INTRODUCTION

This book is based on our experience over the past few

years. This material covers extensively the fundamental
principles and concepts involved, solved problems which
highlight the application of these concepts, exercises and
assignments for practice by the students.

In order to get maximum benefit from this material, ‘word of

Advice’ given overleaf has to be carefully followed.

The book besides IITJEE will also prove useful to students

for other Engineering examinations as well as their school
curriculum.

Wishing you all success.

 A WORD OF ADVICE

 Try to do the solved problems and exercises given, after

completion of related topics in the chapter. Attempt the
assignments.

 The purpose of the assignments is to give you a practice in

solving various levels and varieties of problems. Each problem
has some important concept which it highlights. When you do a
problem from an assignment, make sure that you have completed
the study material, have committed the formulae to your memory
and have solved the solved problems (most of them on your own
before seeing the solution). Do not open the study material to
refer to formulae/theoretical concepts while doing the
assignment problems unless it is absolutely essential to do so.

 Do full justice to the exercises and assignment problems. Even

if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep trying on your
own and only approach your friends or teachers after making lot
of attempts.

 Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would
defeat the purpose of doing the problem. Remember the purpose
of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer
(it is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop
your ability to think. Try to introduce twists and turns in given
problem to create similar problems.
 ABOUT THE CHAPTER

All of us know that it is hard work lifting a heavy suitcase to

the fifth floor of a building or that children need lots of energy
as they grow up.

We feel tired if we run a hundred meters in fifteen seconds,

whereas we could walk that distance easily in a couple of
minutes.

These are some of the common sense notions of work and

energy  which can however be precisely defined and
measured in physics.

These definitions and measurements can be used

consistently to describe and predict the behavior of bodies.

They form a new and powerful tool for analysing physical

systems.
 CONTENT

JEE Syllabus .... …1

Work ........1
Mechanical Energy ........3
Work–Energy Theorem ........5
Conservation of Mechanical Energy ........6
Solved Problems ........8
Subjective ........8
Objective ......12
Exercise -1 ......16
Motion in a Vertical Circle ......17
Power ......19
Solved Problems ......20
Subjective ......20
Objective ......21
Exercise -2 ......23
Answers to Exercises ......24
Concepts and formulae at a glance ......25
Chapter Practice Problems .. …26
Assignments ......28
Section-I ......28
Section-II ......29
Section-III ......40
Answers to Chapter Practice Problems .. …42
Answers to Exercises & Assignments .. …43
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
Syllabus
Work done by constant and variable forces, Conservative
and non-conservative forces, Potential and Kinetic energy,
Conservation of energy, Work–energy theorem, Power.

Work
  
When a force F is applied on a body which undergoes a displacement dR , the 1
F
   
work done by force F is defined as the dot product F  dR .  2
  dR
dW  F  dR 
  R1
= | F || dR | cos  
 R2
Here dR vector is the displacement of point of application. For the calculation of
work done we are always interested in the displacement of point of application.
When the force is not constant during the course of displacement then we O

calculate the work done by F in displacing the particle from position (1) to position
(2) by
R2
 
W =  F  dR
R1

Work can be positive, negative or zero depending upon whether the angle  is acute, obtuse or a right
angle.
It should also be noted that the value of ‘work done’ depends upon frame of reference.
When nothing is specified about the frame of reference we calculate the work done in the ground
reference frame.
Here some points are worth noting
(a) Positive work means that the force is imparting energy to the system.
(b) Negative work means the force is taking away the energy of the system.
(c) Zero work means that the force is neither imparting nor taking away any energy from the system.

Illustration 1: A particle is moved by a force F = ( 3iˆ  4ˆj ) N from point (2, 3)m to (3, 0)m in x-y plane.
Find the work done by the force on the particle.
  
Solution:   
Displacement of the particle is S  r2  r1  3iˆ  0ˆj  2iˆ  3ˆj 

 
or S   3  2  ˆi   0  3  ˆj  m  ˆi  3ˆj m
 
  
 W = F  S  3iˆ  4ˆj  ˆi  3ˆj = 9 J
Illustration 2: A man moves on a straight horizontal road with a block of mass 2 kg in his hand. If he
covers a distance of 40 m with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2, find the work done by the man
on the block during the motion.
Solution: Let us look at the block, from the ground. We notice that it is moving with an acceleration
of 0.5 m/s2.
Constant horizontal force (apart from other forces) on the block = 2  0.5 = 1 N
So, the work done by the man (as seen by us)
= force  displacement
= 1  40 = 40 Joules.

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Illustration 3: A block of mass m is suspended by a light thread from an elevator. The
T
elevator starts accelerating upward with uniform acceleration ‘a’. Find the
work done during the first ‘t’ seconds by the tension in the thread. a
m

Solution: From ground reference frame, let the block moves up with an acceleration T
‘a’.
 Fnet = T – mg = ma a
 T = m (g + a) …(1)
Now, the work done W by the tension T in displacing the block through a mg
distance x is given as,
W = Tx …(2)
1 2
where x = at …(3)
2
Putting x and T from (3) and (1) in (2), we obtain
1
W = m(g + a) ( at2)
2
m
 W= (g + a) at2.
2
From elevator reference frame, there is no displacement of the block. So, work done is zero.
Illustration 4: A block of mass m is attached rigidly with a light spring of
force constant k. The other end of the spring is fixed to a
K m
wall. If the block is displaced by a distance x, find the
work done on the block by the spring for this range. (The
spring force is given by F = kx, where k is spring x
constant and x is displacement of the block from its free
length.)

Solution: Since F = kx, therefore force varies with displacement.

This force has tendency to bring the block to its m
F kx
equilibrium point. Hence, it is opposite to the
displacement.
For infinitesimal displacement (dx), this force is supposed to be constant. Therefore, work
done by this force for the displacement dx is given by
 
dW = F  dx  kx dx cos 
x

 W =  dW    kx dx
0

1
 W =  kx 2 .
2
Work depends on the frame of reference  
If a person is pushing a box inside a moving train, the work done in the frame of train will be F  s
   
while that in the frame of earth will be F   s  s0  , where s0 is the displacement of the train
relative to the ground.

Work done by friction may be zero, positive or negative depending upon the situation. When
force applied on a body is insufficient to overcome the friction, work done by the friction force is
zero. When this force is large enough to overcome the friction then, work done by the friction
force is negative. When force is applied on a body that is placed above another body, the work
done by the friction force on the lower body is positive.

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Let us consider the situation in which a horizontal rough trolley, with a block and a man, is accelerating
along the horizontal direction. The block is not slipping on the trolley. The following conclusions can be
drawn from this.
(i) In this case, work done by friction (between trolley and the block) is zero as observed by the man on
trolley.
(ii) Work done by friction (between trolley and the block) is positive as observed by an observer on the
ground.
(iii) Work done by friction is negative as observed by an observer who is moving along the direction of
motion of trolley with higher speed.

Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces

There are two types of forces: (i) conservative forces, and (ii) non-conservative forces.
If the work done by a force is independent of the path followed, it is called a conservative force, e.g.
gravitational force, electrostatic force, etc. If the work done by a force depends upon the path followed, it is
called a non-conservative force, e.g. friction, viscous force, etc.
Alternatively, work done by a conservative force in a closed loop is zero & by non-conservative forces it is
not zero for a round trip.
Illustration 5: A particle is taken from point P to point Q via the path PAQ and Q
then placed back to point P via the path QBP. Find the work A
done by gravity on the body over this closed path. The motion h B
of the particle is in the vertical plane.
P

Solution: Here, displacement of the particle is PQ , gravity is acting vertically downward. The vertical

component of PQ is h upward. Hence
W (PAQ) = mgh …(1)
For the path QBP, component of the displacement along vertical is h (downward).
In this case, W (QBP) = mgh
 Total work done = W PAQ + W QBP = 0

Illustration 6: A particle of mass m is moved on a rough horizontal surface on a B

1 2
closed path as shown in the figure. If co-efficient of friction
between the particle and the surface is  then find the work done A
C
by frictional force on the particle over closed path ABCDA. 4 3
D

Solution: Since in this case friction force is always opposite to the motion, hence work done by it is
given by W =   fd  mg d
ve sign indicates that force is opposite to displacement.
B C D A

 W = mg   d   d   d   d   mg  1   2   3   4 
A B C D 

Mechanical Energy [Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy]

It is the capability for doing the mechanical work. Mechanical energy possessed by a body is of
two types, kinetic and potential.
Kinetic Energy
It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. Kinetic energy of a particle having mass ‘m’
 1  
and velocity v is k = mv  v
2
For a system of particles, kinetic energy of the system is given by

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n
1  
k =  mv i  v i
i 1 2

where v i = velocity of the ith particle in the given reference frame.
If a rigid body of mass m is moving translationally with a speed v, its translational kinetic energy is equal
1
to mv 2 .
2
Potential Energy
The energy possessed by a system by virtue of its position or configuration or arrangement is called its
potential energy. For example, the mobile set in your hand has the “potential” to gain kinetic energy if it is
allowed to fall.
The change in potential energy is defined as the negative of the work done by the conservative forces.

rf
 
 Uf – Ui =   Fnet  dr , where Ui = potential energy at the initial reference position, and

ri
Uf = potential energy at the final reference position.

