Applied Thermodynamics questions and answers

(one marks and three marks only) Prepared by

D. Prabakaran BE., M.E

I UNIT
1.Define : pressure Pressure is defined as force per unit area. The unit of pressure in SI System is N/M2. 2.Define: Atmospheric pressure. It is defined as the pressure exerted by air on the atmosphere. 3.Define: Gauge pressure The value of pressure recorded by pressure gauge is known as gauge pressure. 4.Define: vacuum pressure When the pressure of a fluid is less than atmospheric pressure, the said pressure is known as vacuum pressure. 5.Define: absolute pressure. The pressure measured from the level of absolute zero is known as absolute pressure. 6.Define: Temperature It is defined as degree of hotness in a body. Or It is also defined measure of intensity of heat. 7.What are the instruments used to measure the temperature? Thermometers and pyrometers 8.Define: specific heat It is defined as amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of substance through one degree. It is denoted by C. 9.Define: work When a force acting on a body, which tends to move it to some distance, a work is said to done.

Work done = Force x Distance 10.What is power? Power is defined as rate of work done. The unit of power is kilowatts. Power = work done / time taken 11.What is internal energy? It is defined as internal kinetic energy stored in a gas due to motion molecules. It is denoted by U. 12.Write law of conservation of energy. This law states that energy can neither be created nor can be destroyed but it may converted from one form to another form. 13.Define: thermodynamic system It is defined as area or space where thermodynamic process takes place. Examples IC Engine, Air compressor 14.Define: surroundings Anything outside the system which affects the behavior of the system is called as surroundings. 15.Define: Boundary The system and surroundings are separated by a real or imaginary line which known as boundary. 16.What is closed system? Give examples. It is defined as system which permits both mass transfer and heat transfer between system and surroundings. Examples IC Engine, Air compressor, steam turbine etc. 17.What is closed system and give examples. It is defined as system does not permit mass transfer across system boundary. Examples Bomb calorimeter, thermal power plant. 18.What are intensive properties? Properties which are independent on the mass of system known as intensive properties Examples-pressure,temperature,density. 19. What are extensive properties? Properties which are dependent on the mass of system known as extensive Example-volume, energy. properties

20. Define: cycle A thermodynamic system may undergo series of processes and finally returns to Initial state .This is known as cycle.

21. Write zeroth law of thermodynamics. It stats that when two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with third system, then all the three systems themselves thermal equilibrium with each other. 22. Write first law of thermodynamic. Heat energy and work are interconvertable. Heat can be converted into work. Work can be converted into heat. Q=W+ U 23. What are the differences between gas and vapour? Give Example GAS: Completely evaporated liquid Example-O2, H2, N2,ext VAPOUR: Partially evaporated liquid Example:steam,CO2,SO2,NH3,ext. 24. What is perfect gas? A gas which obeys all the gas laws at all conditions is known as perfect gas. 25. Write Boyles law. It states that at constant temperature the volume of given gas is inversely proportional to pressure. 26. Write Charles law. It state that ,at constant pressure volume of gas directly proportion to temperature 27. Write joule law. It states that internal energy of gas is function of temperature only 28. Write Renaults law . Specific heat Cp & Cv are always constant . Cp&Cv= constant Cp/Cv= constant 29. Write down characteristic gas equation for a perfect gas PV=mRT P-pressure V-volume m-mass T-temperature 30. Write down the relationship between two specific heat & gas constant Cp-Cv=R 31. What is universal gas constant? The product of molecular weight and gas constant is known as universal gas Ru=MR =8.314 KJ/KG mol.K constant

32. Define: entropy Entropy is defined as heat energy with respect to temperature S= Q/T 33. Compare isothermal & adiabatic processes Isothermal Adiabatic 1. Follows PV=C 2.Temperature constant 3.Slow process 4.Heat transfer takes place 5. U=0 & H=0 1.follows PV=C 2.entropy is constant 3.fast process 4.no heat transfer 5.there is change in H&U.

