee

•SEC : E
•ROLL : 30
•Date : 22-11-24
ABSTRACT

 Friction Theories
It also defines the static and kinetic friction forces, and explains that kinetic friction
is usually lower than static friction.
 Friction Force
It also presents a model that explains the hysteresis phenomena of the coefficient
of friction.
 The nature of friction: A critical assessment
It also discusses the use of instruments like surface force apparatus, atomic force
microscope, and nanoindenters to study friction.
 Friction is the force that resists the motion of one object relative to another. It's a
significant phenomenon in the physical world, affecting everything from
matches to machines to molecular structures.
Introduction to Friction

 Definition: Friction is the force that resists the relative motion or tendency of
such motion of two surfaces in contact. Friction is a force that opposes the
motion of two surfaces in contact. It's always parallel to the contact surface
and acts in the opposite direction to the motion of the surfaces.
 Key Points:
 Friction acts opposite to the direction of motion.
 It exists whenever two surfaces are in contact and move relative to each other.
 It plays an important role in everyday activities like walking, driving, and even
writing.
 Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion between two
surfaces in contact. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives and is essential for various natural
phenomena and mechanical operations. Without friction, activities such as walking, driving, or
holding objects would become impossible, as there would be no grip or resistance.
There are two primary types of friction:
 Static Friction: This occurs when two surfaces are not moving relative to each other. It prevents
the initiation of motion. Static friction must be overcome to start moving an object.
 Kinetic (or Dynamic) Friction: This occurs when two surfaces are in motion relative to each other.
Kinetic friction is usually lower than static friction and acts to slow down the moving object.
 The amount of friction depends on several factors:
 The nature of the surfaces: Rough surfaces generally create more friction than smooth ones.
 The normal force: The force pressing the two surfaces together. Generally, the greater the
normal force, the greater the friction.
 Friction is both beneficial and problematic. It is beneficial because it enables movement (like
walking) and helps in the operation of machines. However, friction also causes wear and tear on
materials and results in energy losses, especially in machines and vehicles. Therefore,
understanding and controlling friction is crucial in fields like engineering, physics, and
technology.
 In practical applications, friction is managed through lubrication (e.g., oil in engines) or by using
materials designed to reduce friction.
 Types of Friction

•Static Friction:
•Prevents an object from moving when a force is
applied.
•Example: A book on a table does not move unless a
force exceeds the static friction.
•Kinetic Friction (Sliding Friction):
•Occurs when two surfaces are sliding past each
other.
•Example: Sliding a box across the floor.
•Rolling Friction:
•Occurs when an object rolls over a surface.
•Example: A ball rolling on the ground.
 Factors Affecting Friction

•Surface Roughness: Rougher surfaces create more friction.

•Normal Force (Weight): The force pressing two surfaces together affects friction.
More weight = more friction.

•Materials Involved: Different materials have different coefficients of friction.

Example: Rubber on asphalt has high friction, while ice on metal has low friction.
 Laws of Friction

•First Law of Friction:

•The frictional force is proportional to the normal force.

•Formula: Ff=μNF_f = \mu NFf=μN
•FfF_fFf = Frictional force
•μ\muμ = Coefficient of friction (depends on the materials)
•NNN = Normal force (weight of the object)
•Second Law of Friction:

•The frictional force does not depend on the contact area.

•Example: A small nail has the same friction as a large flat surface of the same material,
under the same normal force.
 Advantages of Friction
 Walking and Running: Friction between shoes and ground
prevents slipping.
 Driving Vehicles: Tires grip the road, allowing vehicles to move
and stop.
 Holding Objects: We can grip and hold items due to friction between
our hands and the object.
 Stopping: Friction helps stop moving bodies and reduce the velocity of
fast-moving bodies.
 Balance: Friction helps you keep your balance on slippery surfaces.
 Walking: Friction prevents you from slipping when you walk on the
ground.
 Writing: Friction allows you to write on paper or boards.
 Heat generation: Friction generates heat when you rub your hands
together.
Disadvantages of Friction

•Wear and Tear: Friction can cause parts to wear out, such as in engines and machinery.

•Energy Loss: In some systems, friction causes energy loss in the form of heat.

•Increased Fuel Consumption: More friction in moving parts can increase fuel
consumption in vehicles.

Slowing down: Friction works against the direction of motion, slowing down moving objects.
Methods to Reduce Friction

 Lubrication: Oil, grease, or other lubricants reduce friction by providing a

thin layer between surfaces.
 Smooth Surfaces: Polishing surfaces to reduce roughness.
 Rollers or Ball Bearings: Reduce sliding friction by allowing parts to roll over
each other.
 Air Cushions: Reducing contact between surfaces, as seen in hovercrafts.
Practical Applications of Friction

 Brakes: Cars, bicycles, and trains rely on friction to stop.

 Climbing: Shoes designed with high friction soles help climbers ascend
rocky surfaces.
 Writing: Pencils, pens, and chalk use friction to leave marks on surfaces.
Conclusion

Friction is caused when two surfaces in contact slide over each other. Factors
contributing to friction include the coefficient of friction (μ) and the normal
force. Friction always opposes the motion and acts in the direction opposite to
the applied force.

 Summary: Friction is essential in many everyday tasks.

 It can be both useful and problematic depending on the situation.
 Managing friction through lubrication or other methods can improve
efficiency.