Hindawi

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2021, Article ID 5012496, 17 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5012496

Review Article
Computational Image Encryption Techniques:
A Comprehensive Review

Mandeep Kaur,1 Surender Singh,1 and Manjit Kaur 2

1
Computer Science and Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
2
Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Manjit Kaur; [email protected]

Received 28 April 2020; Revised 27 June 2020; Accepted 30 June 2020; Published 19 July 2021

Academic Editor: Erivelton Geraldo Nepomuceno

Copyright © 2021 Mandeep Kaur et al. *is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Images contain very sensitive and confidential information. Because images play a significant role in many applications such as
military communication, remote-sensing, and medical-imaging, therefore, it is necessary to protect sensitive and confidential
information from unauthorized use and modification. To achieve this objective, encryption is one of the best methods among the
information hiding methods. In recent years, many image encryption approaches are designed by the researchers. *ey use
different concepts for image encryption to increase security. *e main aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of the
existing image encryption approaches. *ese approaches are categorized based on different concepts such as chaotic maps, DNA,
compressive sensing, and optical image encryption. Comparisons are made among the existing approaches to access the various
security parameters. Key performance metrics are also presented. *e future scope of image encryption is also presented to
encourage the research community.

1. Introduction operation but applies in reverse order. *e secret keys play

a critical role in encryption. Because the security of the
Due to advancements in technology, digital images are encryption approach is mainly dependent on it, two types
utilized in many applications such as medical imaging, re- of keys are utilized, namely, private key and public key
mote sensing, and private conferencing. *ese images may [5, 6]. In the private key, the encryption and decryption
contain confidential and sensitive information [1]. *e processes use the same key to encrypt and decrypt the
transmission of these images over public networks is prone images. In the case of a public key, two keys are utilized, one
to several issues such as modification and unauthorized key for encryption and one for decryption. In this, the
access. *e leakage of sensitive information may raise encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is
military, national security, and discretionary issues. More- always kept private [7]. Figure 1 represents the block di-
over, when individuals wish to exchange images through a agram of image encryption.
public network, it is necessary to assure their privacy.
*erefore, images require security against different security
attacks [2]. 1.1. Basic Terms Utilized in Encryption.
From the literature, it has been found that image en-
(i) Plain image: it is the image that needs security while
cryption approaches can be utilized to provide security to
there is transmission over the public network. It is
these images. Image encryption is a procedure which
also known as the original or input image.
converts plain image to an encrypted image by employing a
secret key. *e decryption process decrypts the cipher (ii) Cipher image or encrypted image: the plain image
image into the original image by employing the secret key converted into a nonreadable form after encryption
[3, 4]. Mainly, decryption operation is like encryption is called a cipher image.
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2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Secret key Encryption

algorithm
Plain image Cipher image
(a)

Secret key Decryption

Cipher image algorithm Plain image
(b)

Figure 1: General framework of image encryption. (a) Encryption process at sender side. (b) Decryption process at receiver side.

(iii) Encryption: it is the process of converting a plain article, after that screening is performed by eliminating the
image into a cipher image utilizing an encryption replica and also the irrelevant articles by going through the
approach and a secret key. titles and abstracts. Afterward, the articles left will be further
(iv) Decryption: at the receiver side, the cipher image is screened by going through the full paper and all the articles
converted into a plain image utilizing a decryption that are not relevant to the study are excluded from the
approach and a secret key. *is process is known as review studies.
decryption. In this study, five well-known databases have been se-
lected for getting the relevant articles for performing the
(v) Key: the security of the encryption approach is
review including Wiley library, IEEE, Springer, Science-
mainly depending on the key. It can be numeric or
Direct, and Google scholar. *e Boolean query that has been
alphanumeric. Both encryption and decryption
run on these databases are: Query: TITLE-ABS-KEY
need the key to performing their respective oper-
(“image ∗ ” AND “encrypt ∗ ” AND PUBYEAR 2015–2020).
ations. Strong keys are always needed for better
Based on the abovementioned query entered in five different
security of information.
databases, a total of 10446 articles were found for related
articles. Using PRISMA method, 9523 articles were excluded
based on titles and abstracts. Now the remaining 923 were
1.2. Materials and Methods. Various image encryption ap-
again the screened and 397 articles were again removed from
proaches are designed so far. With time, researchers have
the study as they were either the conference articles or the
also applied different types of concepts to increase the se-
duplicate ones. Now, the number comes to 526 out of which
curity of images. *e traditional approaches such as DES,
348 articles are not relevant to the study as these are not
AES, and IDEA, have been obsolete in the case of images.
having all the evaluation metrics that were the actual
Because the images have different properties as compared to
evaluation parameters of the study. *ereafter, 19 articles
text, many image encryption approaches are utilized in the
were again excluded as they were not written in English
last few decades; but in this study, we have considered only
language. *en, the final number that comes after passing
the last eight-year approaches (2013–2020), because we have
through various parameters was 159. *e detailed analysis
found the application of diverse concepts in the area of
report of all these 159 articles with their outcomes is
information security.
summarized. Figure 2 shows the flow chart for the database
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and
search of publications for systematic reviews.
meta-analyses (PRISMA) method is used in this study for
getting the accurate results in order to summarize the
existing work in image encryption field. *e method consists
of four phases: (i) identification, (ii) screening, (iii) eligi- 1.3. Contribution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
bility, and (iv) inclusion that provide the accurate report for first systematic literature review paper which has discussed
the analysis. By using the PRISMA method, the concluding the metaheuristics-based image encryption techniques.
outcome will be free of biases of the review studies; however, Beside this, we have also compared optical image encryption
most of the reviews may be suffered from the selective techniques which were ignored in the most of the existing
outcome reports. In addition to this, number of sources can review papers. Also, by reviewing the latest papers, we have
be utilized by giving the relevant Boolean queries for evaluated various shortcomings of the recently published
eliminating the articles that are not relevant to the study. *e image encryption techniques. *e main contributions of this
model begins from the step of identifying the sources of paper are as follows:
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