Fnet = net conservative force acting on the system
Usually, the initial reference position is taken as infinity and the potential energy at infinity is assumed to
be zero. Therefore, we get the potential energy of a body as,

r 

U =   F  dr

r 
For a spring, reference is generally taken where the spring is in its natural length.
The negative derivative of the potential energy function with respect to the position gives the conservative
dU
force acting on the particle. Mathematically, FCons   .
dr
Note: To express potential energy, a reference is always needed and any finite value can be assigned
to this reference. Usually zero potential energy is assigned to the reference.

Illustration 7: Force exerted by spring is given by F = kx where x is elongation or compression in the
spring from its natural length. Find potential energy stored in spring when it is elongated
or compressed from its natural length.
  x
Solution: U =  F  dx =   kxdx
0
2
kx
U=
2
potential energy stored in spring is same when it is elongated or compressed by same
value.
A B
Illustration 8: The potential energy of a diatomic molecule is given by U =  , where r is the
r12 r 6
distance between the atoms that make up the molecule and A, B are positive constants.
Find the equilibrium separation between the atoms.

Solution: The interaction force between the atoms is given by

dU  12A 6B 
F=     13  7 
dr  r r 
1/ 6
 2A 
At equilibrium F = 0, therefore r =  
 B 

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Work–Energy Theorem
It is possible to relate the work done by all the forces on a body (or a system) to the change in kinetic
energy of the body (or, a system).
   
Consider a rigid body acted upon by forces F1, F2 , F3 , ... and moving with a velocity v which is, in general,
a function of time. Newton's second law gives us

dv    
m  F1  F2  F3    Fall . . . (1)
dt
 
where RHS represents the resultant (net) of all the forces F1, F2 ,

    dr 
Taking the dot product of both sides of equation (1) with v  v dt  dr, since v  , we get
 dt 
    
 dv 
mv dt = F1  dr  F2  dr    Fall d r
dt
    
or, m v  dv = F1  dr  F2  dr   . . . (2)
 
Now, v  v x ˆi  v y ˆj  v zk,
ˆ and dv = dv x î + dvy ĵ + dvz k̂
 
 m (v x dv x + vy dvy + vz dvz) = Fall d r
B 
B B B

or, m  v x dv x   v y dv y   v z dv z =  Fall  dr , if the motion takes place from A to B.
A A A A

B
v v v
2 2
 2 B 

   Fall  dr
x y z
or, m 
 2 A A
B 
1 
or, m(vB2  v 2A )   Fall  dr
2 A

B 
1 1 
or, m vB2  mv 2A   Fall  dr . . . (3)
2 2 A

Thus, the change in kinetic energy of a body equals the total work done by all the forces (conservative
and non-conservative).

Illustration 9: A ball of mass m is thrown in air with speed v 1 from a height h1 and it is at a height h2
(>h1) when its speed becomes v 2. Find the work done on the ball by the air resistance.

Solution: Work done on the ball by gravity is

W g = mg(h2  h1)
Let work done on the ball by air resistance be W air.
 W g + W air = K.E.
1
 mg(h2  h1) + W air = m  v 22  v12 
2
1
 W air = mg(h2  h1) + m  v 22  v12 
2

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Illustration 10: A particle slides along a track with elevated ends and A
D
a flat central part as shown in the figure. The flat part
h
has a length  = 3 m. The curved portions of the track
are frictionless. For the flat part, the coefficient of B E C
kinetic friction is K = 0.2. The particle is released at 
point A which is at height h = 1.5 m above the flat
part of the track. Where does the particle finally come
to rest?
Solution: The particle will finally come to rest on the flat part. Hence, displacement of the particle along
vertical is h. If W g be the work done on the particle by the gravity, then
W g = mgh where m = mass of the particle. …(1)
If distance travelled by the particle on the flat part is x, the work done on the particle by the
friction is
W f = mgx …(2)
Since initially particle was at rest and finally it comes to rest again. Hence, change in its K.E.
is zero.
From work–energy theorem
W g + W f = K.E.
 mgh  mgx = 0
h 1.5
 x= = m
 0.2
 x = 7.5 m
Since x > , the particle will reach C and then will rise up till the remaining K.E. at C is
converted into potential energy. It will then again descend to C and will have the same kinetic
energy as it had when ascending but now will move from C to B. At B, same thing will be
repeated (because 7.5 > 2) and finally, the particle will stop at E such that
BC + CB + BE = 7.5
BE = 7.5  6 = 1.5 m

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

An interesting case of the work–energy theorem occurs when all the forces acting on a body are
conservative. In this case, one can define a potential energy for each of these forces:
B  B 
 
U1 =   F1  dr , U2 =   F2  dr , . . .
A A

where A and B are initial and final positions, respectively.

The work–energy theorem can now be re-written by using the relations,
   
dU1 =  F1  dr , dU2 =  F2  dr , . . .
 
m v  dv =  dU1  dU2 . . .
 
or, m v  dv + dU1 + dU2 + . . .. = 0
Integrating as before,
1 B B
mv 2 A + (U1  U2  ) A = 0
2
1 1 
or,  mvB2  mv 2A   (U1B  U1A  UB2  UA2  )  0
 2 2 
1 1
or, mv B2  UB1  UB2    mv 2A  U1A  U2A  
2 2
This result states that the total mechanical energy,

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1 2
Etotal = Ekinetic + Epotential =mv + U1 + U2 +  is conserved,
2
Hence, Ekinetic + Epotential = constant.
Thus, if non-conservative forces are not present or if these forces are present but do not do any work,
the mechanical energy of the system remains constant.

Illustration 11: A plate of mass m, length b and breadth ‘a’ is initially lying on a
horizontal floor with length parallel to the floor and breadth b
perpendicular to the floor. Find the work done to erect it on its a
breadth.

Solution: Gravitational potential energy of the block at the position 1,

U1 = mgh1 …(1)
Gravitational potential energy of the block at the position 2 is b
b
given as
U2 = mgh2 …(2) h2 = b/2
a/2 h1
 Work done by the external agent = W = U = (U2 – U1)
= mgh2 – mgh1 Position (I) Position (II)

where h2 = b/2 and h1 = a/2 as it is a regular shaped object.

 b a  mg(b  a)
 W = mg    
 2 2 2

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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: A block of mass 10 kg slides down on an incline 5 m long and 3 m high. A man pushes
up on the ice block parallel to the incline so that it slides down at constant speed. The
coefficient of friction between the ice and the incline is 0.1. Find:
(a) the work done by the man on the block.
(b) the work done by gravity on the block.
(c) the work done by the surface on the block.
(d) the work done by the resultant forces on the block.
(e) the change in K.E. of the block.

Solution: From the figure, F.B.D. of the block

F
sin  = 3/5 and cos  = 4/5 N 5m

F = force by the man, 3m
f = frictional force, 
N = normal reaction of the surface, and
mg = force of gravity. mg sin  mg cos 

Since block slides with constant speed,

hence
mg sin = F + f
 F = mg sin   f
3 4
= 10  10   0.1 10  10   52 N (as f =  mg cos )
5 5
 
(a) W man = F  S = FScos180 = FS
Here, F = 52 N and S = 5 m.
 W m =  52  5 J =  260 J
(b) W gravity = mg S sin  = 10  10 5  (3/5) J = 300 J
(c) W surface = W N + W friction = 0 + fS cos180o = 0  mg cos  S
= 0.1  10  10  (4/5)  5 J = 40 J
(d) Work done by the resultant force is given by
W = W m + W g + W N + W f = 260 J + 300 J + 0  40 J = 0
(e) Since net work done by all the force is zero, hence change in K.E. = 0 and the
same conclusion can also be drawn from given condition that the block slides
down at constant speed.
Problem 2: Two bodies m1 and m2 are kept on a table with m2 m1
Fmin
coefficient of friction '' and are joined by a spring.

Initially, the spring is in its relaxed state. Find the
minimum constant force Fmin on m1 which will make
the other block m 2 move. ( k is the spring constant).

Solution: Body m2 starts moving when, kx =  m2 g

where x = elongation in the spring
m 2 g
x=
k
The minimum force will be such that m 1 has no kinetic energy.

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Applying work–energy principle for m 1; i.e. work done = change in kinetic energy
x
 0
F  m1g  kx  dx  0
1 2
F x   m1gx  kx = 0
2
 1   m2 g 
 F  m1g  kx   m1g 
 2   2 
m2 g
 Fmin  m1g 
2

Problem 3: A chain is held on a frictionless table with (1/n)th of its length hanging over the edge. If the
chain has a length L and mass M, how much work is required to slowly pull the hanging
part back on the table?

Solution: The chain is pulled slowly without acceleration. Let  be the mass per unit length of the
chain. Consider a stage when y length is hanging, then force applied to pull it up is
F = yg F

Work done to pull it by a distance dy,

y
dW = gy(dy)
0 0 dy
y2 
 W=
L
 yg( dy)   g 
2 L / n
n

L2 MgL
or W = g 2
 .
2n 2n2

Problem 4: A small metallic sphere is suspended by a light spring of force constant k from the ceiling
of a cage. The ratio of mass of the cage to the sphere is ‘n’. The cage is accelerated
uniformly upward by a force F. Find the potential energy stored in the spring.