34.Write down the formula used to fine out heat transfer in polytrophic process Q=Work done x (-n)/( -1) 35.Define : free expansion process When a gas is allowed to expand suddenly into a vacuum through a large orifice the process is called free expansion During free expansion Q=0, W=0, U=0 36.Define: throttling processes When a gas or vapor is expanded through a small orifice or partially opened process is called throttling processes. 37.Write down the equation for work done in isothermal process W=P1V1 log V2/V1 [or] W=mRT1 log V2/V1 38.Write down equation for work done in adiabatic process W= P1V1-P2V2/-1 [or] W= mR(T1-T2)/ -1 valve the

UNIT-II
1. What is steady flow system? In a thermodynamic system the working fluid may enter the system and leave the system. If there is steady rate of flow through the system , then the system is called steady flow system 2. What is control volume? A certain region or space through which the fluid flows at a steady rate is called control volume 3. What is assumption made in steady flow system? 1. The mass flow rate through control volume is constant. 2. Only potential, kinetic, flow and internal energies are considered and another Energies are not considered. 3. Heat and work cross the control volume is constant. 4. The state of fluid at any point remains constant at all times. 4. Write steady flow energy equation?

The above equation is called steady flow energy equation 5. What are applications of steady flow energy equation? The steady energy equation is applied in the following system. 1.Steam generators(boilers 2.Steam condensers 3.Steam nozzles 4.Reciprocating compressors 5.Rotary compressors 6.Steam and gas turbines 6. Write steady flow equation for boiler? Q = h2-h1 KJ/Kg 7. Write steady flow equation for steam condenser? Q = h2-h1 KJ/Kg 8. What is air cycle? A thermodynamic cycle, which uses air as working substance is known as air cycle.

9. What is air standard efficiency? The thermal efficiency of air cycle known as air standard efficiency. air = 1-Qr/Qs 10. What is compression ratio (r)? It is the ratio of total volume to the clearance volume. r = total volume\ clearance volume = 1+Vs/Vc. 11. What are conditions of reversibility? 1. The working substance must be a good conductor of heat. 2. There should be no loss of heat by conduction, convection and radiation. 3. There should not be any free expansion and throttling process. 4. The working substance and hot body must be at the same temperature during heat Supply. 5. The working substance and cold body must be at the same temperature during heat Rejection. 12. What assumption made in deriving air standard efficiency? 1. The working fluid (air) behaves as a perfect gas. 2. All the process is considered as reversible. 3. No chemical reaction takes place inside the cylinder. 4. Specific heat of air remains constant throughout the cycle. 5. The cycle is considered as closed cycle. 6. All compression and expansion are adiabatic. 7. The working fluid is heated by a hot body. 8. The working fluid is cooled by a cold body. 13. Why no engines can work on carnot cycle? No engine can work on carnot cycle because, 1. Friction between moving parts cannot be avoided completely. 2. It is not possible to supply the heat without change in temperature. 3. During isothermal process the piston moves very slowly and during adiabatic Process the piston should move very fast. The speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is not possible. 14. What is effect of compression ratio on efficiency of Otto cycle? 1.The efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only on the compression ratio (r). 2.The efficiency of Otto cycle increases or decreases with increase or decreases of compression ratio(r). 3.However, the value of r cannot be increased beyond 10, on account of detonation. 15. What are effects of compression ratio and cut-off ratio on efficiency diesel cycle? 1. The efficiency of the diesel cycle depends on both the compression ratio and cut

off ratio. 2.The efficiency of the diesel cycle increases with the increase of compression ratio. 3.The efficiency of the diesel cycle decreases with the decrease of compression ratio. 4.The efficiency of diesel cycle decreases or increases with the increase or decrease of cut off ratio. Note You should draw a model graph connecting above parameters 16. Comparison of Otto cycle and diesel cycle. Otto cycle Diesel cycle 1. It consists of two adiabatic 1. It consists of one constant And two constant volume pressure, one constant volume process. and two adiabatic processes. 2. Heat is supplied at constant volume. 3. Efficiency depends only the Compression ratio(r) 4. Compression ratio is less (5-8) 5. This cycle is used in petrol and Gas engines 2. Heat is supplied at constant Pressure 3. Efficiency depends on compression ratio (r) and cut Off ratio 4. More (12-18) 5. It is used in diesel engines.