Database used for study

IEEE = 1507
Springer = 576
Science Direct = 5733
Scopus =2582
Wiley library = 48
(10446)

Studies excluded by initial screening based on

title and abstract (9523)

Studies accessed for eligibility

(923)

Studies excluded due to duplicity and conference

articles (397)

Studies included for review

(526)

Studies excluded due to insufficient data (348)

Studies included for detailed evaluation

(178)

Studies excluded due to non-English language

(19)

Final selected studies for review (159)

Figure 2: *e flow chart for the database search of publications for systematic reviews.

(i) Initially, the existing image encryption approaches performed by the attackers to break the encryption approach
are categorized based upon various concepts such as as well as to find the key. Attackers mainly utilize the
chaos, DNA, compressive sensing, and optical. cryptanalysis to study the encryption approaches [8, 9].
(ii) Various metrics utilized to compute the perfor- *erefore, it is necessary to hide the statistics of plaintext and
mance of image encryption approaches are also the secret key. *e strength of image encryption can be
discussed. evaluated utilizing security and quality analyses. *e quality
analysis assesses the image quality of decrypted image uti-
(iii) Comparisons are made among the existing ap-
lizing peak signal-to-noise ratio, mean square error, etc. *e
proaches to access the various security parameters.
security analyses include statistical analysis, differential
(iv) Finally, the future scope of image encryption is also analysis, and key analysis.
presented to encourage the research community. Statistical properties of the generated cipher image can
*e remaining paper is organized as follows: the per- be tested utilizing entropy, correlation coefficient, and
formance metrics are discussed in Section 2. In Section 3, histogram analysis. It is required that the encryption ap-
various categories of the existing image encryption ap- proaches do not provide statistical details of the plain image.
proaches are discussed. Section 4 presents the comparative Sometimes, we assume that an attacker obtains the details of
analyses among the existing image encryption approaches. the encryption approach without knowing the key. In other
Future directions are discussed in Section 5. Section 6 words, the key is considered to be embedded in the en-
concludes the paper. cryption approach. *en, the attacker supplies an image to
the encryption approach and gets a corresponding cipher
2. Evaluation Parameters image. *ereafter, he made small changes in the same image
and got another cipher image. *en, he tries to find the
Evaluation parameters are utilized to assess the performance similarity between two ciphered images to break the en-
of image encryption. *ere are many security attacks cryption approach. It means that the encryption approach is
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4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

