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UNIT-II
FOURIER SERIES

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Fourier Series is named after the French mathematician cum physicist Jean- Baptiste Joseph
fourier (1768-1830).He introduced Fourier Series in 1822,while he was investigating the
problem of heat conduction. The series of sines and cosines is known after him.
Use of Fourier Series:

.in
Fourier Series are particularly suitable for expansion of periodic functions. We come across
many periodic functions in voltage, current, flux density, applied force, potential and
electromagnetic force in electricity. Hence Fourier Series are very useful in electrical
engineering problems.
Periodic Function:

e
A function f(x) is said to be periodic if and only if f(x+p) = f(x) is true for some value of p
and every value of x. The smallest value of p for which this equation is true for every value of x
will be called the periodic of the function f(x).
Fourier Series: fre
Here we will express a non-sinusoidal periodic function into a fundamental and its
harmonics, a series of sines and cosines of an angle and its multiple of the form
a0
+ a1 cos x + a 2 cos 2 x + .... + a n cos nx + ..... + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2 x + .... + bn sin nx + ....
2
tes
∞ ∞
a
= 0 + ∑ a n cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx is called the fourier series, where a0,a1,……an, b1,b2,….bn are
2 n =1 n =1
constants.
1.1(a) PROBLEMS UNDER THE INTERVAL (0,2ᴨ)
No

Write the formula for finding Euler’s constant of a fourier series in (0,2 π ) .
∞ ∞
a
f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
2 n =1 n =1
2π
1
where a0 =
π ∫ f ( x )dx ………..(1)
w.

0
2π
1
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx ……….(2)
0
2π
1
bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx ……….(3)
ww

π 0
Formulas (1)),(2),|(3) are known as the Euler's formula.

Explain Dirichlet’s condition

a0 ∞ ∞
Any function f(x) can be developed as a fourier series + ∑ a n cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx where
2 n =1 n =1
a0,an,bn are constants, provided.
(i) f(x) is periodic,single-valued and finite

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(ii) f(x) has a finite number of finite discontinuities in any one period and has no infinite
discontinuity.
(iii) f(x) has the most a finite number of maxima and minima.
Problem-1:
1
If f ( x ) = (π − x ) ,find the fourier series of period 2ᴨ in the interval (0,2ᴨ).Hence deduce that
2
1 1 1 π
1 − + − + .... = .
3 5 7 4

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solution:
∞ ∞
a
Let the required Fourier Series be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx ……….(1)
2 n =1 n =1
2π
1
where a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx

e
π 0
2π
1 1
=

=
π
1
2π
∫ 2 (π − x )dx
0
2π

∫ (π − x )dx
fre
0
2π
 x2 
tes
1
= π x −
2π  2  0
1  2 4π 2  
=  2π −  − (0 − 0)
2π  2  
1
[
(2π 2 − 2π 2 ) ]
No

=
2π
=
1
[0]
2π
=0
∴a0 = 0
w.

2π
1
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx
0
2π
1 1
=
π ∫ 2 (π − x ) cos nxdx
ww

0
2π
1
=
2π ∫ (π − x ) cos nxdx
0
2π

=
1 
 (π − x ) sin nx  − ( −1) − cos2 nx 
2π   n   n  0
2π
1 
=  (π − x ) sin nx  −  cos2nx 
2π   n   n  0

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
1 1   1 
=  0 − n 2  −  0 − n 2  
2π
   
1  1   1  
= −  +  
2π  n 2   n 2 

=
1
[0]
2π
=0

.in
∴ an = 0
2π
1
bn =
π ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx
0
2π

e
1 1
=
π ∫ 2 (π − x ) sin nxdx
0

=
1
2π
2π

∫ (π − x ) sin nxdx
0
2π
fre
=
1 
 ((π − x )( − cos nx ) − ( −1) sin 2nx 
2π  n  n  0
tes
2π
1 
=  (− (π − x )( cos nx ) −  sin 2nx 
2π  n  n  0
1 π  − π 
=  ( n − 0) −  n  
2π   
No

1 π  π 
= ( n ) +  n  
2π   
1  2π 
=
2π  n 
w.

1
=
n
1
∴ bn =
n
ww

1
substitute a n = 0 & bn = in (1),we get
n
∞
1
f ( x ) = 0 + 0 + ∑ sin nx
n =1 n
∞
1
f ( x ) = ∑ sin nx ……….(2)
n =1 n
π π
put x = ,here x = is a point of continuity
2 2

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1 π
∴ f ( x )) = π − 
2 2
π
=
4
π ∞
1 nπ
(2) ⇒ = ∑ sin
4 n =1 n 2
π 1 1 1
= 1 + 0 − + 0 + + 0 − .....

.in
4 3 5 7
π 1 1 1
= 1 − + − .....
4 3 5 7
1 1 1 π
(i.e) 1 − + − ..... = .
3 5 7 4

e
1.1(b) PROBLEMS UNDER THE INTERVAL (0,2 l )

a ∞
f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos(
2 n =1
2nπx
3
∞
) + ∑ bn sin(
n =1
fre
Write the formula for fourier constant for f(x) in (0,2 l ).
The fourier expansion for f(x) in the interval 0 < x < 2 l is given by
2nπx
3
)
2l
1
l ∫0
where a0 = f ( x )dx ………..(1)
tes
nπx
2l
1
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos dx ……….(2)
l 0 l
nπx
2l
1
bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx ……….(3)
No

l 0 l

Problem-2:
Find the fourier series of the function f(x) = 2x- x2 for 0 < x < 3 and f(x+3) = f(x).
solution:
given 2l = 3
w.

3
l=
2
a0 ∞ nπx ∞ nπ x
Let the required Fourier Series be f ( x ) = + ∑ a n cos + ∑ bn sin
ww

2 n =1 l n =1 l
a ∞
2nπx ∞
2nπx
f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos( ) + ∑ bn sin( ) ………(1)
2 n =1 3 n =1 3
2l
1
l ∫0
where a0 = f ( x )dx

3
2
= ∫ ( 2 x − x 2 )dx
30

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3
2  2x2 x3 
=  − 
3 2 3 0
2
= ( 0)
3
=0
∴a0 = 0
nπx
2l
1

.in
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos dx
l 0 l
2nπx
3
2
=
30∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) cos(
3
)dx

e
3
 2nπx  2nπx   


 sin 

 cos   sin 2nπx 
= (2 x − x 2 ) 3  + ( −2 ) − 3 
2 3  − ( 2 − 2 x ) −
3



 2nπ 

 3



2nπ (3) 


 9
fre
4n 2π 2 

2nπ (3) 



 8n 3π 3 

 27


 0




 sin 

 cos   sin 2nπ (3)  
 
=
2
( (2(3) − 3 ) 2nπ − (2 − 2(3)) − 4n 2π 2  + (−2) − 3 3  −  0 − (2) 4n 2π 2 + 0 
2
 3   3   3  )  1
tes
3   8n π 
        
  3   9   27   9 
2 9  9 
= 0 − 4( 2 2 ) + 0) −  0 + (2) 2 2 + 0 
3  4n π  4 n π 
2 
No

9  9
= ( − 2 2 ) −  2 2 
3 n π  2 n π 
2 9  1 
=  ( − 2 2 ) 1 +  
3  n π  2 
2 9  3 
=  ( − 2 2 )  
3  n π  2 
w.