Solution: From ground frame of reference, the force equation for the cage and in the sphere are
F – (T + Mg) = Ma …(1) F
and T – mg = ma  T = m (g + a) …(2)
Adding (1) and (2), (M + m)a = F – (M + m)g
 F = (M + m) (g + a) …(3) T/
Dividing equation (2) by (3),
/
mF T a
 T = [m(g + a) / (M + m) (g + a)] F = a
(M  m) mg
mF
As T = kx, therefore x = .
(M  m)k
1 2 m2F2 Mg
Therefore, P.E. stored in the spring = kx =
2 2(M  m)2 k
F2
As M/m = n, P.E. = .
2(n  1)2 k

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Problem 5: An ideal massless spring can be compressed 1 m by a force of
100 N. This same spring is placed at the bottom of a frictionless
inclined plane which makes an angle  = 30o with the horizontal.
A 10 kg mass is released from rest at the top of the incline and is
brought to rest momentarily after compressing the spring 2 o
30
meters.
(a) Through what distance does the mass slide before coming to rest?
(b) What is the speed of the mass just before it reaches the spring?

Solution: (a) Let total distance moved by the block is

S = ( + 2)m 
2m
where  is the distance moved by the block before touching
the spring. 30o
Now, work done by gravity on the block is
W g = mg S sin  = 10  10  S sin30 J
 W g = 50 S J . . . (1)
Work done by spring on the block is
1
W S =  kx 2
2
Here, k = 100 N/m and x = 2 m
1
 W S =   100  4 J = 200 J . . . (2)
2
Total work done, W = W g + W S = (50 S  200) J
Since change in K.E. of the block is zero and W = K
 50 S  200 = 0  S = 4 m
(b) As S =  + 2   = S  2 = 2 m
Work done by gravity over this path length is W g = mg  2 sin
As W g =  K.E.
 100 = 1/ 2  mv 2  0
100  2
 v2 =  20
10
 v = 2 5 m/s

Problem 6: A block of mass 10 kg is pushed against a spring of stiffness

k = 100 N/m, fixed at one end to a wall. The block can slide m = 10 kg
on a frictionless table as shown. The natural length of the k v
spring is 1/2 m, and it is compressed to half its natural length x
when the block is released. Find the velocity of the block as a (0, 0)
function of its distance x from the wall.

Solution: When the block is released, the spring pushes it towards right. The velocity of the block
increases till the spring acquires its natural length. Thereafter, the block loses contact
with the spring and moves with constant velocity.
When the distance of the block from the wall becomes x (where x < 1/2 m), the
1 
compression is   x  m. Using conservation of energy
2 
2 2
1  1 1 1  1
K    K   x   mv 2
2 4 2 2  2

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 1 1  
2
From here, v  10     x  
 16  2  
When the spring acquires natural length, x = 1/2 m
5
 v= m
8
Thus, the velocity of the block as a function of its distance x from the wall
 1 1  
2
1 5 1
v  10     x   , when x  and v = , when x 
 16  2   2 8 2

Problem 7: In the figure shown, stiffness of the spring is k and mass of the block is m.
The pulley is fixed. Initially, the block m is held such that the elongation in the
spring is zero and then released from rest. Find:
(a) the maximum elongation in the spring, and k
(b) the maximum speed of the block m. m
Neglect the mass of the spring and that of the string. Also neglect the
friction.

Solution: Let the maximum elongation in the spring be x, when the block is
at position 2.
(a) The displacement of the block m is also x.
If E1 and E2 are the energies of the system when the block is m
at positions 1 and 2, respectively, then 1
E1 = U1g + U1s + T1 h1
where U1g = gravitational P.E. with respect to surface S. m 2
U1s = P.E. stored in the spring, and T1 = initial K.E. of the h2 S
block.
 E1 = mgh1 + 0 + 0 = mgh1 . . . (1)
1 2
and E2 = U2g + U2s + T2 = mgh2 + kx + 0 . . . (2)
2
From conservation of energy, E1 = E2
1 1 2
 mgh1 = mgh2 + kx2  kx  mg h1  h2   mgx
2 2
 x = 2mg/k

(b) From work–energy theorem:

1 1
mgx  kx2 = mv 2  0
2 2
dv mg
For maximum v,  0 x
dx k
 mg  1  mg 
2
1  m
So, mg    k   mv 2max  v max =   g
 k  2  k  2  k 

Problem 8: Given k1 = 1500 N/m, k2 = 500 N/m, m1 = 2 kg, m2 = 1 kg. Find:

k1
(a) potential energy stored in the springs in equilibrium, and
(b) work done in slowly pulling down m2 by 8 cm. m1

k2

m2

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Solution: Let the initial extension in the springs of force constants k1 and k1 x1
k2, at equilibrium position, be x1 and x2. Then k1
m g (m1  m2 )g
x2 = 2 , x1 =
k2 k1 m1 m 1g
(a) Potential energy stored in the springs in equilibrium
k 2x 2
position is k2

1 1 k 2x 2
U1  k1x12  k 2 x 22 m2
2 2 m 2g

Putting values of x1 and x2 from above, we get U1 = 0.4 J

(b) Let x1 and x2 be additional elongations caused by pulling m2 by  = 8 cm.
Additional forces on m1 are equal and in opposite directions.
 k1x1 = k2x2 . . . (i)
Also, x1 + x2 =  . . . (ii)
x1 , x2 can be found from (i) and (ii)
From work–energy theorem,
W g +W p + W s = 0 (where wp is the work done by the pulling force)
 W p = W s – W g = (U2 – U1) – [m1gx1 + m2g(x1 + x2)]
1 1
where U2 = k1(x1 + x1)2 + k2 (x2 + x2)2
2 2
Putting the values, we get
 W p = 1.2 J.

OBJECTIVE
 
Problem 1:  
An object is acted upon by the forces F1 = 4iˆ N and F2 = ˆi  ˆj N. If the displacement of

 
the object is D = ˆi  6ˆj  6kˆ m, then the kinetic energy of the object
(A) remains constant (B) increases by 1 J
(C) decreases by 1 J (D) decreases by 2 J
Solution: (C)
    
The work done on the object W = F1  D  F2  D , where D is the displacement vector.
 W = 4(1) + (1) (1) + (1) (6) = 1 J
From work–energy theorem W = KEf – KEi = 1 J
 Kinetic energy decreases by 1 J.
Problem 2: A 5 kg block is kept on a horizontal platform at rest. At time t = 0, the platform starts
2
moving with a constant acceleration of 1 m/s . The coefficient of friction  between the
block and the platform is 0.2. The work done by the force of friction on the block in the
fixed reference frame in 10 s is
(A) +250 J (B) 250 J
(C) +500 J (D) 500 J
Solution: (A) mg
a
Assuming that the block does not slide on the platform
Ff = ma = 5(1) = 5 newton; N – mg = 0 Ff
 N = mg = 50 newton, As N = 10 newton
Ff < N
N
The block will remain at rest relative to the platform.
1
Displacement D relative to the ground = (1)(10)2 = 50 m
2
 Work done by force of friction = FfD cos 0 = +250 J,

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Problem 3: In the previous problem, if  = 0.02, the work done by the force of friction on the block in
the fixed reference frame in 10 seconds is
(A) +10 J (B) 10 J
(C) +250 J (D) 250 J

Solution: (A) mg
a
Limiting force of friction = N = 0.02 (50) = 1 N
 The block will slide on the platform. Ff
1 2
Ff = ma = 1; a = m/s
5 N
1 1
 Displacement D =   (10)2  10m
25
Work done by Ff = 1N (10 m) = +10 J.

Problem 4: A body of mass 1 kg thrown upwards with a velocity of 10 m/s comes to rest
(momentarily) after moving up by 4 m. The work done by air drag in this process is
2
(Take g = 10 m/s )
(A) 20 J (B) –10 J
(C) 30 J (D) 0 J

Solution: (B)
According to work–energy theorem
W gravitational + W air drag = change in K.E.
 force
 mg   r + W air drag = change in K.E.
 mgh + W air drag = change in K.E.
 W air drag = change in K.E. + mgh = [0  1
2
mu2] + mgh
=  50 + 40 = 10 Joules.

Problem 5: A particle of mass m is projected with velocity u at an angle  with horizontal. During the
period when the particle descends from highest point to the position where its velocity
vector makes an angle /2 with horizontal, work done by the gravity force is
(A) (1/2) mu2 tan2 (/2) (B) (1/2) mu2 tan2 
2 2 2
(C) (1/2) mu cos  tan (/2) (D) (1/2) mu2 cos2 (/2) sin2

Solution: (C) u u cos 

As horizontal component of velocity does not change, /2
 v
v cos (/2) = u cos 
ucos 
v=
cos   
W gravity = k = 1
2
mv2  1
2
m(u cos )2 = 1
2
mu2 cos2  tan2 /2

Problem 6: A block of mass m = 0.1 kg is released from a

height of 4 m on a curved smooth surface. On
the horizontal surface, path AB is smooth and 4m
path BC offers coefficient of friction  = 0.1. If
the impact of block with the vertical wall at C be A B C
perfectly elastic, the total distance covered by 1m 2m
the block on the horizontal surface before
coming to rest will be (Take g = 10 ms2)
(A) 29 m (B) 49 m
(C) 59 m (D) 109 m
Solution: (C)

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K.E. attained by block at B = mgh = 4 J
Work done by friction force on path BC = (mg)(BC) = 0.2 J
On the other horizontal surface, block can make total forward and backward
 4 
 0.2   20 trips. Finally, it will stop at B.
 