required to be sensitive to small changes towards the plain Xuejing and Zihui [20] proposed image encryption based on
image. It is assessed utilizing differential analysis. In this, spatiotemporal chaotic map and DNA encoding. Firstly, a
unified average changing intensity and number of pixel plain image is changed into three DNA matrices dependent
change rate metrics can be utilized for the same. on a random encoding rule; afterward, DNA resultant is
As we know that the performance of the image en- joined into a modern matrix. *en, it is permutated by the
cryption approach is mainly dependent on the key, there- ascent matrix to generate the ciphered image. Wang et al.
fore, it should be large enough, so that it cannot be guessed [21] utilized coupled map lattices (CML) and the DNA
easily. Secondly, it should be sensitive to small changes. *e approach to encrypt the images. Ismail et al. [22] examined a
encryption approach should generate a totally different ci- new lossless image encryption system that was based on
pher image, even if the only one-bit difference is present in fractional-order and double-humped logistic maps.
two keys. While there is transmission over a noisy channel, Wu et al. [23] designed an encryption approach utilizing
the cipher image may get affected. *erefore, the encryption a 2D discrete wavelet transform and hyperchaotic system for
approach should be robust against noise attacks. *e receiver color images. Chai et al. [24] designed an encryption ap-
should be able to recover the original image. In real-time proach for color images utilizing a 4D memristive hyper-
applications, the speed of encryption approaches matters a chaotic map with genetic recombination. Luo et al. [25]
lot. It is always desirable that the encryption approach developed an image encryption approach based on quantum
should be fast. Table 1 defines the various parameters utilized coding and hyperchaos system. Kumar Patro and Acharya
for image encryption performance evaluation. It also [26] proposed an image encryption approach utilizing a
presents the desirable expectation of every parameter. piece-wise linear chaotic map (PWLCM). In this, a rotating
permutation is applied row-wise and column-wise. At last, it
3. Image Encryption Approaches applies a diffusion operation on the row, column, and block
to generate the ciphered image.
Different types of image encryption approaches are designed Feng et al. [27] utilized a discrete logarithm and a
so far. By reviewing the literature, we have divided it into memristive chaotic system to encrypt the images. Wang and
different types such as spatial, transform, optical, and Gao [28] developed an image encryption strategy based on
compressive sensing based image encryption approaches. matrix semitensor. Hyperchaotic Lorenz map is also utilized
Figure 3 demonstrates the categories of image encryption to generate random numbers. Hua and Zhou [29] designed
approaches. In the preceding subsection, these approaches an approach for encrypting the images that provide excellent
are discussed and analyzed utilizing evaluation metrics. effects against differential and statistical attacks. Image fil-
*ese parameters are KA, NPCR, HA, UACI, IE, CC, and tering idea is utilized in image encryption to enhance the
NA. In comparisons, ✓ and ✗ symbols are utilized to security of encryption. Gan et al. [30] implemented an image
represent whether the given approach has considered the encryption approach based on 3D bit-plane confusion. Lu
respective metric and not, respectively. et al. [31] proposed an image encryption approach based on
chaotic map and S-box. *e discrete compound chaotic map
was designed in this approach. S-box is also constructed
3.1. Image Encryption in Spatial Domain. *e approaches
utilizing logistic-sine system.
that are directly manipulating the pixels of the image are
Deng and Zong [32] presented a binary image en-
considered as spatial domain approaches. *e various spatial
cryption approach based on chaotic mapping. *e authors
domain-based image encryption are present in the literature.
hypothetically examined the approach and figured out that
But we have considered the most famous approaches such as
the approach did not need to have the earlier information on
chaotic-based, elliptic curve-based, fuzzy-based, DNA, and
the orbital distribution and one can pick out any chaotic
Metaheuristics-based approaches.
model. Patro et al. [33] developed a color image encryption
approach that overcomes the drawbacks of execution block-
3.1.1. Chaos-Based Image Encryption Approaches. level dispersion processes in arbitrary sized images. Wang
Chaotic maps have great significance in the field of en- et al. [34] implemented an image encryption approach
cryption. *ese maps generate random numbers that are utilizing logistic-dynamic mixed linear-nonlinear coupled
utilized as secret keys in encryption [17]. *e reason is its map lattices.
properties such as dynamic and deterministic nature, sen- Ye et al. [35] utilized a memristive chaotic map to
sitive to initial conditions, and ergodicity. Different types of generate the secret keys to perform image encryption. Liu
chaotic maps are utilized so far. But these are mainly divided et al. [36] designed a fast image encryption approach derived
as one-dimensional and higher-dimensional chaotic maps. from a sine map and the iterative chaotic map with infinite
Chaotic maps help in performing the confusion and dif- collapse based on a closed-loop modulation coupling model.
fusion operations in the encryption process [18]. Figure 4 Cao et al. [37] designed an image encryption approach for
demonstrates the diagrammatic flow of the chaotic maps in medical images by utilizing edge maps. It consists of three
the image encryption approach. parts: bit-plane decomposition, random number generator,
Chen et al. [19] developed an image encryption approach and permutation. Chai [38] designed a bit-level Brownian
utilizing a 2D sine map and Chebyshev map. It designed an motion and 1D chaotic framework for encrypting the digital
antidegradation universal approach for chaotic maps, which images. Table 2 demonstrates the comparison among the
improves the performance even on low-accuracy devices. exiting chaos-based image encryption approaches. It can be
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5

Table 1: Image encryption evaluation parameters.

Evaluation parameter Abbr. Expectation
Key space analysis [3] KA Large key size (more than 2100 )
Histogram analysis [1] HA Pixels should uniformly distribute
Information entropy [10] IE Equal to 8, for a 256-gray level image
Noise attack [11] NA Ought to be safe to noise attacks
Correlation coefficient [12] CC Near to 0
Mean squared error [13] MSE Minimum
Low between encrypted and actual images; high between the ciphered and decrypted
Peak signal-to-noise ratio [2, 14] PSNR
images
Execution time [2] ET Minimum for practical implementation
Number of pixel change rate [15] NPCR Maximum value (according to critical analysis, it should be near to 99.609% or more)
Unified average changing intensity
UACI Minimum value (according to critical analysis, it should be near to 33.464% or more)
[16]

Image encryption techniques

Optical Spatial domain Compressive

Transform domain
sensing

Position multiplexing Wavelet tranform

Phase truncation method Gyrator tranform
Lateral shi multiplexing Fraction fourier transform
Multibeam interference Fresnel tranform
Amplitude phase retrieval

Elliptic curve Cellular

Meta-heuristics Chaotic maps DNA
automata

Nonlinear chaotic Jacobean

Hyper chaotic elliptic maps

Genetic algorithm
Ant colony optimization Reversible cellular automata
Dynamic harmony search Hybrid cellular automata
Differential evolution Quantum cellular automata

Figure 3: Categorization of image encryption approaches.

seen that most of the approaches do not satisfy all the se- 4D Arnold cat map [40].Hayat and Azam [41] developed an
curity parameters. *erefore, it is still an open area for approach based on pseudorandom numbers and substitu-
research. tion boxes for encrypting a digital image by utilizing an
elliptic curve. Luo et al. [42] presented the asymmetric image
encryption approach which depends on chaotic theory and
3.1.2. Elliptic Curve-Based Image Encryption. Elliptic curve the elliptic curve ElGamal (EC-ElGamal) cryptography.
cryptography (ECC) works on the least amount of memory Banik et al. [43] discovered a medical image encryption
with the small key size [39]. Figure 5 demonstrates the use of approach based on Mersenne Twister pseudorandom
elliptic curve in image encryption. *e color image is initially number generator and elliptic curve analog ElGamal
compressed and changed into gray scale. *en, encryption is cryptosystem. *e proposed approach enlivens the en-
done by utilizing elliptic curve, 3D Lorenz chaotic map, and cryption time just as take care of the issue of information
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6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

K rounds

L rounds

Confusion Diffusion

Input image Cipher image

Random sequences generated by chaotic map

Figure 4: Working of chaotic map-based image encryption.

