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2
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1 Fungal cells and plant cells contain mitochondria.

(a) (i) State the function of mitochondria.

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(ii) State one feature of plants that is used to distinguish them from fungi.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Yeast is a fungus that can respire to produce ethanol.

State the balanced chemical equation for this type of respiration in yeast.

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(c) A scientist investigated the effect of sugar on respiration in yeast cells.

One flask contained 100 cm3 of a sugar solution and another flask contained 100 cm3 of water.

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Both flasks contained the same mass of yeast. The temperature was maintained at 25 °C.

The scientist used the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1.

thermometer

syringe to collect the gas produced

oil layer DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

water bath at 25 °C

yeast in a sugar solution

or yeast in water

Fig. 1.1
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3
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Fig. 1.2 is a graph of the results of the investigation.

45
Key
40 yeast in a sugar solution
at 25 °C
35
yeast in water at 25 °C
30
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volume of carbon 25
dioxide gas
produced / cm3 20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40
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time / minutes

Fig. 1.2

(i) Using the gradient shown in Fig. 1.2, calculate the rate of carbon dioxide gas produced
by the yeast in a sugar solution between 10 minutes and 15 minutes.

Include the unit.

Space for working.

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................................................................
[3]

(ii) Suggest the reason for the oil layer in the apparatus shown in Fig. 1.1.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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4
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(iii) State one reason why no more carbon dioxide gas was produced after 35 minutes by
the yeast in a sugar solution, shown in Fig. 1.2.

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(iv) The scientist repeated the investigation using yeast and the sugar solution at a
temperature of 95 °C.

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Explain why no carbon dioxide was produced at a temperature of 95 °C.

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(d) State one way in which humans use the carbon dioxide gas produced by yeast cells.

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(e) State the name of one gas, other than carbon dioxide, that contributes to the enhanced
greenhouse effect.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 14]
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10
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3 (a) Meiosis and mitosis are important processes in the life cycles of organisms.

Fig. 3.1 shows the life cycles of two different organisms.

Organism 1 has a simple life cycle.

Organism 2 has a complex life cycle. It has a stage A that produces spores and a stage B
that produces gametes.

In the diagrams, the haploid number of chromosomes is represented by n. The diploid number
of chromosomes is represented by 2n.

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organism 1
adult (2n)
P
Q

embryo sperm egg

zygote
W

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organism 2
multicellular stage A (2n)
R

embryo spores (n)

T female gamete (n)

zygote multicellular stage B (n)

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male gamete (n) S

Fig. 3.1
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11
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(i) Table 3.1 shows the letters P to T in Fig. 3.1 and the type of nuclear division.

Place a tick (✓) in each row to indicate the type of nuclear division that occurs at each of
the letters, P to T.

Table 3.1

letter in Fig. 3.1 meiosis mitosis

P
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T
[3]

(ii) State the name of process W shown in Fig. 3.1.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) An embryo contains stem cells.

Complete the sentences about stem cells and body cells.

Stem cells are ............................................... cells that divide by

............................................... to produce daughter cells that can become

............................................... for a specific function.

Most body cells in an organism contain the same genes, but many genes in a
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particular cell are not ............................................... because the cell only makes the

specific ............................................... it needs.

[5]

(b) State the events in the life cycle diagram for organism 1 in Fig. 3.1 that would not be present
in a life cycle diagram for asexual reproduction.

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[Total: 11]
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12
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 ,

4 (a) Some algae are single‑celled organisms that can photosynthesise. Their cells contain the
pigment chlorophyll.

State the name of one mineral ion that is needed to make chlorophyll.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A student investigated the effect of light on photosynthesis in algae, using hydrogencarbonate
indicator solution.

Carbon dioxide is an acidic gas.

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Table 4.1 shows the colour of the hydrogencarbonate indicator solution at different pH values.

Table 4.1

pH 7.6 8.4 9.2

colour of indicator yellow red purple

(i) Two test‑tubes were set up at the same time. Both contained algae and hydrogencarbonate
indicator. At the start of the investigation the hydrogencarbonate indicator was red in
both test‑tubes.

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One test‑tube was placed in the dark and one test‑tube was placed in the light.

After 20 minutes, the contents of the test‑tube in the dark were yellow and the contents
of the test‑tube in the light were purple.

Explain these results.

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13
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 ,

(ii) Fig. 4.1 is a graph showing the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

rate of
photosynthesis
X
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light intensity

Fig. 4.1

State which factors could be limiting the rate of photosynthesis at X and at Y in Fig. 4.1.

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]
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14
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 ,

(c) Starch and sucrose are made by plants after photosynthesis.

(i) State the name of the tissue that transports sucrose around the plant and the name of
one other biological molecule that is transported in this structure.

tissue .................................................................................................................................

biological molecule ............................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Describe how starch is broken down in the human digestive system so that it can be

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absorbed into the blood.

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..................................................................................................................................... [6]

[Total: 16] DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN

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15
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5 Fig. 5.1 is a photograph of a koala.

Koalas are marsupial mammals that give birth to offspring that are incompletely developed.

The offspring develops further for several months inside the pouch of the mother.
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Fig. 5.1
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(a) State one feature visible in Fig. 5.1 that could be used to identify the koala as a mammal.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Mammals use sexual reproduction to produce offspring.

Discuss the advantages of sexual reproduction in organisms such as the koala.

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