 Distance covered = 20  (AB + BC)  AB = 59 m.

Problem 7: A block is suspended by an ideal spring of the force constant K. If the block is pulled
down by applying a constant force F and if maximum displacement of the block from its
initial position of rest is , then
F 2F
(A)   
K K
2F
(B)  =
K
(C)  = F/K
1
(D) Increases in potential energy of the spring is K 2
2

Solution: (B)
Let mass of the block hanging from the spring be m.
Then, initial elongation of the spring will be equal to mg/K. When the force F is applied to
pull the block down, then work done by F and further loss of gravitational potential energy
of the block are used to increase the potential energy of this spring.
2
1  mg  m2 g2
Hence, (F. + mg.) = K   
2  K  2 K
From this equation,  = 2F/K,

Problem 8: A car accelerates from rest to a speed of 10 m/s. Let the energy spent be E. If we
accelerate the car from 10 m/s to 20 m/s, then the energy spent will be
(A) E (B) 2E
(C) 3E (D) 4E

Solution: (C)
1
E M(10)2
2
1
E  E  M(20)2
2
1 1 3
 E  M(20)2  m(10)2  M(10)2  3E
2 2 2

th
Problem 9: A particle moves on a rough horizontal ground with some initial velocity say V0. If (3/4)
of its kinetic energy is lost in time t0, then coefficient of friction between the particle and
the ground is
V V0
(A) 0 (B)
2gt 0 4gt 0
3V0 V
(C) (D) 0
4gt 0 gt 0
Solution: (A)

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th th
(3/4) K.E. is lost, therefore (1/4) KE is left. Hence, its velocity becomes (V0/2) under a
retardation g in time t0.
V0 V
 V0  gt 0    0
2 2gt 0

Problem 10: A vehicle is driven along a straight horizontal track by a motor, which exerts a constant
driving force. The vehicle starts from rest at t = 0 and the effects of friction and air
resistance are negligible. If kinetic energy of vehicle at time t is E and power developed
by the motor is P, which of the following graph is/are correct?
(A) P (B) P

O t O t
(C) P (D) P

O t O E

Solution: (A)
Since force on the vehicle is constant, therefore it will move with a constant acceleration.
Let this acceleration be ‘a’.
Then at time t, its velocity will be equal to v = a.t
1 1
Hence, at time t, the kinetic energy, E = mv 2 = ma 2 t 2
2 2
The power associated with the force is equal P = F.v = F.at
Hence, the graph between power and time will be a straight line passing through the
origin.

Problem 11: A block of mass m initially at rest dropped from a height h on

a massless spring of force constant k, the maximum h
compression in the spring is h/4 then spring constant K is
32mg 20mg massless pan
(A) (B)
h h
30mg 40mg
(C) (D)
h h

Solution: (D)
 h k
mg  h    x2
 4 2
5mgh k h2  h
  where,  x  
4 2 16  4
40 mg
 k
h

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EXERCISE -1
1. Springs A and B are identical except that A is stiffer than B, i.e. force constant kA > kB. On which
spring more work will be done, if
(a) they are stretched by same amount?
(b) they are stretched by the same force?

2. Is work done by a non-conservative force always negative?

3. A man in an open car moving with high speed, throws a ball with his full capacity along the
direction of motion of the car. Now, the same man throws the same ball when the car is not
moving. In which case the ball possesses more kinetic energy:
(a) in ground frame, (b) in car frame.

4. Can a body have momentum when its energy is negative?

5. A meteorite burns in the atmosphere before it reaches earth’s surface, What happens to its
momentum? Is momentum conservation principle violated?

6. State the limitations of work energy theorem?

7. A lorry and a car moving with the same kinetic energy are brought to rest by the application of
brakes, which provide equal retarding forces in both the cases. Which of them will come to rest in
a shorter distance?

8. When you push your bicycle up an incline, the potential energy of the bicycle and yourself
increases. Where does this energy come from?

9. When you lift a box from the floor and put it on a flat table, the potential energy of the box
increases, but there is no change in its kinetic energy. Is it a violation of conservation of energy?

10. When momentum of a body is increased by 50%, what is the percentage increment in kinetic
energy?

11. An electron and a proton are detected in a cosmic ray experiment, the first with kinetic energy 10
keV and the second with 100 keV. Which is faster, the electron or the proton? Obtain the ratio of
their speeds.
[Given: me = 9.11  1031 kg; m p = 1.67  1027 kg; 1 keV = 1.6  1016 J.]

12. Two blocks are connected by a string as shown in the  m1

figure. They are released from rest. If the co-efficient of

friction between m1 and the surface is , find the common
speed of the blocks at the instant when they have moved a m2
distance .

13. A bucket tied to a string is lowered at a constant acceleration of g/4. If the mass of the bucket is
m and it is lowered by a distance d, the work done by the string will be (Assume the string to be
massless):
(A) 1/4 mgd (B) 1/3 mgd
(C) 3/4 mgd (D) 4/3 mgd

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14. A car is moving along a straight horizontal road with a speed v 0. If the coefficient of friction
between the tyres and the road is , the shortest distance in which the car can be stopped is
v 02 v2
(A) (B) 0
2g g
2v 02 v 02
(C) (D)
g 3g

15. A horizontal massive platform is moving with a constant velocity v 0. At time t = 0, a small block of
mass m is gently placed on the platform. If the coefficient of friction between the block and the
platform is , the work done by the force of friction on the block in the fixed ground reference
frame (from t = 0 to a sufficiently long time) is
1 1
(A) + mv 02 (B)  mv 02
2 2
1
(C) + mv 0 2
(D) zero
2

Motion in a Vertical Circle

A particle of mass m is attached to a light and inextensible string. The other end of the string is fixed at O
and the particle moves in a vertical circle of radius R equal to the length of the string as shown in the
figure.
Consider the particle when it is at the point P and the string makes an
angle  with vertical. Forces acting on the particle are:
O
T = tension in the string along its length, and T
mg = weight of the particle vertically downward.  P
Hence, net radial force on the particle is FR = T – mg cos   mg cos 
mv 2
mg sin 
Since FR = , where v = speed of the particle at P, and mg
R
R = radius of the circle.
Here, R = (length of the string)
mv 2
 T  mg cos  =
R
mv 2
 T= + mg cos 
R
Since speed of the particle decreases with height, hence tension is maximum at the bottom, where
cos  = 1 (as  = 0).
mv 2 mv ' 2
 Tmax =  mg ; Tmin =  mg (at the top)
R R
Here, v = speed of the particle at the top.

Critical velocity
It is the minimum velocity given to the particle at the lowest point to complete the circle.
The tendency of the string to become slack is maximum when the particle is at the topmost point of the
circle.
mv 2T
At the top, tension is given by T =  mg , where v T = speed of the particle at the top.
R
mv 2T
  T  mg
R
For vT to be minimum, T  0  v T = gR

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If vB be the critical velocity of the particle at the bottom, then from conservation of T + mg
energy
1 1
mg(2R) + mv 2T  0  mv B2
2 2
T
1 1
As vT = gR  2mgR + mgR = mvB2
2 2
mg
 vB = 5gR

Note: In case the particle is attached with a light rod of length , at the highest point its minimum
velocity may be zero. Then, the critical velocity is 2 g .

Illustration 1: A heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by a light inextensible string of length  is
projected horizontally with speed  g   . Find the speed of the particle and the inclination
of the string to the vertical at the instant of the motion when the tension in the string is
equal to the weight of the particle.

Solution: Let tension in the string becomes equal to the weight of the
particle when particle reaches the point B and deflection of the
O
string from vertical is . Resolving mg along the string and T
perpendicular to the string, we get net radial force on the particle  B

at B, i.e.  mg cos 

FR = T  mg cos  …(i) A
mg sin 
mg
If vB be the speed of the particle at B, then
mvB2
FR = …(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we get,
mvB2
T  mg cos  = …(iii)

Since at B, T = mg
mvB2
 mg(1  cos =

 vB2 = g (1  cos ) …(iv)
Conserving the energy of the particle at points A and B, we have
1/ 2mv A 2  mg 1  cos    1/ 2mv B2
where vA = g and vB = g 1  cos  
 g = 2g(1  cos ) + g (1  cos )
 cos  = 2/3 …(v)
g
Putting the value of cos  in equation (iv), we get v =
3

Illustration 2: A small block of mass m = 1kg slides along the frictionless P

loop-to-loop track shown in the figure. (a) If it starts from rest
R = 2m
at P what is the resultant force acting on it at Q? (b) At what 5R
Q
height above the bottom of loop should the block be released
so that the force it exerts against the track at the top of the
loop equals its weight?

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Solution: (a) Point Q is at a height R above the ground. Thus, the difference in height between points
P and Q is 4R. Hence, the difference in gravitational potential energy of the block
between these points = 4mgR.
Since the block starts from rest at P, its kinetic energy at Q is equal to its change in
potential energy. By the conservation of energy:
2
 1/2 mv = 4mgR
2
v = 8gR
At Q, the only forces acting on the block are its weight mg acting downward and the force
N of the track on block acting in radial direction. Since the block is moving in a circular
path, the normal reaction provides the centripetal force for circular motion.
mv 2 m  8gR
N=  = 8 mg = 80 N
R R
The loop must exert a force on the block equal to eight times the block’s weight.
(b) For the block to exert a force equal to its weight against the track at the top of the loop.
mv 2
 2mg or v '2  2gR
R
1
 mgh = mv '2
2
v '2 2gR
h=  R
2g 2g
The block must be released at a height of 6m above the bottom of the loop.