UNIT-III
1. What is heat engine? Heat engine is a machine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy(work) . 2. What are types of heat engines? 1. Internal combustion engines. 2. External combustion engines. 3. Write classification of internal combustion engines. 1. Number of stokes /cycle a. Two stroke cycle engines. b. Four stroke cycle engines. 2. Operating thermodynamic cycle a. Otto cycle engines. b. Diesel cycle engines.

c. Dual combustion engines. 3. Type of fuel used a. Petrol engines. b. Diesel engines. c. Gas engines. 4. Type of ignition method a. Spark ignition engines. b. Compression ignition engines. 5. Arrangement of cylinders a. Vertical engines. b. Horizontal engines c. V-type engines. d. In-line engines. e. Opposed cylinder engines. f. Radial engines 6. Number of cylinders a. Single cylinder engines. b. Multi cylinder engines. 7. Type of cooling system a. Water cooled engines. b. Air cooled engines. 8. Field of application a. Stationary engines. b. Mobile engines. c. Portable engines. 9. Working speed a. Low speed engines. b. Medium speed engines. c. High sped engines. 4. What is scavenging? Scavenging is the process of forcing out the burnt gases out of the cylinder by admitting fresh charge into the cylinder. This type of action takes place in two stroke cycle engines. 5. Compare two strokes versus four stroke cycle engines. Two stroke cycle engines 1.One power stroke in every Revolution of the crankshaft. 2.For the same engine speed , Power developed is Theoretically twice that of A four stroke engine. four stroke cycle engines 1. One power stroke in two revolution of The crankshaft. 2. For the same engine speed, power developed is theoretically half that of a two stroke engine.

3.As the engine produces Uniform torque, lighter flywheel Can be used. 4.It is simple in design and lighter In construction. 5.Since it occupies less space, Lighter foundation and less Spare parts are required. 6. Due to the absence of valve Mechanism, less friction Resulting high mechanical Efficiency and easily reversible.

3. As the engine produces fluctuating torque, heavier flywheel can be used. 4. Design is complex and heavier in construction. 5. Since it occupies more space, heavy foundation and more space Parts are required. 6. Due to the presence of valve mechanism, more friction resulting low mechanical efficiency and not easily reversible.

7.Starting is easy and less 7. Starting is not so easy and more expensive Maintenance and less expensive. 6.What are major components of an I.C engine? 1.Cylinder block ,2. Cylinder head , 3. Cylinder line , 4. Piston , 5. Oil sump 10. cam shaft . 7. What are defects in simple carburetor? 1. It gives correct air fuel mixture at only one engine speed and load. At high speeds, it gives rich mixture. While at low speeds, It gives weak mixture. Hence it is only suitable for the engines running at constant speed and load. 2. As the mixture supplied by the carburetor is weak at low speed, it will not ignite properly. 3. When the throttle valve is suddenly opened, it gives weak mixture. This is due to the prevention of fuel flow by the inertia effect of the fuel. 4. The working of a simple carburetor is affected by the changes in atmospheric pressure .At high altitude; it gives rich mixture due to less density of air. 5. The working of simple carburetor is affected by the changes in atmospheric temperature. 8. What are the functions of carburetor? Carburettor is a device which vaporizes the fuel and mixes it with air. It supplies proper quantity and proportion of air and fuel under all conditions. 9. What is the function C.A.V fuel injection pump? The function of the fuel injection pump is to supply the correct quantity of fuel required for the working stroke of the engine. 10. What is fuel injector? A fuel injector is a device which atomizes the fuel from injection pump and injects it into the engine cylinder in the form of fine spray.

