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General Physics 1-Errors

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20 views39 pages

General Physics 1-Errors

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sunnyangelchan200
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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General Physics 1

Derived quantities
Are quantities that are calculated from two or more
physical quantities. Derived quantities cannot be
measured directly. They can only be computed.
Many derived quantities are calculated in physical
science. Three examples are area, volume, and
Calculating Area
The area of a surface is how much space it
covers. It's easy to calculate the area of a
surface if it has a regular shape.
Calculating Volume
The volume of a solid object is how much
space it takes up. It's easy to calculate the
volume of a solid if it has a simple, regular
shape, such as the rectangular solid.
Calculating Density
Density is a quantity that expresses how much
matter is packed into a given space. The amount
of matter is its mass, and the space it takes up is
its volume. To calculate the density of an object,
then, you would use this formula:
ERRORS IN
MEASUREMENT:
Gross Errors, Systematic
Errors and Random Errors
Measurement
• Measurements are an integral part of living.
Measurement is the foundation for all experimental
science.

• Every measurement carries a level of uncertainty which


is known as an error. This error may arise in the process
or due to a mistake in the experiment.

• So 100% accurate measurement is not possible with


any method.
Error
An error may be defined as the difference
between the measured and actual values.

For example, if the two operators use the same


device or instrument for measurement. It is not
necessary that both operators get similar results.

The difference between the measurements is


referred to as an ERROR.
Types of Error

GROSS RANDOM SYSTEMATIC


ERROR ERROR ERROR
Gross Error
• Covers human mistakes while reading,
recording, and readings.
• For example, the person taking the reading
from the meter of the instrument may read 23
as 28.
• Gross errors can be avoided by using two
suitable measures, which are written below:
Gross Error
• Proper care should be taken in reading, and
recording the data. Also, the calculation of error
should be done accurately.
• By increasing the number of experimenters, we
can reduce the gross errors. If each
experimenter takes different readings at
different points, then by taking the average of
more readings, we can reduce the gross errors
Random Error
• The Random errors are those errors,that occur
irregularly and hence are random.
• These can arise due to random and unpredictable
fluctuations in experimental condition.
• Example: unpredictable fluctuations in temperature,
voltage supply, mechanical vibrations of experimental
set-ups, etc., and errors by the observer taking
readings.
Systematic Error
Systematic errors can be better understood if we divide
them into subgroups; They are:

• Environmental Errors
• Observational Errors
• Instrumental Errors
Systematic Error: Environmental error
This type of error arises in the measurement due to the
effect of the external conditions on the measurement.
The external condition includes temperature, pressure,
and humidity and can also include an external
magnetic field.
Systematic Error: Observational error
These are the errors that arise due to an individual’s
bias, lack of proper setting of the apparatus, or an
individual’s carelessness in taking observations. The
measurement errors also include wrong readings due
to Parallax errors.
Systematic Error: Instrumental error
These errors arise due to faulty construction and
calibration of the measuring instruments. Such errors
arise due to the hysteresis of the equipment or due to
friction. Most of the time, the equipment being used is
faulty due to misuse or neglect, which changes the
reading of the equipment.
Instrumental error takes place due to :

• An inherent constraint of devices

• Misuse of Apparatus

• Effect of Loading
Types of Error

GROSS RANDOM SYSTEMATIC


ERROR ERROR ERROR
ERRORS CALCULATION
Absolute Error
Absolute Error
Sample problem
My honeybunch measured the length of the gummy
worm to be 25.09 μm. However, if the actual length
is 24.13 μm, then the absolute error will be:
Absolute Error
My honeybunch measured the length of the gummy
worm to be 25.09 μm. However, if the actual length
is 24.13 μm, then the absolute error will be:

= |25.09 μm - 24.13 μm|


=0.96 μm
Absolute Error

Your turn!
Suppose, we are measuring the length of an eraser. The
actual length is 34.13 mm and the measured length is
35 mm.
Absolute Error
Suppose, we are measuring the length of an eraser.
The actual or exact length is 34.13 mm and the
measured or approximate length is 35 mm.

= |35 mm - 34.13 mm|


=0.87 mm
Relative Error

Actual or
Absolute Error and Relative Error
Sample problem # 2
Suppose, we are measuring the length of an eraser.
The actual or exact length is 34.13 mm and the
measured or approximate length is 35 mm.

= |35 mm - 34.13 mm|


=0.87 mm = |35 mm - 34.13 mm|
34.13 mm
0.87 mm
=
34.13 mm
= 0.025
Percent Error
Percent Error
2
A boy measured the area of a rectangle plot to be 468 cm .
2
But the actual area of the plot has been recorded as 470 cm .
Calculate the percent error of his measurement cm2.
Given:
2
Measured (approximate) area value or |VA| = 468 cm
2
Actual (exact) area value |VE| = 470 cm
Formula:
HOW TO REDUCE ERRORS
IN MEASUREMENT ?
Keeping an eye on the procedure and following the
below-listed points can help to reduce the error.
• Make sure the formulas used for measurement are correct.
• Cross-check the measured value of a quantity for improved
accuracy.
• Use the instrument that has the highest precision.
• It is suggested to pilot test measuring instruments for better
accuracy.
• Use multiple measures for the same construct.
• Note the measurements under controlled conditions.
Your Turn!
1. The bathroom scale shows that teacher Dy weighs
47 pound, but teacher Dy’s actual mass is 45.5
pound.
a.) Find the absolute error of this measurement .
b.) Find the relative error of this measurement .
c.) Find the percent error of this measurement.
Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.
Your Turn!
Find the absolute and relative errors. The actual
value is 119.66 mm and the measured value is 125.68
mm.
Your Turn!
Find out the absolute and relative
errors, where the actual and measured
values are 249.02 mm and 252.14 mm.
Thank
you

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