Power
Power is the rate of doing work. SI unit of power is ‘Watt’ = J/s
Instantaneous power is given by

dW  dR  
Pi = = F.  F.v
dt dt
Average power is given by

P 
 Pdt
 dt
work done by a force W
Average power = =
time taken to do this work t

Illustration 3: An advertisement claims that a certain 1200 kg car can accelerate from rest to a speed of
25 m/s in a time of 8 s. What average power must the motor produce to cause this
acceleration ? (Ignore friction losses)

Solution: The work done in accelerating the car is given by

1 1
W = K = m  v 2f  v i2   (1200)[(25)2  0]
2 2
or W = 375 kJ
W 375
Power =   46.9kW
t 8

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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: A heavy particle is suspended by a string of length  from a fixed point O. The particle is
given a horizontal velocity v o. The string slacks at some angle and the particle proceeds
on a projectile path. Find the value of v o, if the particle passes through the point of
suspension.

Solution: Let at P the string slacks when it makes an angle 

 P
with the vertical. Hence, at the point P the centripetal
mgcos
force is only due to the component of the gravitational cos
force.  mg
O
mv 2
mg cos  = ,
 
where v = speed of the particle at P.
 v 2  g  cos  …(i)
Conserving energy at initial point and at P, we get
1 1
mvo2  mv 2  mg 1  cos   …(ii)
2 2
1 1
From (i) and (ii), we get, mv 2o  mg cos  + mg(1+cos )
2 2
v2o = g[2 + 3 cos ] …(iii)
Now, the particle will pass point of suspension if
 sin  = (v cos )t …(iv)
and  cos  = (vsin )t  1/ 2  gt 2 …(v)
Eliminating t from (iv) and (v), we get
2
  sin   1   sin  
 cos   (v sin )   g  
 v cos   2  v cos  
Substituting v2 = g cos , and simplifying we get tan  = 2
Therefore, cos  = 1/3
Substituting the value of cos  in equation (iii), we get
v = [g (2 + 3 )]1/2 .

Problem 2: A point mass m starts from rest and slides down the m
surface of a fixed frictionless solid hemisphere of radius R
as shown in figure. Measure angles from the vertical and 
potential energy from the top. Find R

(a) the change in potential energy of the mass with angle,

(b) the kinetic energy as a function of angle,
(c) the radial and tangential accelerations as a function of angle, and
(d) the angle at which the mass flies off the sphere.

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Solution: (a) Consider the mass when it is at the point B. A
UA (P.E. at A) = 0; A is reference level. R(1  cos

UB(P.E. at B)= mgR (1  cos ) R
B
 U = UB  UA
 U =  mgR(1  cos )
Negative sign indicates that P.E. decreases as particle slides down.
(b) Conserving energy at points A and B.
UA + TA = UB + TB
where UA = P.E. at A, UB = P.E. at B
TA = K.E. at A, TB = K.E. at B
 0 + 0 = mgR(1 cos ) + TB  T = mgR(1  cos )
1
(c) Since T = mv 2
2
1 2 2
 mv = mgR(1  cos 2mgR sin (
2
 v = 2 gR sin(/2)
 ar = v 2/R
 ar = 4g sin2(/2)
Also, in circular motion, velocity is along the tangent, therefore
v = 2 gR sin(/2)
d
 at = v 
dt
d
 at = gR cos(/2) = gR cos(/2)
dt
 at = g / R v cos(/2) , as R = v
 at = g sin 
(d) For circular motion, considering free body diagram A N
mv 2
of the mass, mg cos   N =
R  mgsin
mgcos
At the moment when the particle breaks off the
sphere, N = 0.
mv 2 v2
 mg cos  =  g cos  =
R R
As v = 2 gR sin(/2)
2
 g cos  = 4g sin (/2) = 2g(1  cos )
2
 cos  =  = cos1(2/3)
3
 2
So, the mass flies off when the radius vector makes an angle of cos1   with the
3
vertical line.

OBJECTIVE

Problem 1: A particle of mass m starts from rest and moves in a circular path of radius R with a
uniform angular acceleration . The kinetic energy of the particle after n revolutions is
2 2
(A) nmR (B) 2 nmR
2 2
(C) (1/2) mnR (D) mnR

Solution: (B)

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For uniform angular acceleration in a circular path, the angular speed is given by
 = 02  2 = 0 + 2 (2n)
2

Kinetic energy of the particle

1 1
K.E. = m(R)2 = mR2 (4n) = 2nm R2
2 2

Problem 2: A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant radius r such that its
2 2
centripetal acceleration ‘a’ is varying with time t as ac = k rt , where k is a constant. The
power delivered to the particle by the forces acting on it is
(A) zero (B) mk2r2t2
2 2
(C) mk r t (D) mk2rt

Solution: (C)
v2
ac 
r
v2
 k 2rt 2
r
1 1
Kinetic energy  mv 2  mk 2r 2 t 2
2 2
1
By work–energy theorem, W =  K  mk 2r 2 t 2  0
2
dW
P  mk 2r 2 t
dt

Problem 3: A constant power P is applied to a particle of mass m. The distance travelled by the
particle when its velocity increases from v1 to v2 is (neglect friction)
(A)
3P 2
m

v 2  v12  (B)
m
3P
 v 2  v1 

(C)
m 3
3P

v 2  v13  (D)
m 2
3P
v 2  v12  
Solution: (C)
P = Fv = mav
P dv P
 a v 
mv ds mv
P P s v2
or v 2 dv  ds 
m m 0 
ds  v1
v 2 dv

 S
m 3
3P

v 2  v13 

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EXERCISE -2
1. Why a passenger in a car moving round a curved road is thrown somewhat towards the outside
of the curve?

2. Find the average power delivered by weight of a projectile, when it is projected in air at some
angle with horizontal. When is the instantaneous power delivered by weight of the projectile zero?

3. A man of mass 80 kg runs up a staircase completely in 15 s. Another man of same mass runs up
the staircase completely in 20 s. Find the ratio of the power developed by them.

4. A block of mass m is moving with a constant acceleration ‘a’ on a rough horizontal plane. If the
coefficient of friction between the block and ground is , Find the power delivered by the external
agent after a time t from the beginning.

5. A particle of mass m moves along a circle of radius R with a normal acceleration varying with time
as an = at2, where ‘a’ is a constant. Find the time dependence of the power developed by all the
forces acting on the particle, and the mean value of this power averaged over the first t seconds
after the beginning of motion.

6. Two bodies of equal masses are in uniform circular motion with the same period. If r1 and r2 are
the radii of their circular path the ratio of their centripetal force is
r2 r2
(A) 12 (B) 22
r2 r1
r1 r2
(C) (D)
r2 r1

7. The direction of rotation of a body in uniform circular motion is reversed. Then the centripetal
force will be
(A) Same in magnitude but direction will be changed
(B) same in direction but magnitude will be changed
(C) same in direction and magnitude
(D) double in magnitude

8. A small body of mass m is placed on the top of a hemisphere of radius r.

Then the smallest horizontal velocity that should be given to the body so
that it may leave the hemispherical surface and not slide down is r

(A) gr (B) 2gr

(C) 3gr (D) 2gr

gr
9. In the previous problem if the initial horizontal velocity given is , then the angle with the
10
vertical at which the body leaves the hemisphere is
2  1
(A) cos1   (B) cos1  
3 3
 
3  7 
(C) cos1   (D) cos1  
7  10 

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ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
Exercise -1
1. (a) W A > W B, (b) W B > W A

2. No

3. (a) when car is moving (b) same

4. Yes, when K < U and U is negative, total energy E = K + U is negative

5. No, the momentum of meteorite is transferred to the air molecules.

6. No information can be obtained about the direction of the velocity and the time involved.

7. Both will come at rest together

8. It is our stored energy in our muscles and metabolic activities in our body which helps to move
our limbs and get ourselves moving against pushing the ground.

9. No, it is not violation of conservation of energy. In fact, the work done by the force we apply and
the work done by gravitational pull are equal and opposite and hence no net work is done on the
body. Hence, no net change in kinetic energy. However, it can be viewed as the work done by us
against the gravitational pull is stored in it as its potential energy.

ve
10. 125% 11. Electron is faster;  13.53
vp

2  m2  m1  g
12. v 13. C
 m1  m2 
14. A 15. A

Exercise -2
1. Due to inertia

2. zero, at the highest point of projectile. 3. 4/3

4. m(a + g)at 5. P = mRat, <P> = mRat/2

6. C 7. C

8. A 9. D

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CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE AT A GLANCE

 
1. W  F  S  FS cos  is work done by a constant force.

s2   
2. W s1
F  ds is the work done under varying force, where ds is the small displacement of the

body between s1 and s2.

3. The work done is represented by the area under force–displacement graph added with sign.

1 Joule = 10 erg; 1 eV = 1.6  1019 J,

7
4.