9
=−
n π2
2

9
∴ an = −
n π2
2
ww

nπx
2l
1
bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx
l 0 l
2nπx
3
2
=
30∫ ( 2 x − x 2 ) sin(
3
)dx

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3
 2nπx  2nπx   


 − cos 

 sin   cos 2nπx 
= (2 x − x 2 ) 3  + ( −2 ) − 3 
2 3  − ( 2 − 2 x ) −
3  2 nπ   4 n π
2 2
  3 3 
8n π
      
  3   9   27  0

 2nπ (3)  2nπ (3)    



 cos 

 sin   cos 2nπ (3)  
− 27 
= (−(2(3) − 3 )

2 2
2 nπ
3 
 − ( 2 − 2(3)) − 3  
+ ( −2 ) −

3 

) − 0 + 0 + 3 3 
4n 2π 2  4n π  

.in
3    8 n π
3 3

       
  3   9   27  
2  9 27   27  Q cos 2nπ = 1
=  − + 
3  2nπ 4n 3π 3   4n 3π 3 

e
2 9 
= 
3  2nπ 

bn =
3
nπ

nπ
3
fre
∞
9 2nπx ∞ 3 2nπx
(1) ⇒ f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ − cos +∑ sin
tes
n =1 nπ2 2
3 n =1 nπ 3
−9 ∞
1 2nπx 3 ∞
1 2nπx
f ( x ) = 2 ∑ 2 cos + ∑ sin
π n =1 n 3 π n =1 n 3
1.2 ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
Certain functions defined in symmetric ranges of the form (− π , π ) and (− l, l )
No

can be classified as odd and even functions.

Definition
f(x) is said to be an even functions of x in (− l, l ) if f(-x) = f(x) .Geometrically the graph of
even function will be symmetrical w.r.t Y axis.
example: xsinx,cosx
w.

Definition
f(x) is said to be an odd functions of x in (− l, l ) if f(-x) = - f(x) .Geometrically the graph of
an odd function will be symmetrical about the origin.
example: sinx,xcosx.
1.2(a)PROBLEMS UNDER (− π , π )
ww

What are the values of the Fourier constants when an even function f(x) is expanded in a
fourier series in (− π , π ) ?
π
2
a0 =
π ∫ f ( x )dx
0
π
2
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx
0

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bn = 0
a0 ∞
The expansion will be of the form f ( x ) =+ ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
What are the values of the fourier constants when an odd function f(x) is expanded in a
fourier series in (− π , π ) ?
solution:
a0 = 0 , a n = 0

.in
π
2
bn =
π ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx
0
∞
The expansion will be of the form f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx .
n =1

e
What are the values of the fourier constants when f(x) is neither even nor odd in a fourier
series in (− π , π ) ?

1
π
fre a ∞

2 n =1
∞
Let the fourier series for f(x) in (− π , π ) be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx
n =1

where a0 =
π ∫ f ( x )dx ……….(1)
−π
tes
π
1
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx ……….(2)
−π
π
1
bn =
π ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx ………..(3)
−π
No

Formulas (1)),(2),|(3) are known as the Euler's formula.

Problem-3:
Find the fourier expansion of f(x) = x in (− π , π ) .
w.

solution:
Let f(x) = x,f(-x) = -x = - f(x)
∴ f(x) is an odd function in (− π , π )
hence a0 = 0 , a n = 0 for all n > 0
ww

∞ π
2
Let the required fourier series be f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx where bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx
n =1 π 0
π
2
bn =
π ∫ x sin nxdx
0

π
2   cos nx   sin nx 
bn =  x  −  − (1) − 
π  n   n  0

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π
2   cos nx   sin nx 
= − x + 
π   n   n  0
2  − π (− 1)  
n
=   + 0  − (0 + 0)
π  n  
2  − π (− 1) 
n
=   
π  n 


.in
2( −1) n +1
=
n
2( −1) n +1
bn =
n

e
∞
2( −1) n +1
f ( x) = ∑ sin nx
n
n =1

∴ f ( x ) = 2∑
n =1
Problem-4:
( −1) n +1
n
∞
sin nx .
fre
π2
Find the fourier series for f(x) = x2 in (− π , π ) and deduce that (i)
1 1 1
+ + + ....... =
tes
12 2 2 32 6
1 1 1 π2 1 1 1 π2
(ii) − + − ....... = (iii) + + + ....... =
12 2 2 32 12 12 32 52 8
solution:
Let f(x) = x2, f(-x) = (-x)2 = x2 = f(x)
∴ f(x) is an even function in (− π , π )
No

hence bn = 0
∞ π
a 2
Let the required fourier series be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos nx where a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx
2 n =1 π 0
π
2
w.

a0 = ∫ x dx
2

π 0
π
2  x3 
=  
π  3 0
ww

2 π 3 
=  − 0
π3 
2 π 3 
=
π  3 

2π 2
=
3

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2π 2
a0 =
3
π
2
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx
0
π
2
π∫
an = x 2
cos nxdx
0
π

.in
 cos nx   − sin nx 
a n = (x 2 )
2  sin nx 
 − (2 x ) −  + 2 
π  n   n 2   n 3  0
π

= (x 2 )
2  sin nx   cos nx   sin nx 
 + (2 x ) 2  − 2 3 
π  n   n   n  0

e
2   2π (− 1)n   
=  0 +   − 0  − (0 + 0 − 0 )
π   n 2  

=
2  2π ( −1) n 
π  n 2 
 fre
4
= 2 ( −1) n
tes
n
4
a n = 2 ( −1) n
n
∞
a
f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos nx
2 n =1
No

2π 2 ∞
4( −1) n
f ( x) = +∑ cos nx
3( 2) n =1 n 2
π2 ∞
( −1) n
f ( x) = + 4∑ 2
cos nx ……………..(1)
3 n =1 n
Deduction:
w.