Table 2: Comparison of various chaotic-based image encryption approaches.

Ref. Technique HA KA IE NA NPCR UACI CC
[19] Logistic map ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
[20] DNA and chaotic system ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
[21] Chaotic-based DNA ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
[22] Edge detection and chaotic map 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
[23] 6D hyperchaotic ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
[24] Hyperchaotic system ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
[25] Hyperchaotic with quantum coding ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[26] PWLCM system ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[27] Standard memristive chaotic system ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[28] Semitensor product theory 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
[30] 3D bit-plane permutation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
[32] Chaotic map 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
[33] Block level diffusion operation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
[34] Coupled map lattices ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[35] Mixed memristive chaotic circuit ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[36] Chaotic map ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7
[37] Edge maps ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7
[38] Bit level Brownian motion 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7

4D Arnold
Encryption Diffusion
map

Plain image Compressed Cipher

image 3D Lorenz image
Elliptic
curve map

Figure 5: Chaotic map and elliptic curve-based image encryption.

extension related with ElGamal cryptosystem. Reyad and to generate the secret key. *e chaotic map is also applied in
Kotulski [44] studied an image encryption approach which the combination with ECC to perform permutation and
depends on computational tasks (such as add, double, and diffusion. Laiphrakpam and Khumanthem [47] developed
multiply) that depend on ECC. an image encryption approach based on a chaotic framework
Kumar et al. [45] implemented an image encryption and elliptic curve over a limited field.
approach utilizing ECC and DNA encoding. *e approach Dawahdeh et al. [48] developed an image encryption
initially encodes the RGB image utilizing DNA encoding. approach by combining ECC with Hill cipher (ECCHC).
*ereafter, the elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman encryption Toughi et al. [39] implemented image encryption by utilizing
(ECDHE) is utilized to perform encryption. Zhang and an elliptic curve to obtain a series of random numbers
Wang [46] presented an improved ECC-based image en- established on curves. Liu et al. [49] designed a Mene-
cryption approach. *e Diffie–Hellman approach is utilized zes–Vanstone elliptic curve cryptosystem. In this, the 2D
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7

fractional triangle function is utilized with a discrete chaotic image is separated into red, green, and blue, three channels,
map. Wu et al. [40] proposed a color image encryption and all channels are autonomously scrambled by utilizing
approach based on chaotic systems and elliptic curve MLCA.
ElGamal approach. Firstly, the original image is compressed Chen et al. [60] developed an encryption and com-
and then the compressed image is encrypted by utilizing the pression approach based on a combination of Kronecker CS
improved 4D cat map. (KCS) with elementary cellular automata (ECA). Souyah and
Nagaraj et al. [50] combined the elliptic curve and magic Faraoun [61] evaluated the symmetric approach for enci-
matrix operation to encrypt the images. *e input image lies phering digital images by combining chaos and cellular
on the points on the elliptic curve utilizing the transform automata (CA) under the situation of one round encryption
approach. *e image is decomposed into information ma- or decryption. Tralic and Grgic [62] presented an approach
trices. Every single pixel of an image is permuted by the for image encryption based on a 2D cellular automaton and
magic matrix. At last, each pixel is diffutilized to produce a pixel division. Application of the balanced 2D cellular
cipher image by utilizing ECC. Table 3 demonstrates the automata with amplified Moore neighborhood for each
comparison among various ECC-based image encryption degree of pseudorandom key-image makes it different from
approaches. It is observed that there exists no such approach existing approaches.
which has considered all parameters. Yang et al. [63] proposed an encryption approach for
grayscale images based on 1D quantum cellular automata.
Murugan et al. [64] designed an image encryption approach
3.1.3. Cellular Automata-Based Image Encryption by combining chaos and cellular automata. Logistic map and
Approaches. Cellular automata have been widely used in Conway’s game-of-life cellular automata are utilized in the
image encryption as a pseudorandom generator. *ese permutation process and the Chebyshev map and Lorenz
models are complex which have a degree of efficiency and equation are utilized for diffusion.
robustness. Cellular automata use rules to produce random Souyah and Faraoun [65] discussed the approach for
sequences. Due to the properties of cellular automata such as image encryption that combines the image’s quadtree de-
parallelism and easy and simple hardware structure, it is composition approach with reversible memory cellular
significant for encryption approaches [51]. Figure 6 dem- automata mechanism. Enayatifar et al. [66] designed an
onstrates the general framework of cellular automata-based encryption approach by utilizing a Tinkerbell hybrid model
image encryption. *e confusion and diffusion operations of a chaotic map, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and cellular
are performed by utilizing the key generator and cellular automata. Table 4 demonstrates the comparison of various
automata, respectively. Cellular automata generate random cellular automata-based image encryption approaches. It is
sequences to diffuse the pixel values of the image [7]. found that no approach has utilized every performance
Khan et al. [52] designed a hybrid image encryption metric.
approach by merging a logistic sine system with 2D cellular
automata. Mondal et al. [51] implemented an image en-
cryption approach that is exceptionally secure based on a 3.1.4. DNA-Based Image Encryption Approaches.
chaotic skew tent map and cellular automata. Zhang et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cryptography has become
[53] utilized 1D chaotic map for generating the pseudo- very popular due to its properties such as massive paral-
random number. To perform permutation-substitution, bit- lelism, huge storage, and ultra-low power consumption. *e
level cellular automata are utilized to generate an encrypted complementary rules of DNA are utilized to perform
image. encoding and decoding [73]. Figure 7 demonstrates the
Su et al. [54] designed a deterministic image encryption block diagram of DNA-based image encryption process.
approach based on reversible cellular automata (DERCA). Firstly, the color image is decomposed into three channels
*is approach addresses the problem of similarity search on red (R), blue (B), and green (G). After that, DNA encoding
encrypted images. It finds one-to-many mapping between and XOR operations are utilized to encode the channels. A
histograms of encrypted and original images. Ramı́rez et al. chaotic map is utilized to scramble matrices. Finally, three R,
[55] presented a partial image encryption strategy depending G, and B channels are combined to obtain the cipher image
on the cellular machine rule. *e security examination [74].
demonstrates that this cryptosystem is impervious to various Wu et al. [75] designed the color image encryption
tests. Wang et al. [56] evaluated the image cryptosystem on approach by utilizing three one-dimensional chaotic maps
the two-dimensional partitioned cellular automaton. with DNA sequences. *e original image and keystream are
Yaghouti Niyat et al. [57] implemented a nonuniform changed into matrices utilizing DNA operation. Comple-
cellular automata system to illuminate the major drawbacks mentary and XOR encoding operations are connected to
of cellular automata in cryptography. It incorporates a rearrange the matrices. *e matrices are decayed into blocks
predetermined number of inversion rules. Chai et al. [58] and rearrange them arbitrarily. DNA addition and XOR
utilized a memristive hyperchaotic system, cellular autom- encoding operations are performed on these scrambled
ata, and DNA sequence operations to encrypt the images. matrices to get the cipher image. Mondal and Mandal [76]
Wei et al. [59] designed a double-color image-enciphering utilized two pseudorandom number sequences with DNA
method depending on off-axis Fourier holography and for the encryption of sensitive images. Wu et al. [77]
maximum length cellular automata (MLCA). *e color implemented an encryption approach for color images
 2629, 2021, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2021/5012496, Wiley Online Library on [28/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
8 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Table 3: Comparison among various elliptic curve-based image encryption approaches.