5. K.E. is always positive and is a scalar quantity.

6. Work done by all the forces on a body is equal to change in kinetic energy. This is work–energy
theorem.

7. Change in potential energy is the negative of the work done by the conservative forces.

8. Potential energy can be defined only for conservative forces.

 
9. Instantaneous power  F  v; power is a scalar quantity.

10. Average power 

total work done


P dt
total time

dt

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CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEM

Subjective Questions
1.

  
 
An object is displaced from position vector r1  2iˆ  3ˆj m to r2  4iˆ  6ˆj m under a force

 
F  3x 2ˆi  2yjˆ N . Find the work done by this force.

2. If momentum of a body is increased by 20 %, then find increase (in %) in kinetic energy of the
body.

3. In the spring mass system shown in the figure, the spring x0 m

is compressed by x0 = mg/3k from its natural length and k k
the block is released from rest. If initially springs are in
natural length then find the speed of the block , when it
passes through the point P. P
 
4. An object is acted upon by the forces F1  4 î N and F2  ( î  ĵ ) N. If the displacement of the
  
object is ( i  6 j  6k ) metre, then find the change in kinetic energy of the object.

5. A single conservative force F(x) acts on a 1.0 kg particle that moves along the x-axis. The
potential energy U(x) is given by U(x) = 20 + (x–2)2
where x is in meters. At x = 5.0 m the particle has a kinetic energy of 20 J.
(a) What is the mechanical energy of the system?
(b) What is the maximum kinetic energy of the particle?

MCQ  Single Correct

6. A particle of mass 0.01 kg travels along a space curve with velocity given by 4iˆ  16kˆ m/s. After
some time, its velocity becomes 8iˆ  20kˆ m/s due to the action of a conservative force.
The work done on the particle during this interval of time is
(A) 0.32 J (B) 6.9 J
(C) 9.6 J (D) 0.96 J

7. An object of mass m is tied to a string of length L and a variable horizontal

force is applied on it which starts from rest and pulled slowly until the string 
L
makes an angle  with the vertical. Work done by the force F is
(A) mgL(1-sin) (B) mgL
(C) mgL(1-cos) (D) mgL(1+cos) m

8. A uniform chain of length  and mass m is lying on a smooth table and one third of its length is
hanging vertically down over the edge of the table. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the work
required to pull the hanging part on to the table is
(A) mg (B) mg / 3
(C) mg / 9 (D) mg / 18

9. An ideal spring with spring-constant k is hung from the ceiling and a block of mass M is attached
to its lower end. The mass is released with the spring initially unstretched. Then the maximum
extension in the spring is
(A) 4 Mg/k (B) 2 Mg/k
(C) Mg/k (D) Mg/2k

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10. A block of mass 1 kg slides down a curved track that is one quadrant of a R = 1m
circle of radius 1 m. Its speed at the bottom is 2 m/s. The work done by the
frictional force is
(A) 8 J (B) +8 J
(C) 9 J (D) 9 J

11. One meter stick having mass 600 gm, is pivoted at one end and is displaced
2 60
through an angle of 60, the increase in its potential energy is (g = 10 m/s )
(A) 1.5 J (B) 15 J
(C) 150 J (D) 0.15 J

12. Two particles 1 and 2 are allowed to descend on two frictionless chords O
OP and OQ starting from O. The ratio of the speeds of the particles 1 and 1
2 respectively when they reach on the circumference is 60
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 P
2
1
(C) 1 (D)
2 2
Q

13. A particle is given an initial speed u (inside a smooth spherical shell of radius
R = 1 m) that it is just able to complete the circle. Acceleration of the particle
R
when its velocity becomes vertical is
u
(A) g10 (B) g
(C) g2 (D) g6

14. A particle is rotated in a vertical circle by connecting it to a string of length  and keeping the other
end of the string fixed. The minimum speed of the particle when the string is horizontal for which
the particle will complete the circle is
(A) g (B) 2g
(C) 3g (D) 5g

15. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg varies with time as P = 3t2/2 W. Here t is in sec.
If velocity of particle at t = 0 is v = 0, then the velocity of particle at time t=2 s will be
(A) 1 m/s (B) 4 m/s
(C) 2 m/s (D) 22 m/s

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ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION-I
 
1. A particle moves from a point r1  (2iˆ  3ˆj) to another point r2  (3iˆ  2ˆj) during which a certain

force F  (5iˆ  5ˆj) acts on it. Calculate work done by the force on the particle during this
displacement.

2. A force F = a + bx acts on a particle in the x direction, where a and b are constants. Find the
work done by this force during a displacement from x = 0 to x = d.

3. The figure shows a smooth circular path of radius R in the vertical O

B
plane which subtends an angle (/2) at O. A block of mass m is taken
from position A to B under the action of a constant horizontal force F.
(a) Find the work done by this force.
(b) In part (a) if the block is being pulled by a force F which is always
tangential to the surface, find the work done by the force F F

between A and B. A

4. A small block of mass m is kept on a rough inclined plane surface of inclination  fixed in an
elevator going up with uniform velocity v and the block does not slide on the wedge. Find the
work done by the force of friction on the block in time t.

5. An observer and a vehicle, both start moving together from rest 2 m/s2 5 m/s2
with accelerations 5 m/s2 and 2 m/s2, respectively. There is a 2
kg block on the floor of the vehicle, and  = 0.3 between their
surfaces. Find the work done by frictional force on the 2 kg block 2 kg
as observed by the running observer, during first 2 seconds of
the motion.

6. In the above problem, if the observer and vehicle start moving in opposite directions, from rest,
then find the direction and magnitude of frictional force acting between the surface of the block
and floor of vehicle, as seen by the observer. Also, calculate the work done by the frictional force
during first 2 seconds of motion.

7. A 16 kg block moving on a frictionless horizontal surface with a velocity of 4 m/sec compresses

an ideal spring and comes to rest, momentarily. If the force constant of the spring be 100 N/m,
then how much is the spring compressed?

 1
8. A small body is projected up a rough     inclined plane
 2 V = 10 m/s

( = 60) with a speed of v = 10 m/s as shown. How far along the 60
plane it moves up before coming to rest?
2
(Take g = 10 m/s )

9. A stone with weight W is thrown vertically upwards into the air with initial speed v 0. If a constant
force f due to air drag acts on the stone throughout its flight,
v 02
(a) show that the maximum height reached by the stone is h =
2g 1  (f / W)
1/2
Wf
(b) show that the speed of the stone upon impact with the ground is v  v0  
W f

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10. A block of mass m is attached to two unstretched springs
of spring constants k1 and k2 as shown in figure. The k1 k2
block is displaced towards right through a distance 'x' and m
is released. Find the speed of the block as it passes
through a distance x/4 from its mean position.

11. One end of a spring of natural length h and spring constant k is m

fixed at the ground and the other is fitted with a smooth ring of
mass m which is allowed to slide on a horizontal rod fixed at
h
height h as shown in the figure. Initially, the spring makes an
37
angle of 37 with the vertical when the system is released from
rest. Find the speed of the ring when the spring becomes
vertical.

12. A rod of mass m and length  is kept on a smooth wedge of mass

M as shown in the figure. If the system is released when the rod m
is at the top of the wedge, find the speed of the wedge when the
H
rod hits the ground level. [Neglect friction between all surfaces in M
contact.] 

13. If the system in the figure released from rest in the configuration shown,
find the velocity of the block Q after it has fallen through a distance 10
meters, given mass of P = mass of Q = 10 kg.

A
P
Q

14. A particle is hanging from a fixed point O by means of a string of length ‘a’. There is a small nail
'Q' in the same horizontal line with O at a distance b (b = a/3) from O. Find the minimum velocity
with which the particle should be projected so that it may make a complete revolution around the
nail without being slackened.

15. An automobile of mass ‘m’ accelerates starting from rest, while the engine supplies constant
power P. Show that:
(a) the velocity is given as a function of time by v = (2Pt/m)1/2.
(b) the position is given as a function of time by s = (8P/9m)1/2t3/2.

SECTION-II
OBJECTIVE
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. A chain of mass m and length  is placed on a table with one-sixth of it hanging freely from the
table edge. The amount of work done to pull the chain on the table is:
(A) mg/4 (B) mg/6
(C) mg/72 (D) mg/36

2. A rod of mass M and length L is lying on a horizontal table. Work done in making it stand on one
end will be
(A) MgL (B) MgL/2
MgL
(C) (D) 2 MgL
4

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3. A liquid of density d is pumped by a pump P from situation (i) to situation (ii) as shown in the
diagram. If cross section of each of the vessel is a, then the work done in pumping (neglecting
friction effects) is
(A) dgh2a (B) 2 dgh
(C) dgha (D) 2 dgh2a

2h
h h

P P


4. A constant force F  k(yiˆ  xj),
ˆ where k is a constant, acts on a particle moving in the x-y plane.
Starting from the origin, the particle is moved along the x-axis to a point (a, 0) and from there it is
moved parallel to y-axis to the point (a, a). The total work done in the whole process will be
2 2
(A) ka (B) ka
(C) 2 ka2 (D) 2 ka2

5. A ball looses 15% of its kinetic energy after it bounces back from a concrete slab. The speed with
which one must throw it vertically down from a height of 12.4 m to have it bounce back to the
same height is
(A) 2.5 m/s (B) 4.38 m/s
(C) 6.55 m/s (D) 8.25 m/s

6. A body is dropped from a certain height in the effect of conservative forces only. When it loses ‘U’
amount of potential energy, it subsequently acquires a velocity ‘v’. The mass of the body is:
2U U
(A) 2 (B)
v 2v 2
2v U2
(C) (D)
U 2v
7. A block of mass m is released on top of a wedge which is free to move on a horizontal surface.
Neglecting friction between the surfaces in contact, which of the following statement is true?
(A) The kinetic energy of the block when it reaches the bottom of the wedge is mgH.
(B) The kinetic energy of the wedge when the block reaches the bottom is mgH.
(C) The work of normal reaction on the block in the ground reference is not zero.
(D) The potential energy of the wedge continuously changes.