(i)put x = π in f(x) we get

f(x) = π 2
π2 ∞
( −1) n
π2 = + 4∑ 2 cos nπ
3 n =1 n
ww

π2 ∞
( −1) n
π2 = + 4∑ 2
( −1) n
3 n =1 n

π2 ∞
1
π2 = + 4∑ 2
Q ( −1) n ( −1) n = ( −1) 2 n = 1
3 n =1 n

π2 1 1 1 
π2 − = 4 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
3 1 2 3 

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3π 2 − π 2 1 1 1 
= 4 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
3  1 2 3 
2π 2
1 1 1 
= 4 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
3 1 2 3 

π2 1 1 1 
= 2 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
3 1 2 3 

.in
π2 1 1 1 
=  2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
6 1 2 3 
1 1 1 π 2

2
+ 2 + 2 + ....... = ………………(2)
1 2 3 6

e
(ii) put x = 0 in f(x) we get f(x) = 0
substitute f(x) = 0 in (1)

0=

0=
π2
3
π2
∞
( −1) n
+ 4∑ 2 cos n(0)
n =1 n

+ 4∑
∞
( −1) n
fre
2
3 n =1 n
tes
π2 ∞
( −1) n
− = 4∑
3 n =1 n2
π2 −1 1 1
− = 2
+ 2 − 2 + ......
12 1 2 3
No

π 2
1 1 1
= 2 − 2 + 2 + ......
12 1 2 3
1 1 1 π2
− + + ...... = ……………………(3)
12 2 2 32 12
(iii) add (2) & (3) we get
w.

 π π2
2
1 1 1
2 2 + 2 + 2 + .......  = +
1 3 5  6 12
1 1 1 1  2π 2 + π 2 
+ + + ...... =  
ww

12 32 52 2  12 
1 1 1 1  3π 2 
+ + + ...... =  
12 32 52 2  12 
1 1 1 π2
+ + + ...... = .
12 32 52 8
Problem-5:

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π2
Obtain the Fourier series for f(x) = 1+x+x2 in (− π , π ) .deduce that
1 1 1
+ + + ....... = .
12 2 2 32 6
solution:
Let f(x) = 1+x+x2, f(-x) = 1+(-x)+(-x2 )= 1-x+x2
here f ( − x ) ≠ f ( x ) and f ( − x ) ≠ − f ( x )
Hence the given function is neither even nor odd.
a0 ∞ ∞
Let the Fourier series for f(x) in (− π , π ) be f ( x ) = + ∑ a n cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx ……….(1)

.in
2 n =1 n =1

π
1
where a0 =
π ∫ f ( x )dx
−π
π

e
1
a0 = ∫π (1 + x + x
2
)dx
π −

1
=  x +
π
x2 x3 
2
+ 
3  −π
π
fre
1  π2 π3  π 2 π 3 
=  π + +  −  − π + − 
3 
tes
π  2 3   2
1 π2 π3 π2 π3
= π + + + π − + 
π  2 3 2 3
1 2π 
3
= 2π +
3 
No

π
1  6π + 2π 3 
=  
π 3 
1  6π + 2π 3 
=
π  3 

w.

=
1
3π
( 2π ) 3 + π 2 [ ]
2
= 3+π2
3
[ ]
ww

2
a0 = 3 + π 2
3
[ ]
π
1
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx
π −π
π
1
= ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) cos nxdx
π −

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π π π
1 1 1
= ∫ cos nxdx + ∫ x cos nxdx + ∫π x
2
cos nxdx
π −π
π −π
π −
π π π
2 2
= ∫ cos nxdx + 0 + π ∫ x Q xcosnx is a odd function, ∴ ∫ x cos nxdx = 0
2
cos nxdx
π 0 0 −π
π π
2  sin nx  2   sin nx   ( − cos nx )   − sin nx 
=   + x2   − 2 x  + 2 
π  n 0 π   n   n2   n
3
 0

.in
(0 − 0) + 2  0 + 2π ( −21)
2  n

= + 0 − (0 + 0 − 0) 
π π  n 
2  2π ( −1) n 
=  

e
π  n 2 
4( −1) n
=

an =
n2
4( −1) n
n2
fre
π
1
bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx
tes
π −π
π
1
= ∫π (1 + x + x
2
) sin nxdx
π −
π π π
1 1 1
= ∫π sin nxdx + π ∫π x sin nxdx + π ∫π x
2
No

sin nxdx
π − − −
π π π
2
=0+
π ∫ x sin nxdx + 0
0
Q sinnx , xsinnx is a odd function ∴ ∫ x 2 sin nxdx = 0, ∫ sin nxdx = 0
−π −π
π
2   − cos nx   − sin nx 
=  x  − (1) 
w.

π  n   n
2
 0
π
2   cos nx   sin nx 
= − x   + (1) 2 
π  n   n  0
2   cos nπ  
 + (0) − (− 0 + 0 )
ww

=  − π 
π   n  
2  − π ( −1) n 
=  
π n 
− 2( −1) n
=
n
− 2( −1) n
bn =
n

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substitute a0 =
2
3
[
3 + π 2 , an =
n2
]
4( −1) n
, bn =
− 2( −1) n
n
in (1)

[ 4( −1) n
] − 2( −1) n
∞ ∞
2
f ( x) = 3+π2 + ∑ cos nx + ∑ sin nx
2(3) n =1 n2 n =1 n

[ ] ( −1) n ( −1) n
∞ ∞
1
f ( x ) = 3 + π + 4∑ 2 cos nx − 2∑
2
sin nx ………(2)
3 n =1 n n =1 n
f ( −π ) + f (π )
put x = π in f(x) we get f ( x ) =

.in
2
(1 − π + π ) + (1 + π + π )
2 2
f ( x) =
2
2 + 2π 2
=

e
2
=1+π 2
f ( x) = 1 + π 2

(2) ⇒ 1 + π 2 =
1
3
[
∞
]( −1) n
fre
3 + π 2 + 4∑ 2 cos nπ − 2∑
n =1 n
∞

n =1
( −1) n
n
sin nπ

[ ( −1) n
]
∞
1
1 + π = 3 + π + 4∑ 2 cos nπ
2 2
tes
3 n =1 n

[ ] ( −1) n ( −1) n
∞
1
1+π 2 = 3 + π 2 + 4∑
3 n =1 n2

[ ]
∞
1
3(1 + π 2 ) = 3 + π 2 + 12∑ 2
n =1 n
No

1 1 1 
3 + 3π 2 = 3 + π 2 + 12 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
1 2 3 
1 1 1 
3π 2 = π 2 + 12 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
1 2 3 
 1 1 1 
w.

2π 2 = 12 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
 1 2 3 
1 1 1 
π 2 = 6 2 + 2 + 2 + ....... 
1 2 3 
π2
ww

1 1 1
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + .......
6 1 2 3
1 1 1 π2
+ + + ....... = .
12 2 2 32 6
1.2(b)PROBLEMS UNDER (− l , l )
What are the values of the fourier constants when an even function f(x) is expanded in a
fourier series in (− l , l ) ?