Ref. Technique HA KA IE NA NPCR UACI CA PSNR MSE
[41] Elliptic curve cryptography ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
[42] Elliptic with EIGamal encryption ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
[43] Elliptic curve with Mersenne Twister ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7
[39] Elliptic curve and AES ✓ ✓ 7 7 ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
[45] DNA with elliptic curve 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓
[40] Elliptic curve EIGamal encryption ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7
[46] Elliptic curve with ECC ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
[47] Elliptic curve over finite field 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7
[48] Elliptic with Hill cipher 7 ✓ 7 7 ✓ 7 7 ✓ 7
[49] Menezes–Vanstone elliptic curve ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7

Key generator

Cellular automata

Confusion Diffusion

Plain image Cipher image

Figure 6: General framework of cellular automata-based image encryption.

Table 4: Comparison of various cellular automata-based image encryption approaches.

Ref. Technique KA NPCR UACI IE CA HA PSNR MSE
[54] Reversible cellular automata ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
[55] Cellular automata 7 7 7 ✓ 7 7 7 7
[67] Logistic mapped convolution 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓
[56] Partitioned cellular automata 7 7 7 7 7 ✓ 7 7
[57] Hybrid chaotic system 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
[58] Memristive hyperchaotic ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓
[59] Holography 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
[60] Kronecker compressed sensing ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
[61] Weighted histogram 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
[62] Pixel separation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
[68] 8-layer cellular automata ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
[63] Quantum cellular automata ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓
[64] Conway’s cellular automata ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
[65] Quadtree decomposition 7 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 7
[69] DNA and cellular automata ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7 7
[66] Hybrid DNA ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7
[70] 3D cellular automata ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7
[51] Chaotic skew tent map ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[71] 4th order cellular automata ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7
[72] Linear cellular chaos-based automata 7 7 ✓ 7 7 7 7 7
[52] FSM-based DNA 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
[53] Coupled logistic Bernoulli map ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7 7 7

utilizing DNA. *is approach contains four steps: key and B components of the color image are utilized to form the
generation, DNA sequence for permutation, DNA sequence matrix. DNA encoding operation is utilized further to en-
for diffusion, and diffusion process for pixel level. crypt rows and columns of the matrix to get an encrypted
Li et al. [78] enhanced the security of image encryption image. Nematzadeh et al. [80] developed a DNA and binary
utilizing complex chaotic maps and quaternary coding in search tree- (DNA-BST-) based image encryption approach.
DNA. Wang et al. [79] implemented a DNA sequence and Rehman et al. [15] designed a block cipher image encryption
CML-based color image encryption approach. Initially, R, G, approach for gray images based on DNA complementary
 2629, 2021, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2021/5012496, Wiley Online Library on [28/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 9

Extract R, G, and B DNA XOR

DNA encoding
channels operation

Chaotic map
Plain image
Scramble

Combining
DNA decoding
R, G, and B channels

Cipher image

Figure 7: DNA-based image encryption.