8. A running man has half the K.E. that a child half of his mass has. The man speeds up by 1 m/sec
and then has the same K.E. as that of the child. The original speeds of the man and the child (in
m/sec) are
(A)  
2 1 , 
2 1 (B)   
2 1 , 2 2 1 
(C) 2, 2 (D)  2  1 , 2  2  1


9. A particle of mass m moves under the influence of the force F = a (sin t ˆi  cos tjˆ ) where a, 
are constants and t is time. The particle is initially at rest at the origin. The instantaneous power
given to the particle is
(A) zero (B) a2sin t/ m
2
(C) a cos t/ m (D) a2(sin t+ cos t)/m

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10. If v, p and E denote the velocity, momentum and kinetic energy of a particle, then:
(A) p = dE/dv (B) p = dE/dt
(C) p = dv/dt (D) none of these

11. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of length L = 10/3 m is whirling in a circular
path of radius L in vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum tension to the minimum tension in
the string is 4. What is the speed of stone at the highest point of the circle? (g = 10 m/s2).
(A) 10 m/s (B) 52 m/s
(C) 103 m/s (D) 20 m/s

12. A triangle is formed using three wires AB, BC and CA and is placed in a A C
vertical plane. Coefficient of friction for all the three wires is same. If w1 B
and w2 is the work done by the friction in moving an object from A to B
through C and C respectively, then
C
(A) w1 = w2 (B) w1 < w2
(C) w1 > w2 (D) the relation depends
on the length AC and BC

13. With what minimum speed v must a small ball should be pushed
inside a smooth vertical tube from a height h so that it may reach
the top of the tube? Radius of the tube is R. R
5
(A) 2g(h  2R) (B) R h v
2
(C) g(5R  2h) (D) 2g(2R  h)

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

1. One end of a light spring of spring constant k is fixed to a wall and the other end is tied to a block
1
placed on a smooth horizontal surface. In a displacement, the work done by the spring is kx 2 .
2
The possible cases are:
(A) The spring was initially compressed by a distance x and was finally in its natural length.
(B) It was initially in its natural length and finally in a compressed position
(C) it was initially stretched by a distance x and finally was in its natural length
(D) it was initially in its natural length and finally in a stretched position.

2. The kinetic energy of a particle continuously increases with time

(A) The resultant force on the particle must be parallel to the velocity at all instants
(B) The resultant force on the particle must be at an angle less than 90 all the time
(C) The magnitude of its linear momentum is increasing continuously.
(D) Its height above the ground level must continuously decrease.

3. The potential energy U in joule of a particle of mass 1 kg moving in x-y plane obeys the law U =
3x + 4y, where (x, y) are the co-ordinates of the particle in metre. If the particle is at rest at (6, 4)
at time t=0, then:
(A) the particle has constant acceleration
(B) the particle has zero acceleration
(C) the speed of particle when it crosses the y-axis is 10 m/s
(D) coordinates of the particle at t = 1 sec are (4.5, 2)

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NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. A particle slides down from the top outside smooth surface of a fixed sphere of radius a = 10 m.
The initial horizontal velocity to be imparted to the particle ‘at the top’ is 5K m/s, if it leaves the
surface at a point whose vertical height above the centre of sphere is 3a/4. Find the value of K.

2. A horse pulls a wagon of 3075 kg from rest against a constant resistance of 90 N. The pull
exerted initially is 600 N and it decreases uniformly with the distance covered to 400 N at a
distance of 15 m from start. Find the velocity (in m/s) of wagon at this point.

3. Two masses 10 kg and 20 kg are connected by a massless spring. A force of 200 N acts on 20
kg mass. At the instant when the 10 kg mass has an acceleration 12 m/s2, find the energy stored
(in Joule) in the spring (k = 2400 N/m).

NUMERICAL BASED WITH NON-NEGATIVE INTEGER TYPE

1. A rail road car is moving with a constant acceleration of 1
m/s2. A block of 5 kg is put on a horizontal rough floor in the
car. At time t = 0, velocity of the car is 5 m/s. Considering that
friction is sufficient and block is not slipping on the floor, the a = 1 m/s2
work done (in joule) on the block by friction force during t = 0
to t = 2 sec will be (Coefficient of friction is s)

2. Under the action of a force, a 2 kg body moves such that its position x as a function of time is
given by x = t3/3, where x is in meter and t in seconds. The work done (in joule) by force in first
two second is

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. A block of mass 2.0 kg is pulled up on a smooth incline of angle 30o with the horizontal. If the
block moves with an acceleration of 1.0 m/s2. Find the power delivered(in Joule) by the pulling
force at a time 1.2 s after the motion starts.

2. Two blocks of different masses are hanging on two ends of a string passing over a frictionless
pulley. The heavier block has a mass twice as that of the lighter one. The tension in the string is
60 N. The decrease in potential energy during the first second after the system is released 2K.
Then find the value of K.

NUMERICAL BASED (QUESTION STEM) DECIMAL TYPE

A particle is moving in a conservative field and its potential energy is given as U = (6x 8y) J, where x and
 
y co-ordinates are in meters. Particle has initial velocity 2iˆ  3ˆj m/s at origin. At t = 1 sec, the angle
 M 
between velocity and acceleration of particle is cos 1   and when the particle crosses x axis,
5 2 
 3
x     m (Given: mass of the particle is 2 kg)
 N

1. The value of M is …………

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2. The value of N is …………

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

(I)
The potential energy function for the force between two in a diatomic molecule can approximately be
a b
expressed as U(x) = 12  6 , where a and b are positive constants, and x is the distance between the
x x
atoms. Answer the following question by selecting most appropriate alternative.

1. The graph between potential energy vs x will be

U (x) U (x)

(A) (B)
x

x
U (x) U (x)

(C) (D)
x
x

2 The graph between force between the atoms [F(x)] vs x will be

F (x) F (x)

(A) (B)
x
x

F (x)
F (x)

(C) (D)
x
x

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(II)
Initially both springs are relaxed and block of mass m is attached to springs as shown
in the diagram (spring constant K1 and K2). K1

Now answer the following questions:

m

1. Maximum elongation in spring will be

(A) mg/(K1+K2) (B) mg/2(K1+K2) K2
(C) 2mg/( K1+K2) (D) 3mg/2(K1+K2)

2. Maximum velocity attained by block.

m m
(A) g (B) g
(K1  K 2 ) 2(K1  K 2 )
2m 3m
(C) g (D) g
(K1  K 2 ) 2(K1  K 2 )

3. Maximum acceleration of block will be

(A) 2g (B) g
(C) 3g/2 (D) velocity of block will remain constant

(III)
Two tennis balls of mass 60 g are attached with a massless rubber thread, and held in the
vertical position as shown in the figure. In this position the unstretched length of the rubber
thread is 40 cm. The upper ball is slowly raised vertically upward, until the lower ball just
becomes unsupported by the ground. At this time the length of the thread is 1 m. The rubber
thread exerts a force which is proportional to its extension.

1. Work done by external agent while the upper ball was raised is
(A) 0.43J (B) 0.53J
(C) 0.63J (D) 0.73J

2. Releasing the upper ball, the speed which it hits the lower one is
(A) 2.1m/s (B) 4.1m/s
(C) 5.1m/s (D) 8.1m/s

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MATCH LIST TYPE

Answer questions 1 and 2 by appropriately matching the list based on the information
given in the paragraph.

Consider the set up shown below in the figure. The block A is

attached to a rigid wall through a spring of spring constant k = 10 A

N/m. The system is released from rest with the spring unstretched.
Assume friction to be absent everywhere (Take g = 10 m/s2)
B

List –I gives the mass of block B and list –II the magnitude of some quantities (in S.I. unit).
List-I List-II

(I) 1 kg (P) 1

(II) 2 kg (Q) 2

(III) 4 kg (R) 4

(IV) 8 kg (S) 8

(T) 10

(U) 16

1. The maximum extension produced in the spring is

Options
(A) I  Q, II  P, III  S, IV  R
(B) I  Q, II  R, III  S, IV  U
(C) I  P, II  S, III  Q, IV  T
(D) I  P, II  P, III  S, IV  T

2. The mass of block A (in kg) is taken as 9, 8, 6 and 2 in case (I), case (II), case (III) and case (IV)
respectively. The speed of the block A, when the extension in the spring is half of the maximum
extension, is
Options
(A) I  P, II  Q, III  S, IV  R
(B) I  Q, II  U, III  T, IV  T
(C) I  Q, II  P, III  S, IV  R
(D) I  P, II  Q, III  R, IV  S

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3. In List-I, some diagrams are shown and in List-II, related work done by weight or by F in different
cases are given. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the Lists:
List – I List – II
/2
F
Chain of weight W is  = 0
pulled slowly by a /2
Work done by weight
variable force F so that Motion (1) 3W 
(P) of chain 
complete chain comes to 4
table.