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l
2
l ∫0
a0 = f ( x )dx

 nπx 
l
2
an = ∫ f ( x ) cos dx
l 0  l 
bn = 0
a0 ∞  nπx 
The expansion will be of the form f ( x ) =+ ∑ an cos 

.in
2 n =1  l 
What are the values of the fourier constants when an odd function f(x) is expanded in a
fourier series in (− l, l ) ?
a0 = 0 , a n = 0
 nπx 
l

e
2
bn = ∫
l 0
f ( x ) sin
 l 
dx

fre
∞
The expansion will be of the form f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin
n =1
 nπx 
 l 
.
What are the values of the fourier constants when f(x) is neither even nor odd in a Fourier
series in (− l, l ) ?
∞
 nπx  ∞  nπx 
Let the fourier series for f(x) in (− l, l ) be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos
a
 + ∑ bn sin
tes

2 n =1  l  n =1  l 
l
1
where a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx
l −l
 nπx 
l
1
an = ∫
No

f ( x ) cos dx
l −l  l 
 nπx 
l
1
bn = ∫
l −l
f ( x ) sin
 l 
dx .

Problem-6:
If f(x) = x is defined in (− l, l ) with period 2l ,find the fourier expansion of f(x).
w.

solution:
f(x) = x
f(-x) = -x = -f(x)
∴ f(x) is an odd function.
ww

Hence a0 = 0 , a n = 0
π
∞
 nπx  2  nπ x 
Let the Fourier series be f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin  ……….(1)where bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx
n =1  l  l 0  l 

 nπx 
l
2
bn = ∫
l 0
f ( x ) sin
 l 
dx

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 nπx 
l
2
= ∫
l 0
x sin
 l 
dx

l
  nπx   nπx 
− cos  − sin 
2  
l  − (1) l 
=  x
l  nπ   n 2π 2 
  
  l   l2  0

.in
l
2  l  nπx  l 2  nπx 
= − x   cos +  2 2  sin 
l   nπ  l n π  l 0

2   − l 2   l2   
=    cos nπ +  2 2  sin nπ  − (0 + 0)

e
l   nπ  n π   
2  − l 2  
=

=

l   nπ 
− 2l ( −1) n
 cos nπ 

fre
nπ
− 2l ( −1) n
tes
bn =
nπ
− 2l ( −1) n
substitute bn = in (1)
nπ
− 2l ( −1) n  nπx 
∞
The Fourier series is f ( x ) = ∑ sin 
nπ
No

n =1  l 
− 2l ∞ ( −1) n  nπx 
f ( x) = ∑
π n =1 n
sin
 l 
.
Problem-7:
0,−2 < x < −1

w.

Find the Fourier series of the following function f ( x ) = k ,−1 < x < 1
0,1 < x < 2

solution:
here 2l = 4
l=2
ww

f(x) is an even function. hence bn = 0

∞
 nπx 
l
a 2
Let the Fourier series be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ an cos  …….(1)where a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx
2 n =1  l  l 0
 nπx 
l
2
an = ∫
l 0
f ( x ) cos
 l 
dx

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1
2
2 ∫0
a0 = kdx

= k ( x )0
1

= k (1 − 0) =k
a0 = k
 nπx 
l

.in
2
an = ∫
l 0
f ( x ) cos
 l 
dx

 nπx 
1
2
= ∫ k cos dx
20  2 

e
 nπx 
1
= k ∫ cos dx
 2 

0

 sin
= k
 nπ 
nπx 
2 

1 fre
 2 0
nπ
tes
 
 sin 
= k 2 − 0
 nπ 
 2 
 nπ 
 sin 
No

= k 2 
 nπ 
 2 
2 nπ
=k sin
nπ 2
2 nπ
w.

an = k sin
nπ 2
2 nπ
substitute a0 = k , an = k sin in (1)
nπ 2
k ∞ 2 nπ  nπx 
f ( x) = + ∑ k
ww

sin cos 
2 n=1 nπ 2  2 
k 2k ∞ 1 nπ  nπx 
f ( x) = + ∑
2 π n=1 n
sin
2
cos
 2 
.
Problem-8:
Expand f ( x ) = e − x as a Fourier series in (-1,1).
solution:
f ( x) = e− x

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f (− x) = e x
∴ f ( x ) ≠ f ( − x ) &∴ f ( − x ) ≠ − f ( x )
∴ f(x) is neither even nor odd.
a ∞
 nπx  ∞  nπx 
Let the Fourier series be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos  + ∑ bn sin  ………..(1)
2 n =1  l  n =1  l 
l
1
l −∫l
where a0 = f ( x )dx

.in
1
1
= ∫ e − x dx
1 −1
1
2
= ∫ e − x dx
10

e
[
= 2 − e−x 0 ]
1

[
= 2 − e −1 + e 0 ] fre
−1 
= 2  + 1
 e 
 − 1 + e 
= 2 =2sinh1
 e 
tes
a0 = 2sinh1
 nπx 
l
1
an = ∫ f ( x ) cos dx
l −l  l 
 nπ x 
1
No

= 1∫ e − x cos dx 1
 e−x
−1  1  = (− cos nπx + nπ sin nπx )
1 + n π
2 2
 −1
=
1
1+ n π 2 2
[
e − x (− cos nπx + nπ sin nπx ) −1
1
]
1
[ ]
w.

= − e −1 ( −1) n + e1 ( −1) n
1+ n π 2 2

=
( −1) n
1+ n π 2 2
[
− e −1 + e1 ]
2( −1) n
ww

= sinh 1
1 + n 2π 2
2( −1) n
an = sinh 1
1 + n 2π 2
 nπx 
l
1
bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx
l −l  l 
 nπx 
1
= 1∫ e − x sin dx
−1  1 

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1
 e− x
= (− sin nπx − nπ cos nπx )
1 + n π
2 2
 −1
=
−1
1+ n π 2 2
[
e − x (sin nπx + nπ cos nπx ) −1
1
]
=
−1
1 + n 2π 2
[
nπe −1 ( −1) n − nπe1 ( −1) n ]
( −1) n nπ
= [
− e −1 + e1 ]

.in
1 + n 2π 2
2( −1) n nπ
= sinh1
1 + n 2π 2
2( −1) n nπ
bn = sinh 1

e
1 + n 2π 2
substitute a0,an,bn in (1)

f ( x) =
2sinh1 ∞ 2( −1) n
2
+∑

f ( x ) = sinh1 + 2sinh1∑
n =1 1 + n π
2 2

∞
sinh 1 cos

( −1) n
n πx + ∑
∞
fre
2( −1) n nπ
n =1 1 + n π
∞
2 2
sinh1sin nπx

( −1) n nπ
n =1 1 + n π
2 2
cos n πx + 2sinh1∑
n =1 1 + n π
2 2
sin nπx
∞
( −1) n ∞
( −1) n nπ
tes
f ( x ) = sinh1 + 2sinh1∑ cos n πx + 2sinh1∑ sin nπx
n =1 1 + n π n =1 1 + n π
2 2 2 2

 ∞
( −1) n ∞
( −1) n nπ 
f ( x ) = sinh11 + 2∑ cos n πx + 2 ∑ sin nπx  .
n =1 1 + n π n =1 1 + n π
2 2 2 2
 
1.3.(a) HALF RANGE SINE SERIES
No

sine series:
To expand f(x) as a sine series in (0,π ) or (0, l ) we extend the function reflecting it in the
origin, so that f(-x) = -f(x)
Write the formula for Fourier constants to expand f(x) as a sine series in (0,π ) .
∞ π
2
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx ,where bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx
w.