11. What are types of injection nozzles? 1. Single hole nozzles, 2. Multi hole nozzles, 3. Pintle nozzles, 4. Pintaux nozzles. 12. What is compression ignition? The compression ignition system is used in oil engines working on diesel cycle. During suction stroke of diesel engine, only air is drawn into engine cylinder. During compression stroke, air is compressed to high compression ratio. 13. What is spark ignition? The spark ignition system is used in gas engine and petrol engine working on Otto cycle. During the suction stroke of petrol engines, air fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder in that time compression stroke is taken place. At the end of compression stroke air & fuel are ignited with the help of spark plug. 14. Why governing is necessary in I.C engines? Governing is the process of varying the fuel supply according to the load to run the engine practically at constant speed. The device used to achieve this is known as governors. 15. What are the merits of water cooling? 1. It gives high rate of cooling resulting engine efficiency increases. 2. As it gives more cooling , higher compression ratio can be permitted . 3. The engine parts are uniformly cooled. 4. water cooled system can be installed anywhere in the vehicle. 16. What is purpose of lubrication or function of lubrication in IC engine? 1. To reduce the friction between the moving parts. 2. To reduce the wear and tear of the moving parts. 3. To reduce the power loss due to friction. 4. To carry the heat generated by the moving part. 5. To provide the cushioning effect form shock and impact load. 6. To reduce the corrosion and erosion of moving parts. 17. What is supercharger? Supercharging is a method of forcing air fuel mixture or air alone into the engine cylinder during suction stroke at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. It is done with help of compressor called supercharger. 18. What are the objectives of supercharging? 1. To increase power output of the existing engine 2. To maintain constant power output at high altitude (hills regions) 3. To reduce the size of the engine. 19. What are the applications of superchargers? 1. Race Car engines 2.Marine engines 3. Vehicles running at high altitudes

20. What is turbocharger? Turbocharger is a device which uses exhaust gases from the engine to drive supercharger. It gives high power output to the engine.

V UNIT
1.What is gas turbine? Gas turbine is a rotary machine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. It is similar to steam turbine. 2.What are main elements of a gas turbine? The main elements of a gas turbine are compressor, combustion chamber and a turbine. 3.Name the type of air cycle usually adopted in gas turbines. Brayton cycle or Joule cycle or constant pressure cycle. 4.What is closed cycle gas turbine? If the exhaust gases from turbine are left to atmosphere, the gas turbine is known as open cycle gas turbine. 5.What is closed cycle gas turbine? If the exhaust gases from turbine are reused into the system again and again, the gas turbine is known as closed cycle gas turbine. 6.What are applications of gas turbine? 1. Air crafts 2. Propelling ships 3. Electric power plants 4. Portable Gensets 7.What are methods used to improve the power out put of a gas turbine? 1.using regenerator with gas turbine 2.using intercooler with gas turbine 3. Using repeater with gas turbine 8.What are effects of regenerator in gas turbine? 1.it reduces fuel consumption 2. It increases thermal efficiency 9.What are the effects of intercooler in gas turbines? 1. work output is increased 2. power is saved 3. water required in intercooler. 4.size of compressor is reduced. 10.What are effects of repeater in gas turbines? 1.It increases power output of gas turbine. 2. It increases total plant size.