/2

 = 0
Chain slip from the table /2 W
Motion
due to weight 2W and (2) Work done by F =
(Q) 4
becomes vertical

/2
F
Chain slips from the table  = 0
slowly due to weight W of /2 W
Motion
the chain and variable (3) Work done by F =
(R) 8
force F and it becomes
vertical

/2
Chain of weight W is F
pulled by constant force  = 0
slightly more than F so Work done by F =
Motion /2
that complete chain (4) 3W 
(S) 
comes to table. Initially 8
chain is in equilibrium
due to F.

Codes:
P Q R S
(A) 3 1 4 2
(B) 1 4 2 3
(C) 4 1 2 3
(D) 2 3 4 1

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4. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
List – I List – II

If the work done by force in cyclic path is zero, the force

(P) (1) Non conservative
is

If the work done by a force in cyclic path is not zero, the

(Q) (2) Negative
force is

(R) Work done by friction force can be (3) Conservative

(S) Work done by spring force can be (4) Positive

Codes:
P Q R S
(A) 3 1 2, 4 2, 4
(B) 1, 4 4 2 3
(C) 3, 2 1 2, 4 2, 4
(D) 2, 4 3 4 1

MATCH THE FOLLOWING TYPE

This question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C,
D) in column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s, t) in column II.

1. The potential energy of a particle moving along x-axis is U(x)

shown in the figure. Where E0 is the total mechanical E0

energy of the particle.

x1 x2 x3 x

Column-I Column-II

(A) Force on the particle is towards +ve x-axis if (p) x1 < x < x2

(B) Particle cannot be found where (q) x2 < x < x3

(C) Force is towards the equilibrium position if (r) x < x 1, x > x 3

(D) Force is towards the ve x-axis if (s) x2 > x

(t) x1 < x < x3

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MATCHING TYPE WITH 3 COLUMNS & 4 ROWS

The following table has 3 columns and 4 rows. Based on table, there are THREE questions. Each
question has FOUR options (A), (B), (C), and (D). ONLY ONE of these four options is correct
Column-I shows four situations with a small ball of mass m connected to an ideal string of length
l and fastened to a point O whose acceleration (if any) is shown in the diagram. Column-II lists
the minimum value of speed u with respect to point of suspension (when the string is vertical) in
order for the mass to complete the circular motion in vertical plane. Column-III lists the
maximum tension throughout the circular motion (corresponding to minimum speed)
Column – 1 Column – 2 Column – 3
O

(I) (i) 3g (P) 6 mg


u
O
g/3

(II) (ii) 2g  

3 1 (Q) 4 3 mg

u
O g
3
(III) (iii) 5 g (R) 7 mg

u
O
45°
20 g
(IV) (iv) (S) 8 mg
2g
 3

1. Pick the correct combination from given options.

(A) (I) (ii) (P) (B) (II) (iv) (R)
(C) (III) (ii) (Q) (D) (IV) (ii) (P)

2. Pick the option for combination where maximum tension occurs at  = 0° with vertical
(A) (I) (iii) (P) (B) (II) (ii) (Q)
(C) (II) (i) (R) (D) (I) (iv) (S)

3. Pick the correct combination where maximum tension position occurs at greatest possible angle
from vertical.
(A) (III) (ii) (P) (B) (II) (ii) (R)
(C) (IV) (iv) (R) (D) (IV) (i) (P)

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ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
This question contains statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason). Question has 4 choice (A),
(B), (C) and (D) out of which only one is correct.

1. STATEMENT -1
Work done by the centripetal force in moving a body along a circle is always zero.
because
STATEMENT -2
Displacement of the body is along the force.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement -2 is true.

2. STATEMENT -1
A spring has potential energy, both, when it is compressed or stretched.
because
STATEMENT-2
In compressing or stretching, work is done on the spring against the restoring force.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is true, Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement -2 is true.

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SECTION-III
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. A force (mv2/r) is acting on a body of mass m moving with a speed v in a circle of radius r. what is
the work done by the force in moving the body over half the circumference of the circle?
mv 2
(A)  r (B) zero
r
mv 2 r 2
(C) 2 (D)
r mv 2

2. Consider two observers moving with respect to each other at a speed v along a straight line. They
observe a block of mass m moving a distance  on a rough surface. The following quantities will
be same as observed by the two observers.
(A) work done by friction. (B) acceleration of the block
(C) kinetic energy of the block at time t (D) total work done on the block.

3. A ball of mass 50 g is thrown upwards. It rises to a maximum height of 100 m. At what height its
K.E. will be reduced to 70%.
(A) 30 m (B) 40 m
(C) 60 m (D) 70 m

4. A long spring is stretched by 2 cm. Its potential energy is U. If the spring is stretched by 10 cm, its
potential energy would be
(A) U/25 (B) U/5
(C) 5 U (D) 25 U

5. The K.E acquired by a mass m in traveling a certain distance d, starting from rest, under the
action of a constant force is directly proportional to
(A) m (B) m
1
(C) (D) none of the above
m

6. Out of a pair of identical spring of spring constant 240 N/m, one is compressed by 10 cm and the
other is stretched by 10 cm. the difference in potential energy stored in the two spring is
(A) zero (B) 4 J
(C) 12 J (D) 1.2 J

7. In which case does the potential energy decrease?

(A) on compressing the spring (B) on stretching a spring
(C) on moving a body against gravitational pull (D) none of these

8. Force F applied on a body moves it through a distance S along F. Energy spent is

(A) F  S (B) F/S
(C) FS2 (D) F/S2

9. The potential energy of a particle is determined by the expression U =  (x2 + y2), where  is a
positive constant. The particle begins to move from a point with the coordinates (3, 3) (m), only
under the action of potential field force. Then its kinetic energy T at the instant when the particle
is at a point with the coordinates (1, 1) (m) is
(A) 8  (B) 24 
(C) 16  (D) zero

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10. A particle of mass m attached to an inextensible light string is moving in a vertical circle of radius
r. The critical velocity at the highest point is v0 to complete the vertical circle. The tension in the
string when it becomes horizontal is
3mv 20 9mv 20
(A) (B)
r r
(C) 3mg (D) both (A) and (C) are correct.

 k e2 
11. If the potential energy between an electron and a proton at a distance r is given by U    3  .
 3r 
The law of force is
k e2 3 k e 2
(A) F  2 (B) F 
r 4 r4
k e2 k e2
(C) F  4 (D) F 
r r

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. A body of mass 2 kg is projected vertically upwards with a speed of 3 m/s. The maximum
gravitational potential energy (in joule) of the body is

2. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 1 m under the influence of a force given by
F = 7  2x + 3x2. Work done in the process is k J. Find the value of k.

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE


1. A body constrained to move in y-direction is subjected to a force given by F  (2iˆ  15ˆj  6k)
ˆ N.
Find the work done (in joule) by this force in moving the body through a displacement of 10 m
along y-axis?

2. A body of mass 5 kg is moving with a momentum of 10 kg m/s. A force of 0.2 N acts on it in the
direction of motion of the body for 10 sec. The increase in its kinetic energy (in joule) is……

3. A motor boat is traveling with a speed of 3.0 m/sec. If the force on it due to water flow is 500 N,
the power (in kW) of the boat is:

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ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Subjective Questions
1. 83 J

2. 44

2m
3. g
9k

4. 1 J

5. (a) 49 J
(b) 29 J

MCQ  Single Correct

6. D

7. C

8. D

9. B

10. A

11. A

12. B

13. A

14. C

15. C

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ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION-I
1. zero 2. (a + bd/2)d


3. (a) FR (b) FR 4. mgvt sin2
2

5.  24 Joules

6. 4 N along movement of vehicle, 56 Joule 7. 1.6 m

20 x 15(k1  k 2 )
8. m 10.
2 3 1 4 m

h k 2mgH
11. 12.
4 m M  m tan2 

13 8.85 m/s 14. 2 ga

SECTION-II
OBJECTIVE
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A
5. C 6. A 7. C 8. B
9. B 10. A 11. A 12. A
13. D

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

1. A, C 2. B, C 3. A, C, D

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 1 2. 2 3. 3

NUMERICAL BASED WITH NON-NEGATIVE INTEGER TYPE

1. 60 2. 16

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. 14.40 2. 37.50

NUMERICAL BASED (QUESTION STEM) DECIMAL TYPE

1. 7 2. 8

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LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

(I) 1. B 2. A
(II) 1. C 2. A 3. B
(III) 1. B 2. C

MATCH LIST TYPE

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A

MATCH THE FOLLOWING TYPE

1. A  (p, s) B  (r) C  (p, q, s, t) D  (q)

MATCHING TYPE WITH 3 COLUMNS & 4 ROWS

1. C 2. A 3. D

ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
1. C 2. A

SECTION-III
(MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT)
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D
5. D 6. A 7. D 8. A
9. C 10. D 11. C

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 9 2. 7

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1. 150.00 2. 4.40 3. 1.50

IITJEE-2223-PHYSICS-WORK, ENERGY & POWER