ASSIGNMENT

IN
CONTROL
ENGINEERING

Submitted to: Engr. Virne Dalisay

Submitted by: Nicha C. Fos

1. A PID (Proportional – Integral – Derivative)
controller is an instrument used by control engineers to
regulate temperature, flow, pressure, speed, and other
process variables in industrial control systems. PID
controllers use a control loop feedback mechanism to
control process variables and are the most accurate and
stable controller. In the side is an example with the
Arduino-based Temperature Control Lab

Proportional (P) control: This component adjusts

the output of the process based on the current error
between the setpoint and the process variable (PV).
The larger the error, the larger the correction applied.

Integral (I) control: This component adjusts the

output based on the accumulated error over time. It
helps eliminate steady-state error and can improve the
stability of the control system.

Derivative (D) control: This component adjusts

the output based on the rate of change of the error.
It helps to dampen oscillations and improve the
stability of the control system but is often omitted
because PI control is sufficient. The derivative term can amplify measurement noise (random
fluctuations) and cause excessive output changes. Filters are important to get a better estimate of
the process variable rate of changee

2.) A PID controller, which stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller, is used in

control systems to regulate inputs and achieve a desired output. It consists of three parameters:
Proportional (KpK_pKp), Integral (KiK_iKi), and Derivative (KdK_dKd). Each parameter
influences the system's dynamics, particularly in terms of rise time, settling time, overshoot, and
steady-state error. Here's a breakdown of how these parameters affect the system, along with the
advantages of each parameter in relation to these effects.

1. Proportional Gain (KpK_pKp)

 Effect on Rise Time: Decreases rise time. Increasing KpK_pKp makes the system
respond faster to errors, reducing the time it takes to reach the target value.
o Advantage: A faster rise time means the system can reach the desired output
more quickly, improving responsiveness and efficiency.
 Effect on Settling Time: May increase or decrease settling time. A higher KpK_pKp can
cause oscillations, which might prolong the time it takes for the system to stabilize.
o Advantage: When properly tuned, KpK_pKp can help the system achieve a quick
and stable response, optimizing performance.
 Effect on Overshoot: Increases overshoot. A higher KpK_pKp can lead to overshoot
because the system responds more aggressively to errors.
o Advantage: In some cases, a small overshoot can be beneficial if it leads to faster
overall convergence to the setpoint.
 Effect on Steady-State Error: Decreases steady-state error. KpK_pKp helps reduce the
difference between the actual and desired output, though it doesn't eliminate the error
entirely.
o Advantage: Reducing steady-state error improves the system's accuracy, making
the output closer to the desired value.

2. Integral Gain (KiK_iKi)

  Effect on Rise Time: Slightly decreases rise time. While KiK_iKi is less effective than
KpK_pKp in reducing rise time, it still contributes to a faster initial response.
o Advantage: Helps the system reach the desired output more efficiently over time,
especially in eliminating persistent errors.
 Effect on Settling Time: Increases settling time. The integral action can introduce
oscillations, leading to a longer time for the system to stabilize.
o Advantage: Despite potentially increasing settling time, KiK_iKi is crucial for
eliminating steady-state errors, ensuring long-term accuracy.
 Effect on Overshoot: Increases overshoot. The accumulation of error by KiK_iKi can
cause a stronger corrective action, leading to overshoot.
o Advantage: With proper tuning, KiK_iKi can enhance the system’s ability to
correct errors, leading to better accuracy in the long run.
 Effect on Steady-State Error: Eliminates steady-state error. KiK_iKi continuously
adjusts the output to eliminate any persistent error.
o Advantage: Eliminating steady-state error ensures that the system output
precisely matches the desired setpoint, which is critical for precision control.

3. Derivative Gain (KdK_dKd)

 Effect on Rise Time: Has a minimal effect on rise time. KdK_dKd slightly reduces rise
time by dampening the system’s response.
o Advantage: Helps smooth the system's response without significantly affecting
the speed of initial error correction.
 Effect on Settling Time: Decreases settling time. KdK_dKd reduces oscillations, helping
the system stabilize more quickly after a disturbance.
o Advantage: Faster stabilization is beneficial for systems requiring quick
responses to changes or disturbances.
 Effect on Overshoot: Reduces overshoot. By predicting future trends in the error,
KdK_dKd helps prevent excessive overshoot.
o Advantage: Reducing overshoot is crucial in applications where stability and
precise control are essential, avoiding large deviations from the setpoint.
  Effect on Steady-State Error: No direct impact on steady-state error. KdK_dKd
primarily affects the transient response rather than the final error.
o Advantage: While it doesn't impact steady-state error, KdK_dKd improves the
overall stability and smoothness of the system’s response.

SUMMARY TABLE:

Effect Advantag
Effect Advanta Advantag
Effect Effect on on Advantag e by
Paramet on ge by e by
on Rise Oversho Steady- e by Steady-
er Settling Rise Settling
Time ot State Overshoot State
Time Time Time
Error Error
Can Potentially
Faster
KpK_pK Decreas increase Decrease Faster quicker Improved
Increases convergen
p es or s response stabilizatio accuracy
ce
decrease n
Slightly Efficient Eliminates
Increase Eliminat Long-term Precision
KiK_iKi decrease Increases error persistent
s es accuracy control
s correction errors
Improves
Slightly Faster
KdK_dK Decreas Decrease Smoother Enhanced response
decrease No effect stabilizatio
d es s response stability smoothne
s n
ss

References:
1. Ogata, K. (2010). Modern Control Engineering (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
2. Astrom, K. J., & Hagglund, T. (2006). Advanced PID Control. ISA – The
Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society.
3. Dorf, R. C., & Bishop, R. H. (2011). Modern Control Systems (12th ed.). Pearson.
4. https://www.omega.com/en-us/resources/pid-controllers
5. https://apmonitor.com/pdc/index.php/Main/ProportionalIntegralDerivative#:~:text=A%2
0PID%20(Proportional%2DIntegral%2D,applications%20requiring%20continuously%20
modulated%20control.
6. Åström, K. J., & Murray, R. M. (2008). Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists
and Engineers. Princeton University Press.
7. Ogata, K. (2010). Modern Control Engineering (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
8. Dorf, R. C., & Bishop, R. H. (2011). Modern Control Systems (12th ed.). Prentice Hall.