11.What are advantages open cycle gas turbines? 1. compact in size. 2. simple construction. 3. suitable for aircrafts 4. better combustion efficiency 5. coolant water is not required. 12.What are the advantages of closed cycle gas turbine? 1. High thermal efficiency 2.High capacity 3.external combustion. 4. Long life. 13.What are the advantages of turbo jet engines? 6. It is simple in construction. 7. As it has less moving parts, wear and tear is considerably low. 8. Since the thrust is applied directly, no loss of power. 9. As the combustion is continuous, the engine has smooth running free from vibrations. 10. Low grade fuels can be used. 11. It can be operated at higher speeds. 12. As the working pressure is low, the structure can be lighter construction. 14.What are the advantages of turbo prop engine? 13. It is simple in construction. 14. During take off, more power is developed due to propeller. 15. It has less weight and small frontal area. 16. It has high efficiency both at low and high altitudes. 17. It has less vibration and less noise. 18. It has less maintenance. 19. It has high propulsive efficiency at low speeds. 15.What are the advantages of ramjet engine? 20. As it has no moving part. 21. It has less weight and less maintenance. 22. It produces more thrust. 23. Very high speed. 24. Fuel can be used. 16.What are the applications of ramjet? It is widely used in high-speed air craft and missiles due to its high thrust and high operation speed. 17.What is air compressor? Air compressor is a machine which converts mechanical energy into pressure energy.

18.What are main disadvantages of gas turbine compared to IC Engines? 25. Gas turbines unit has very low thermal efficiency. 26. Difficult to start. 27. Very high rotating speed. 28. Not suitable for part load operation. 29. expensive 19.What is the difference between aircraft gas turbines and industrial gas turbine? Aircraft gas turbine Industrial gas turbine 1.Light construction 1. Heavy construction 2.It is used in aircrafts 2. It is used in industry for Power generation 3. Short life 3. Long life 4. Open cycle gas turbine 4. Closed cycle gas turbine 20.What are the applications of compressed air? 30. Gas turbines. 31. Operating pneumatic tools. 32. spray painting 33. sand blasting 34. Superchargers in IC Engines. 35. Air Brakes 36. Cleaning spark plugs 37. Aircrafts 21.How air compressors classified? 38. Working principle. a. Reciprocating Air compressor b. Rotary Aircompressor 39. Number of stages. a. Single stage compressor b. multistage compressor 3. Pressure Limit a. Low pressure compressor b. Medium pressure compressor c. High pressure compressor 4. Method of cooling a. Air cooled compressor b.Water cooled compressor 22. What are various method of compression used in air compressor? 1. Polytropic compression. 2. Adiabatic compression. 3. Isothermal compression. 23. What are effects of clearance volume in air compressors? 1. Suction volume of air is reduced. 2. Mass of air is reduced.

3. Volumetric efficiency is reduced. 4. Mechanical loss is increased. 5. Heavy compression required. 24. What is Volumetric efficiency? It is defined as effective suction volume to the stroke volume of the cylinder. Volumetric efficiency =

25. What is clearance ratio? It is defined as ratio of clearance volume to stroke volume. 26. What are the merits of multistage compression? 1. Saving in work input. 2. Reduction in power consumption. 3. No leakage 4. Better lubrication. 5. More volumetric efficiency 6. High delivery pressure. 7. Simple construction of LP cylinder. 27. What is the purpose of intercooler in multistage compressor? Intercooler is used to reduce the temperature of air entering High pressure cylinder. 28. What is the condition for maximum efficiency or minimum work input in multistage compressor? 29. What are the applications of Centrifugal compressor? 1. Refrigerators 2. Superchargers in IC Engines 30. Compare rotary air compressors with reciprocating compressors? Rotary aircompressors 1. Rotary motion 2. High speed 3. Uniform delivary of air 4. uniform torque. 5. less lubrication. 6. used for low pressure rise 7. not suitable for aircrafts Reciprocating compressors. 1. Reciprocating motion 2. Low speed 3. non-iniform delivary of air 4. non uniform torque. 5. more lubrication 6. used for high pressure rise 7. suitable for aircrafts