n =1 π 0

Write the formula for Fourier constants to expand f(x) as a sine series in (0, l ) .
∞
nπx nπx
l
2
f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin ,where bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin dx .
l l 0 l
ww

n =1

Problem-9:
Expand the function f(x) = x , (0,π ) in the Fourier sine series.
solution:
given (x) = x , (0,π )
∞ π
2
Let f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin nx ………..(1) where bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx
n =1 π 0

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π
2
bn =
π ∫ x sin nxdx
0
π
2   − cos nx   − sin nx 
bn =  x   − (1) 
π  n   n
2
 0
2   − cos nπ   − sin nπ  
bn = π   − (1)   − (0 + 0)
π   n   n
2
 

.in
2  − π ( −1) n 
bn =  
π n 
− 2( −1) n
bn =
n

e
− 2( −1) n
∞
⇒ f ( x) = ∑ sin nx
n
n =1

f ( x ) = −2∑

Problem-10:
n =1
( −1) n
∞

n
sin nx
fre
Find the Half range Fourier sine series for f(x) = x in (0, l ) .
tes
solution:
∞
nπx
Let the required Fourier s series be f ( x ) = ∑ bn sin …….(1)
n =1 l
nπx
l
2
where bn = ∫
l 0
f ( x ) sin
l
dx
No

nπx
l
2
bn = ∫
l 0
x sin
l
dx

l
  nπx   nπx 
  − cos   − sin 
2 l  l 
= x   − (1)
nπ
w.

 nπ 
2 2
l  
   
  l   l 2
 0
l
2   l  nπx   l 2  nπx 
= − x   cos +  sin 
l   nπ  l   n 2π 2  l  0
ww

2   l  nπl   l 2  nπl  
=  − l    cos  +  2 2  sin  − ( 0 + 0) 
l   nπ   l   n π  l  
2  − l 2   l2  
=   cos nπ +  2 2 (sin nπ )
l  nπ  n π  
2  − l 2  
=   cos nπ + 0 Q sin nπ = o
l  nπ  

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2  − l2 
=  ( −1) n
l  nπ 
− 2l ( −1) n
=
nπ
− 2l ( −1) n
bn =
nπ
− 2l ( −1) n

.in
substitute bn = in (1) we get
nπ
∞
− 2l ( −1) n nπx
f ( x) = ∑ sin
n =1 nπ l
− 2l ( −1)n
∞
nπx
f ( x) = ∑

e
sin .
π n =1 n l
1.3.(b) HALF RANGE COSINE SERIES
Cosine series: fre
To expand f(x) as a cosine series in (0,π ) or (0, l ) we extend the function reflecting it in the y-
axis, so that f(-x) = f(x)
Write the formula for Fourier constants to expand f(x) as a cosine series in (0,π ) .
π
a0 ∞
tes
2 π 2
f ( x) = + ∑ an cos nx where a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx an = ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx
2 n =1 π 0 π 0
Write the formula for Fourier constants to expand f(x) as a cosine series in (0, l ) .
a0 ∞ nπx nπx
l
2 l 2
f ( x) = + ∑ an cos where a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx an = ∫ f ( x ) cos dx .
2 n =1 l l 0 l 0 l
No

Problem-11:
Find a cosine series for f(x) = x in (0,1)
solution:
a ∞
nπx
The cosine series of f(x) in (0,1) is f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ an cos …………(1)
2 n =1 l
w.

2 1
a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx
1 0
1
= 2 ∫ xdx
0

= 2( x 2 )10
ww

1
=2( )
2
=1
a0 = 1 …………(2)
1
2
an = ∫ f ( x ) cos nπxdx
10

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1
= 2 ∫ x cos nπxdx
0
1
  sin nπx  − cos nπx 
= 2  x  − (1)
  nπ  n 2π 2  0
 x sin nπx cos nπx 
1

= 2 + 2 2 
 nπ n π 0

.in
 sin nπ cos nπ   cos 0 
= 2  + 2 2  −  0 + 2 2 
  nπ nπ   n π 
 ( −1) n   1 
= 2  2 2  −  2 2 
 n π   n π  

e
nπ
2
[
= 2 2 (− 1) − 1
n
]
0, when' n' iseven

an =  − 4
 n 2π 2 , when' n' isodd
fre
………………..(3)

substituting (2) &(3) in (1), we get

∞
−4
tes
1
f ( x ) = + ∑ 2 2 cos nπx
2 n =1,3,5 n π
1 4 ∞ 1
f ( x) =− ∑ cos nπx .
2 π 2 n =1,3,5 n 2
Problem-12:
No

 π
cos x,0 < x < 2
Obtain a Fourier cosine series for f ( x ) = 
0, π < x < π
 2
solution:
w.

∞
a
The half range cosine series f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ an cos nx ……….(1)
2 n =1
2 π
a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx
π 0
ww

π
2 2 π 
=  ∫ f ( x )dx + ∫π f ( x )dx 
π 0
2 
π
2 2 π 
=  ∫0 cos xdx + ∫π 0dx 
π 2 
= [sin x ]0 2
2 π

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2 π
= sin
π 2
2
=
π
2
a0 = ……….(2)
π
π
2
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx

.in
0
π
 π

2 2 
=  ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx + ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx 
π 0 π
 2


e
 π2 π

2 
=  ∫ cos x cos nxdx + ∫ 0 cos nxdx 
π 0

 π2
2


π
2

fre
=  ∫ cos x cos nxdx 
π 0
 
tes
 π2 
1 
=  ∫ {cos(n + 1) x + cos(n − 1) x}dx 
π 0
 
No

π
1  sin(n + 1) x sin(n − 1) x  2
=  +
π  n +1 n − 1  0

 π π 
sin(n + 1) sin(n − 1) 
w.

1  2 + 2 − {0 + 0}
=   
π   ( n + 1) (n − 1)  
   
 π π
sin(n + 1) sin(n − 1) 
1
ww

=  2 + 2

π  (n + 1) (n − 1) 
 
  nπ π nπ π   nπ π nπ π 
  sin cos + cos sin   sin cos − cos sin  
1 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 
=    
π  n +1   n −1 
    

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 nπ π nπ π
cos sin cos sin 
1 2 2 − 2 2
=  
π n +1 n −1 
 
nπ
cos
= 2  1 − 1 
 
π  n + 1 n − 1
nπ

.in
cos
= 2  n − 1 − n − 1
 
π  n2 − 1 

nπ
cos

e
= 2  −2 
 
π  n 2 − 1

an =
− 2 cos
nπ
2 provided n ≠ 1 ……….(3)
π ( n 2 − 1)
fre
when n = 1,
π
2
tes
a1 = ∫ f ( x ) cos xdx
π 0
π
 π

2 2 
=  ∫ f ( x ) cos xdx + ∫ f ( x ) cos xdx 
π 0 π
 
No

 π2 π

2 
=  ∫ cos x. cos xdx + ∫ 0 cos xdx 
π 0 π
 2

w.