rules and piece-wise linear chaotic map. Jain and Rajpal [81] Table 5: Comparison of various DNA-based image encryption
implemented an image encryption approach utilizing DNA approaches.
and a 2D chaotic map. In this, the input image encoded by Ref. KA NPCR UACI IE CA HA PSNR MSE
utilizing DNA operation as a resultant matrix was generated.
[90] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
Resultant matrix permuted by utilizing a 2D chaotic map [76] ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7 7
followed by DNA decoding operation to get the cipher [15] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
image. [81] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
Wang and Liu [82] designed an image encryption ap- [77] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
proach based on DNA operation and chaos mapping. In this [73] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
approach, eight DNA rules are applied to encode the rows of [79] ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
the plain image. *e selection of DNA rule is done through a [80] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
chaotic map. Zhang et al. [83] designed image encryption [82] 7 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 7
utilizing permutation and diffusion based on DNA encoding [91] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[83] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
and Feistel network. Chai et al. [84] utilized a chaotic system
[84] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
and DNA to design an image encryption approach. In this [92] ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7 7 7
approach, permutation and diffusion are done by the DNA [93] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
matrix which makes it different from the traditional ap- [85] ✓ 7 7 ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
proach. Zhang et al. [85] implemented an image encryption [94] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
approach utilizing DNA encoding, Lorenz chaotic approach, [86] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓
and Chan’s hyperchaotic approach. DNA encoding rules are [95] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
utilized randomly to improve the security of the encryption [87] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
process. [78] 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
Liu et al. [86] designed an image encryption approach by [88] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
utilizing dynamic S-boxes calm of DNA and chaotic system. [89] 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7
Dynamic S-box calm of DNA encoding operation is utilized
to confuse the pixel values of the image for the encryption 3.1.5. Metaheuristics-Based Image Encryption Approaches.
process. Norouzi and Mirzakuchaki [87] presented an image Metaheuristic approaches are mainly utilized in a situation
encryption by utilizing DNA sequence operation and cel- where we need optimized results. Recently, the use of such
lular neural network. Liu et al. [88] presented the color approaches has been increased in the image encryption.
image encryption approach based on DNA masking and a *ere are two aspects to use metaheuristic approaches in
hybrid model of multidirectional circular permutation. *e image encryption: (a) generate multiple cipher images and
initial position of pixels of an image is rotated by circular then select optimized one and (b) optimize the initial pa-
permutation, and by DNA sequence operation, the values of rameters of chaotic maps to generate efficient keys. Re-
the pixel are substituted to attain an encrypted image. Zhang searchers have implemented the image encryption
et al. [89] designed an image encryption approach based on approaches based on metaheuristic approaches, considering
bit permutation and dynamic DNA encoding. *is approach different aspects.
is exceptionally successful against noise and known-plain- Medical images are encrypted by [96] utilizing coupled
text attacks. Table 5 demonstrates the comparison of various map lattices and modified genetic algorithm. *e genetic
DNA-based image encryption approaches. It demonstrates algorithm selects the encrypted image which has high en-
that there exist only two approaches that have utilized every tropy. *e algorithm approach is utilized by [97] to generate
performance metric. the optimized key. ECC is utilized to perform the encryption
 2629, 2021, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2021/5012496, Wiley Online Library on [28/09/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