31. Name the rotary compressor suitable for aircrafts and gas turbines? Axial flow compressor

IV UNIT
1.What is fuel? Fuel is substance which releases heat energy during combustion with air. Examples coal, wood, diesel. 2.Give some examples for solid fuels. Coal, wood, peat, lignite coal, etc. 3.Give some examples for liquid fuels? Gasoline, diesel, petrol, kerosene, methanol etc 4.Give some examples for gaseous fuels. LPG,CNG, Natural gas etc 5.What are requirements of good fuel? 1. high calorific value. 2. low ignition temperature. 3. not produce any harmful gases. 4. produce less smoke. 5. low cost 6. no ash 7. should be easily stored and transported 6.What are the advantages of gaseous fules? 8. free from ash 9. burn completely 10. Produces less smoke. 11. Combustion can be controlled easily. 7.What is minimum air required for complete combustion of solid fuels? 8.What is excess air? Why it is supplied? In order to ensure the complete combustion of fuel, some extra quantity air is supplied along with theoretical quantity of air. This extra air is known as excess air. Generally 25% to 50% excess air is used. 9.What is higher calorific value? It is defined as the amount of heat obtained by complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel, when the products of combustion are cooled down to the temperature of the air supplied. 10.What is lower calorific value?

It is defined as the amount of heat energy obtained by the complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel, when heat energy taken away by steam is not recovered. 11.Name the apparatus used to find calorific value of solid and liquid fuels? Bomb Calorimeter 12.Name the apparatus used to find calorific value of gaseous fuels? Junkers gas calorimeter

13.Write the dulongs formula to find HCV.

14.What is the purpose of Orsat apparatus? Orsat apparatus is used to analyze flue gas or exhaust gas. 15.What are the chemicals used in orsat apparatus? Write their functions? 1. Cuprous chloride to absorb carbon monoxide. 2. Alkaline solution of pyrogallic acid to absorb oxygen. 3. KOH or NaOH to absorb Carbon di-oxide. 16. What are the major elements in product of combustion? 12. Carbon di-oxide 13. Water vapour 14. Sulphur di-oxide 15. Nitrogen 16. Carbon monoxide if combustion incomplete 17. Oxygen if excess air supplied. 17.What are effects of pollution? 18. irritation to eyes. 19. objectionable odour 20. reduced visibility 21. respiratory diseases to humans 22. affect the growth of crops. 18.What are the purposes of testing an IC Engine? 23. to determine the power developed in engine 24. to determine mechanical efficiency at various loads. 25. to determine thermal efficiency of engine 26. to determine fuel consumption per hour.

27. to prepare heat balance sheet. 28. to determine lubricating oil consumption per BP hour. 29. to determine cooling water requirements 30. to check valve timings. 31. to determine overload capacity of engine. 19.What is indicated power? It is defined as actual power developed inside an engine cylinder. 20.What is brake power? It is defined as useful power available at crankshaft of an engine. 21.Name the instruments used to measure brake power of an engine. 1. dynamometer 2. Prony brakes 3. Rope brakes 22.What is friction power? It is the difference between indicated power and brake power. FP = IP-BP 23.Define mechanical efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of brake power and Indicated power.

24.Define indicated thermal efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of the indicated power to the heat energy supplied in an engine.

25.Define brake thermal efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of the brake power to the heat energy supplied in an engine.

26.What is the purpose of Morse test? Morse test is a method to find indicated power of multicylinder engine. 27.Why a heat balance sheet prepared for an IC engine? In order to find various sources of heat losses in an engine, a heat balance sheet is prepared.

28.What are the various sources of heat losses in IC engine? 1. Heat taken away by exhaust gases. 2. Heat taken away by cooling water. 3. Heat loss due to radiation. 29.What is specific fuel consumption? It is defined as the amount of fuel required to obtain one brake power hour of work. 30.Why the brake power is less than indicated power? Due to the following reasons, the brake power is less than indicated power. 1. Power lost due to friction. 2. mechanical losses in bearings. 3. pumping losses due to suction and exhaust 5. Power required driving the fuel pumps, water pump, valves etc.