π 
2 2 
=  ∫ cos xdx 
2

π 0
 
π 
ww

2  2 1 + cos 2 x 
= ∫ dx 
π 0 2
 
π
2 1 sin 2 x  2
=  x+
π 2 4  0
2   π sin π  
=  +  − {0 + 0}
π  4 4  

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2 π 
=  
π 4
1
=
2
1
a1 = ……….(4)
2
substitute (2),(3) &(4) in (1)
nπ

.in
2 cos
2 π cos x ∞
f ( x) = + −∑ 2 cos nx
2 2 n =2 π ( n 2
− 1)
nπ
2 cos
1 cos x ∞
f ( x) = + −∑ 2 cos nx .

e
π 2 n =2 π ( n 2
− 1)
1.4 Complex or Exponential form of Fourier Series:

Interval
( −l , l )
fre
Complex Fourier Series
∞

∑ Cn e
inπx
1
l
Cn
− inπx

2l −∫l
f ( x) = l
f ( x )e l
dx
n = −∞
inπx − inπx
tes
(0,2l ) ∞ 2l
1
f ( x) = ∑C e
n = −∞
n
l
2l ∫ f ( x )e l
dx
0

( −π , π ) ∞ π
f ( x) = ∑C e
n = −∞
n
inx 1
2π ∫π f ( x )e
−inx
dx
−

(0,2π ) ∞ 2π
No

f ( x) = ∑ Cn einx
n = −∞
1
2π ∫ f ( x )e
−inx
dx
0

Problem-13:
Find the complex form of the Fourier series f(x) = cosax in ( −π , π ) .
solution:
∞ π
w.

( −π , π ) f ( x) = ∑ Cn einx …….(1)
n = −∞
Cn =
1
2π ∫π f ( x)e
−inx
dx
−
π
1 −inx
Cn =
2π ∫π f ( x)e
−
dx
ww

π
1 −inx
=
2π ∫π cos axe
−
dx

π
1 −inx
=
2π ∫π e
−
cos axdx
π
1  e −inx  e ax
=  (− in cos ax + a sin ax ) Q ∫ e ax dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx )
2π  (− in ) + a
2 2
 −π a 2 + b2

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π
 e −inπ e −inπ 
=
1
− n2 + a2 ( − in cos a π + a sin aπ ) − (− in cos aπ − a sin aπ )
2π  −n +a
2 2
 −π
=
1
2π (a − n )
2 2
[
− in cos aπ (e −inπ − e inπ ) + a sin aπ (e −inπ + e inπ ) ]
=
1
[2in cos aπ sin nπ + 2a sin aπ cos nπ ]
2π (a − n 2 )
2

1
[2a sin aπ cos nπ ]

.in
= Q sin nπ = 0
2π (a − n 2 )
2

( −1) n a sin aπ
=
π (a 2 − n 2 )
∞
( −1) n a sin aπ
∑ einx

e
f ( x) =
n = −∞ π (a 2 − n 2 )
a sin aπ ∞
( −1) n
f ( x) =

Problem-14:
π
∑ einx
n = −∞ a2 − n2
. fre
Find the complex form of the Fourier series of e ax ,where a is a constant in ( −l , l )
solution:
tes
given f ( x ) = e ax in ( −l , l )
∞ inπx l − inπx
1
f ( x) = ∑ Cn e
n = −∞
l
where C n =
2l ∫ f ( x )e l
dx
−l
l − inπx
1
Cn = ∫ e ax e l
dx
No

2l − l
l  − inπ 
1  a− x
= ∫ e l 
dx
2l − l
l
  a − −inπ  x 
 
1  e l  
w.

=  
2l   − inπ 
a−
  l

  −l
l
  a − inπ  l  inπ  
   a− −l
 
ww

 l   l 
1 e e
=  − 
2l   inπ   inπ  
a−  a −
  l  

l   −l
 
1  e (al −inπ ) e 
( −al +inπ )
=  − 
2l   inπ   inπ  
a−  a −
  l  

l  

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=
1
.
l
2l al − inπ
[
e al −inπ − e −al +inπ ]
=
1
2(al − inπ )
[
e al −inπ − e −al +inπ ]
=
1
2(al − inπ )
[
e al e −inπ − e −al e inπ ]
=
1
2(al − inπ )
[
e al (− 1) − e −al (− 1)
n n
]

.in
=
(− 1)n [e al
− e −al ]
2(al − inπ )

=
(− 1)n  e al − e − al 
al − inπ  

e
2 
(− 1) sinh al
n
=
al − inπ

Cn =
(− 1)n sinh al
al − inπ
fre
f ( x) = ∑
∞
(− 1)n sinh ale inlπx
tes
n = −∞ al − inπ

f ( x ) = sinh al ∑
∞
(− 1)n e
inπx
l

n = −∞ al − inπ
Problem-15:
kx ,0 < x < l
No

Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x ) = 

0, l < x < 2l
solution:
∞ inπx 2l − inπx
1
given f ( x ) = ∑ C n e l where C n = ∫ f ( x )e l dx
n = −∞ 2l 0
w.

− inπx − inπx
1  
l 2l
C n =  ∫ kxe l
dx + ∫ 0.e l dx 
2l  0 l 
l − inπx
1
2l ∫0
= kxe l
dx
ww

l
  
  l   
−inπx −inπx

k e  e l 
=  x  − (1)
 2 
2l   inπ
− 
  − inπ  

  l 

   l   0

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l
   
    
k   e −inπ  −inπ
  l 
2
 − (1)
e
= l  − inπ 2   −  0 + 
2l   − inπ     n 2π 2 
  l 

    
  l   0

k  − l 2 e − inπ l 2 e − inπ l2 

.in
= + −
2l  inπ n 2π 2 n 2π 2 
kl
2n π
[
= 2 2 inπ (− 1) + (− 1) − 1
n n
]

e
1.5PARSEVALS IDENTITY:
l
a 20 ∞
If the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) in ( −l , l ) ,then ∫ { f ( x )} dx =
1
+ ∑ ( an2 +bn2 ) .

PARSEVALS IDENTITY
fre
l −l
2

2 n =1

Let f(x) be a periodic function with period 2 π defined in the interval ( −π , π ) .Then
π
a 20 1 ∞ 2 2
1
{ } + ∑ ( a n +bn ) where a0 , a n & bn are Fourier constants of f(x).
2π −∫π
=
2
f ( x ) dx
tes
4 2 n =1
proof:
∞ ∞
Let the Fourier series for f(x) in (− π , π ) be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos nx + ∑ bn sin nx ……….(1)
a
2 n =1 n =1
π
1
No

where a0 =
π ∫ f ( x )dx ……….(1)
−π
π
1
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx ……….(2)
−π
π
1
bn = ∫π f ( x ) sin nxdx ………..(3)
w.