process utilizing an optimized key. Kaur and Kumar [98] Table 6: Comparison of various metaheuristic image encryption
utilized differential evolution to optimize the beta-chaotic approaches.
map to generate efficient secret keys. *ey further utilized a Ref. NPCR UACI KA HA IE CA
nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) [99] to [11] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7
optimize the initial parameters of the intertwining logistic [105] ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓
map. [102] 7 7 ✓ 7 ✓ ✓
Genetic approach is applied by [5] to optimize the beta [106] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 ✓
chaotic map. To generate the efficient keys, Nematzadeh [100] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
et al. [100] utilized NSGA-II for intertwining logistic map. [96] ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 ✓
Adaptive differential evolution is utilized by [4] to optimize [107] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
the initial parameters of the Lorenz chaotic map. In [101], [108] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
medical gray images are optimized utilizing a genetic al- [109] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓
gorithm. Talarposhti et al. [102] proposed an image en- [110] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
[111] ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓
cryption approach based on a dynamic harmony search
(DHS) combined with a chaotic map.
Memetic differential evolution is applied by [103] to
generate the optimized cipher image. Pareto evolutionary depending upon improved two-dimensional closed-loop
algorithm-II was utilized by [13] to obtain the optimized modulation coupling approach. *e approach was com-
encrypted image. In [104], NSGA-III is utilized to generate bined with compressive sensing to build a fast image en-
the optimal cipher image by optimizing the hyperchaotic cryption process.
map. In [6], a 5D chaotic map is optimized by combining Xu et al. [121] implemented an image encryption strategy
NSGA and local chaotic maps. Table 6 demonstrates the utilizing compressive sensing, wavelet transform, and cha-
comparison of various metaheuristic image encryption otic map. Gong et al. [122] utilized compressive sensing and
approaches. Most of the approaches have not applied all the RSA approach for optical image compression and encryp-
performance metrics. tion. To sample the initial image, the optical compressive
imaging is utilized. Zhu and Zhu [123] encrypted the images
based on compressive sensing and cyclic shift. Sparse
3.2. Compressive Sensing-Based Image Encryption transform and Gauss matrix is applied to perform com-
Approaches. Compressive sensing can perform compres- pression. Wang et al. [124] proposed an image encryption
sion as well as encryption at the same time [112]. It uses a strategy based on parallel compressive sensing. *e logistic-
measurement matrix and reconstruction approach to per- tent system and 3D cat map are utilized to generate the
form the same. *e measurement matrix is utilized to measurement matrices.
perform the compression. At the same time, when the Luo et al. [125] designed compression and encryption
measurement matrix is utilized as a secret key between the strategy for images based on compressive sensing and Haar
sender and receiver, it works as a cryptosystem [113]. wavelet. Ponuma and Amutha [126] utilized sparse coding
Various image encryption approaches based on compressive and compressive sensing to encrypt the images. Sparse
sensing have been proposed by the researchers. Some of the coding is utilized to discover the sparse representation of
approaches are discussed in this section. images as a straight combination of iotas from an over-
Ponuma and Amutha [114] utilized chaotic compressive complete fixed dictionary. Song et al. [127] implemented an
sensing to encrypt the color images. It also performed image encryption based on entropy coding and compressive
compression at the same time. *e chaotic measurement sensing.
matrix constructed utilizing one-dimensional chaotic map is Han et al. [128] proposed a self-adaptive double-color
utilized. *is approach is further enhanced in [115] by image encryption approach. In this, each RGB color element of
making it visually meaningful. Wavelet transform is utilized two input images is initially compressed and encrypted by 2D
to hide the encrypted image into a cover image. Shao et al. compressive sensing. *e complex image is re-encrypted by
[116] utilized analog-digital hybrid electro-optic chaotic self-adaptive random phase encoding and discrete fractional
sources and compressive sensing to encrypt the images. Zhu random transform (DFrRT) to get the final scrambled image.
et al. [117] designed a hybrid approach for image com- Zhang et al. [129] designed hybrid image compression and
pression and encryption by utilizing block compressive encryption approaches by exploring compressive sensing and
sensing. *e nonuniform sampling approach is utilized to Fibonacci-Lucas transform with the advantages of one-di-
improve the efficiency of compression. mensional chaotic system. Pan et al. [130] utilized block
Shen et al. [118] utilized nonuniform quantization and compressive sensing to design an image encryption approach.
compressive sensing to encrypt the images. It reduces the *e original image is separated into blocks and then each block
data precision in cipher images while evaluating the true is rendered sparse. *e crisscross encryption strategy is utilized
compression ratio (CR). Jiang et al. [119] proposed a color to encrypt pixel positions in all the blocks, and subsequently,
image encryption approach based on compressive sensing dimension reduction is taken by compressive sensing. Table 7
and multi-image cross pixel scrambling approach. A discrete demonstrates the comparison of various compressive sensing
wavelet transform is also applied to process the subimages. encryption approaches. It demonstrates that there is no such
Yao et al. [120] implemented an image encryption approach approach that has considered all the performance metrics.
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 11

Table 7: Comparison of various compressive sensing encryption transform domain. A logistic map is utilized to generate the
approaches. keys for encryption and decryption processes.
Ref. HA KA IE NA NPCR UACI CA PNSR MSE Wang et al. [137] designed an asymmetric optical image
encryption approach by utilizing an improved amplitude-
[114] 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓
[115] 7 7 ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ phase retrieval approach. In this, the public encryption key is
[116] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 generated by utilizing two random phases. To encrypt an
[117] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 ✓ ✓ input image into a ciphertext, an iterative amplitude and
[118] 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 phase retrieval process are utilized. Verma and Sinha [140]
[119] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ proposed a nonlinear image encryption approach based on
[120] 7 7 7 ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ phase-truncated Fourier transform (PTFT) and natural
[121] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 logarithms. Liansheng et al. [141] developed an image en-
[123] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7 cryption approach based on two random phases. It is free
[124] 7 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 from an amplitude-phase recovery attack. Wang et al. [142]
[125] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ 7
presented an encryption approach that abolishes the risk of
[126] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7
[127] 7 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 ✓ 7
information loss by utilizing phase-truncation approach.
[12] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Table 8 demonstrates the comparison of various optical-
[128] 7 7 7 7 ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ based image encryption approaches. It demonstrates that
[129] ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 there exists no such approach which has utilized all per-
[130] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 ✓ 7 formance metrics.