π −

multiplying (1) by f(x) and integrating term by term from − π to π ,we get
π π ∞ π ∞ π

∫ [ ] a0
∑ ∑
2 −∫π
= + n ∫ + n ∫ f ( x ) sin nx
2
f ( x ) dx f ( x )dx a f ( x ) cos nx b
−π n =1 −π n =1 −π
ww

∞ ∞
=
a0
[πa0 ] + ∑ a n [πan ] + ∑ bn [πbn ] using (2) ,(3)and (4)
2 n =1 n =1

πa 0 2 ∞ ∞
= + ∑ πa n + ∑ πbn
2 2

2 n =1 n =1

a 2
 ∞
= π  0 + ∑ ( a n + bn2 )
2

 2 n =1 

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 a0 2 1 ∞ 
= 2π  + ∑ ( a n + bn2 )
2

 4 2 n =1 
π
 a0 2
1 ∞ 
∫−π [ f ( x ) ]2
dx = 2 π  + ∑ ( a n + bn2 )
2

 4 2 n =1 
π
 2 ∞ 
1
∫ [ f ( x )]2 dx =  a0 + 1 ∑ (an 2 + bn2 )
2π −π  4 2 n =1 

.in
Problem-16:
Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = x in (0, π ) and hence prove that
1 1 π4
1+ + + ..... = .

e
34 5 4 96
solution:
a0 ∞
The half range cosine series of f(x) in (0, π ) is f ( x ) =

a0 =
2
π∫ 0
π
f ( x )dx
fre + ∑ an cos nx ……….(1)
2 n =1

2 π
= ∫ xdx
tes
π 0
π
2  x2 
=  
π  2 0
2 π 2 
=  
π  2 
No

=π
a0 = π ……….(2)
π
2
an =
π ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx
w.

0
π
2
=
π ∫ x cos nxdx
0
π
2   sin nx   − cos nx 
= x − 
π   n   n 2  0
ww

π
2  x sin nx cos nx 
=  +
π n n 2  0
2  π sin nπ cos nπ   cos o 
=  +  −  0 + 2 
π  n 2
n   n 
2  cos nπ 1 
=  − 2
π  n2 n 

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=
nπ
[(−1)
2
2
n
−1 ]
0, when' n' iseven

∴ an =  − 4 …………(3)
 n 2π , when' n' isodd
substitute (2),(3) in (1)
π ∞
−4
f ( x ) = + ∑ 2 cos nx

.in
2 n =1,3,5 n π
π 2 2
The Parsevals identity for Fourier cosine series in (0, π ) is
2
∫ [ f ( x )] dx = a0 + ∑ an2
π 0
2
−4
here a0 = π ,∴ a n = , n → odd

e
n 2π
π
π2
(x ) dx = + ∑  −24 
2
2
∫
π 0
2  x3 
  =
π2
2

π
2
16
+∑ 4 2
n π  fre
π  3 0 2 nπ
2 π 3  π2
tes
16
 dx = +∑ 4 2
π 3 2 nπ
2π 2 π 2 16
= +∑ 4 2
3 2 nπ
2π 2
π 2
16  1 1 1 
− = 2  4 + 4 + 4 + ..... 
No

3 2 π 1 3 5 
π 2
16  1 1 1 
= 2  4 + 4 + 4 + ..... 
6 π 1 3 5 
π4 1 1 1 
=  4 + 4 + 4 + ..... 
96  1 3 5 
w.

 π
4
1 1 1
 4 + 4 + 4 + .....  = .
1 3 5  96
Problem-17:
π4 1 1 1
ww

Find the Fourier series x2 in (- π , π ) .Use Parsevals identity to prove =1+ 4

+ 4 + 4 + ....
90 2 3 4
Solution:
Let f(x) = x2, f(-x) = (-x)2 = x2 = f(x)
∴ f(x) is an even function in (− π , π )
hence bn = 0
∞ π
a 2
Let the required fourier series be f ( x ) = 0 + ∑ a n cos nx where a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx
2 n =1 π 0

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π
2
π∫
a0 = x dx 2

0
π
2 x  3
=  
π  3 0
2 π 3 
=  − 0

.in
π3 
2 π 3 
=
π  3 

e
2π 2
=

a0 =
3
2π 2

2
3
π
fre
a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx
π 0
tes
π
2
π∫
an = x 2
cos nxdx
0
π
 cos nx   − sin nx 
an =  (x )
2  2  sin nx 
π  n 
 − (2 x ) −  + 2
n 2   n 3  0


No

= (x 2 )
2  sin nx   cos nx   sin nx 
 + (2 x ) 2  − 2 3 
π  n   n   n  0
2   2π (− 1)n   
=  0 +   − 0  − (0 + 0 − 0 )
π   n 2   
w.

2  2π ( −1) n 
= 
π  n 2 
4
= 2
( −1) n
ww

n
4
a n = 2 ( −1) n
n
π
a 02 1 ∞ 2 2
∫ { f ( x)} dx =
1
+ ∑ (an +bn )
2
Using Parsevals identity,
2π −π
4 2 n =1
π
1 π 4
1 ∞ 16
2π ∫ x dx =
4

9
+ ∑
2 n =1 n 4
−π

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π
1  x5  π4 ∞
1
 
2π  5  −π
=
9
+ 8 ∑
n =1 n
4

1 π 5 π 5  π 4 ∞
1

2π  5
+ 
5 9
= + 8∑n =1 n
4

π4 π4  1 1 1 
= + 81 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ..... 
5 9  2 3 4 

.in
π 4
π 4
 1 1 1 
− = 81 + 4 + 4 + 4 + .....
5 9  2 3 4 
4π 4
1 1 1
= 1 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ....
45(8) 2 3 4

e
π4 1 1 1
=1+ 4
+ 4 + 4 + ....
90 2 3 4
1 1 1
1 + 4 + 4 + 4 + .... =
2 3 4
π4
90
fre
1.6 HARMONIC ANALYSIS
Some times the function is not given by a formula, but by a graph or a table of corresponding
tes
values.The process of finding Euler constant for a tabular function is known as harmonic
analysis. The Fourier constant are evaluated by the following formulae:
1 2π  ∑ f ( x) 
1. a0 = ∫ f ( x )dx or a0 = 2  
π 0  n 
 ∑ f ( x ) cos nx 
No

1 2π
2. a n = ∫ f ( x ) cos nxdx or a n = 2  
π 0  n 
1 2π  ∑ f ( x ) sin nx 
3. bn = ∫ f ( x ) sin nxdx or bn = 2  
π 0  n 
Fundamental or First Harmonic : The term or (a1 cos x + b1 sin x ) in F.S is called First
w.

Harmonic
Second Harmonic: The term or (a 2 cos 2 x + b2 sin 2 x ) in F.S is called Second Harmonic and so
on.
Type 1 : given data are in π form
ww

Type 2 : given data are in degree form

Type 3 : given data are in T form
Type 4 : given data are in l form
Problems Based On Harmonic Analysis:
Type 1 : given data are in π form
Problem-18:
Find the Fourier series up to the third Harmonic for y = f(x) in (0,2π ) defined by the table of
values given below.

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X 0 π 3 2π 3 π 4π 3 5π 3 2π
y 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

x y cos sin Co Sin Co Sin3 ycosx ysinx yCos2x ySi yCos3 ySin3x
x x s2x 2x s3x x n2x x
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
π 3 1.4 0.5 0.8 - 0.8 -1 0 0.7 1.2124 -0.7 1.21 -1.4 0
66 0.5 66 24

.in
2π 3 1.9 -0.5 0.8 - - 1 0 -0.95 1.6454 -0.95 - 1.9 0
66 0.5 0.8 1.64
66 54
π 1.7 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 -1.7 0 1.7 0 -1.7 0
4π 3 1.5 -0.5 - - 0.8 1 0 -0.75 -1.299 -0.75 1.29 1.5 0

e
0.8 0.5 66 9
66
5π 3 1.2

8.7
0.5 -
0.8
66
-
0.5
-
0.8
66
-1 0 fre
-0.6

-1.1
-1.0392 -0.6

0.5196 -0.3
-
1.03
92
-
-1.2

0.1
0

0
0.17
32
tes
∑y ∑ y cos ∑ y sin x ∑ y cos 2 x ∑ y sin∑ y c ∑ y sin 3x
x os3x
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first only the first six values will be used .W.K.T
the Fourier series is given by
No

a
y = 0 + a1 cos x + b1 sin x + a 2 cos 2 x + b2 sin 2 x + a3 cos 3x + b3 sin 3x ……….(1)
2
∑ y  8.7 
a0 = 2   = 2   = 2.9
 n   6 
 ∑ y cos x   − 1.1
a1 = 2   = 2 = −0.37
w.

 n   6 
 ∑ y cos 2 x   − 0.3 
a2 = 2  = 2  = −0.1
 n   6
 ∑ y cos 3x 
ww

 0.1
a3 = 2   = 2   = 0.03
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin x   0.5196 
b1 = 2   = 2 = 0.17
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin 2 x   − 0.1732 
b2 = 2   = 2  = −0.06
 n   6

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 ∑ y sin 3x  0
b3 = 2   = 2  = 0
 n  6
substituting these values in (1) we get
2.9
y= + ( −0.37) cos x + (0.17) sin x + ( −0.1) cos 2 x + ( −0.06) sin 2 x + (0.03) cos 3x + (0) sin 3x
2
y = 1.45 + ( −0.37) cos x + (0.17) sin x + ( −0.1) cos 2 x + ( −0.06) sin 2 x + (0.03) cos 3x

.in
Type 2 : given data are in degree form
Problem-19:
Find an empirical formula of the form f ( x ) = a 0 + a1 cos x + b1 sin x for the following data given
that f(x) is periodic with period 2π .
X in degree 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

e
Y=f(x) 40 31 -13.7 20 3.7 -21 40
Solution:

X Y Cosx
fre
since the last value of y is a repetition of the first only the first six values will be used

Sinx Ycosx ySinx

0 40 1 0 40 0
tes
60 31 0.5 0.866 15.5 26.846
120 -13.7 -0.5 0.866 6.85 -11.864
180 20 -1 0 -20 0
240 3.7 -0.5 -0.866 -1.85 -3.204
300 -21 0.5 -0.866 -10.5 18.186
∑ y = 60 ∑ y cosx = 30 ∑ y sinx = 29.964
No

∑ y  60 
a0 = 2   = 2   = 20
 n  6
 ∑ y cos x   30 
a1 = 2   = 2   = 10
w.

 n  6
 ∑ y sin x   29.964 
b1 = 2   = 2  = 9.988
 n   6
f ( x ) = 20 + 10 cos x + 9.988 sin x .
ww

Type 3 : given data are in T form

2πx
Formula θ =
T
Problem-20:
The values of x and the corresponding values of f(x) over a period T given below Show that
2πx
f ( x ) = 0.75 + 0.37 cos θ + 1.004 sin θ where θ =
T

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X 0 T T T 2T 5T T
6 3 2 3 6
Y=f(x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.3 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
Solution:

since the last value of y is a repetition of the first only the first six values will be used

.in
X θ Y Cos θ Sin θ Ycos θ ySin θ
0 0 1.98 1 0 1.98 0

T 6 π 3 1.30 0.5 0.866 0.65 1.1258

e
T 3 2π 3 1.05 -0.5 0.866 -0.525 0.9093

T 2

2T 3
π

4π 3
1.30

-0.88
fre
-1

-0.5
0

-0.866
-1.3

0.44 0.762
0

5T 6 5π 3 -0.25 0.5 -0.866 -0.125 0.2165

tes
∑ y = 4.5 ∑ y cos θ = 1.12 ∑ y sin θ = 3.0136
f ( x ) = a0 + a1 cos θ + b1 sin θ
∑ y  4.5 
a0 = 2   = 2   = 1.5
No

 n   6 
 ∑ y cos θ  1.12 
a1 = 2   = 2 = 0.3733
 n   6 
 ∑ y sin θ   3.0136 
b1 = 2   = 2 = 1.0045
w.

 n   6 
2πx
f ( x ) = 0.75 + 0.373 cos θ + 1.0045 sin θ , where θ =
T
Type 4 : given data are in l form
ww

Problem-21:
Find the constant term and the coefficient of the first sine and cosine term in the Fourier
expansion of y as given in the following table.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
Y=f(x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
solution:
here the length of the interval is 2l = 6 ⇒ l = 3

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therefore the Fourier series can be represented by

a  πx πx   2πx 2πx 
y = 0 +  a1 cos + b1 sin  +  a 2 cos + b2 sin  + ..........
2  l l   l l 

a0 πx πx
here y = + a1 cos + b1 sin ………(1)
2 3 3
x y πx πx πx πx
cos sin y cos y sin

.in
3 3 3 3
0 9 1 0 9 0
1 18 0.5 0.866 9 15.5888
2 24 -0.5 0.866 -12 20.785
3 28 -1 0 -28 0

e
4 26 -0.5 -0.866 -13 -22.517
5 20 0.5 -0.866 10 -17.321
125 -25 -3.465
∑ y
a0 = 2 
 n 
 = 2
125 
 6 
= 41.67
fre
 πx 
 ∑ y cos 3   − 25 
a1 = 2   = 2  = −8.33
tes
 n   6
 
 πx 
 ∑ y sin 3   − 3.465 
b1 = 2   = 2  = −1.16
 n   6
No

 
substituting these values in (1) we get
41.67 πx πx
y= − 8.33 cos − 1.16 sin
2 3 3
πx πx
y = 20.84 − 8.33 cos − 1.16 sin .
w.

3 3

*********************************
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