3.3. Optical Image Encryption Approaches. Optical ap- 3.4. Transform-Based Image Encryption Approaches. In
proaches are widely utilized in the field of cryptography due transform-based image encryption approaches, the input
to its good computational speed and parallel processing. In image changed from spatial to frequency space by utilizing
this, a double random-phase encoding (DRPE) approach is one of the transform domains. In most of the approaches, a
utilized to convert the plain image into stationary white color image is decomposed into three channels (i.e., R, G,
noise [131]. It uses two random phase masks that place in the and B channels). Each color channel is then encrypted
input and Fourier plane. *ese random phase masks act as a through permutation and diffusion processes. *e color
key in DRPE. *is method has been deeply researched and channels can be independently processed or may be de-
various optical encryption approaches have also been pro- pendent on each other. After encrypting the channels, the
posed [131]. final encrypted image is obtained by applying the inverse of
Wu et al. [132] proposed a scalable asymmetric com- transform. Some of the approaches based on the transform
pressing and encrypting strategy for images by utilizing the domain are discussed as follows.
nonlinear operation of phase truncation after cylindrical Ran et al. [143] designed a solution for the information-
diffraction and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Wu et al. independency problem in an image encryption by utilizing
[133] designed an asymmetric multiple-image encryption nonseparable fractional Fourier transform (NFrFT). Li et al.
approach by utilizing compressed sensing and phase trun- [144] implemented an encryption approach to encrypt
cation. In this, a single ciphertext is attained by topsy-turvy multiple images based on cascaded FrFt. *e input images
operation of phase truncation after cylindrical diffraction. are divided into two-phase masks. First phase mask is for
Yu et al. [134] implemented an image encryption approach secret key generation and second phase mask is for
depending on the hyperchaotic framework and the phase- encrypting the images. Li and Lee [145] implemented an
truncated short-time fractional Fourier transform. image encryption approach based on modified computa-
Wang et al. [135] implemented an image encryption tional integral imaging reconstruction (CIIR) to solve the
based on phase-truncated Fresnel transform and random problem of occlusion in double-image encryption. But, the
amplitude mask (RAM). Huang et al. [136] proposed a drawback of this method is transmission overhead in the
nonlinear optical multi-image encryption utilizing a chaotic network which is increasing. Chen et al. [146] designed
map and 2D straight canonical transform. Wang et al. [137] double-image encryption by utilizing the gyrator transform
increased the computational time and encryption capacity (GT) and local pixel encrypting approach. It offers the
by reducing the number of iterations in image encryption clarification for crosstalk disorder found in phase-based
with an improved amplitude-phase retrieval approach. images. In this approach, two images are combined to get
Mehra and Nishchal [138] implemented a gyrator complex functions.
wavelet transform by optical processing to encrypt an image Abuturab [147] utilized Hartley transform and GT to
depending on amplitude- and phase-truncation. *e pro- encrypt the images. Firstly, the Hartley transform is utilized
posed approach consists of four basic factors: type and level to scramble the image, and then GT is applied to obtain the
of the mother wavelet, gyrator transform order, and position final encrypted image. Yao et al. [148] implemented an
of different frequency bands. *ese factors are utilized as a encrypted approach that encrypts the color images by de-
secret key for image encryption. Sui et al. [139] designed a duced GT. *e process of encryption involves Fourier and
color image encryption approach by utilizing Yang-Gu gyrator transform. Yaru and Jianhua [149] developed an
mixture amplitude-phase retrieval approach and gyrator image encryption approach by utilizing FrDCT via
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12 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Table 8: Comparison of various optical-based image encryption Table 9: Comparison of various transform domain-based image
approaches. encryption approaches.
Ref. HA KA IE NA NPCR UACI CA PSNR Ref. KA NPCR UACI IE CA HA PSNR MSE
[132] 7 7 ✓ 7 7 7 ✓ ✓ [143] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
[133] 7 7 7 7 7 7 ✓ ✓ [144] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
[134] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 ✓ 7 [145] 7 7 ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
[136] ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 ✓ 7 [149] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
[137] 7 7 ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 [150] 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ ✓ 7 7
[135] 7 7 ✓ 7 7 ✓ ✓ 7 [151] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 ✓ 7 7
[152] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7
[153] ✓ ✓ ✓ 7 7 7 7 7 7
polynomial interpolation (PI-FrDCT) and dependent [154] 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ✓ 7
scrambling and diffusion (DSD) process. Kanso and Ghe-
bleh [150] utilized lift wavelet transform to make the en-
improved further for lightweight devices such as
cryption process visually secure. Mehra et al. [138] suggested
mobiles, spy cameras, and surveillance cameras.
the combination of wavelet transform and GT to guard the
phase images. Lima et al. [151] designed medical image (iii) Hyperparameters tuning: hyperparameters tuning
encryption by utilizing cosine number transform (CNT). It of key generators such as chaotic map can be
decomposes an image into blocks firstly. Afterward, CNT is achieved utilizing the recently developed meta-
applied sequentially to each block. Once image is processed, heuristic approaches, machine learning [155], deep
completely encrypted image is attained. learning [156], deep belief networks, or deep-
Luo et al. [152] implemented an integer wavelet trans- transfer learning [157, 158].
form- (IWT-) based image encryption approach. Initially, (iv) Parallel processing: due to rapid advancement in the
the original image is decomposed through IWT to obtain various multimedia applications such as medical
approximation and detailed coefficients. By spatiotemporal and satellite imaging. *ese applications require
chaos, approximation coefficients are diffutilized. Afterward, high-resolution images; therefore, the development
by applying inverse IWT, the encrypted image is achieved. of image encryption approaches for such applica-
Li et al. [153] designed an image encryption approach tions will be computationally extensive. So, the
based on chaotic maps in the wavelet domain. Initially, plain parallel image encryption approaches can be uti-
image was decomposed by discrete wavelet transform and lized to handle this issue.
reconstructed the low-frequency modules. Afterward, (v) Multidimensional multimedia data: development of
Arnold cat map is utilized to make permutations. At last, the encryption approaches for multimedia data such as
keystream in each diffusion process is generated by a robust multispectral images is still an undeveloped area. It
chaotic map. Vaish et al. [154] evaluated an encryption is required to design high-dimensional hyper-
approach for quantum images by utilizing quantum geo- chaotic systems for such kind of multidimensional
metric transform, phase-shift transforms, and quantum multimedia data.
Haar wavelet packet transform. Table 9 demonstrates the
(vi) Steganography/data hiding: the combination of
comparison of various transform domain-based image en-
encryption with reversible data hiding/steganog-
cryption approaches. It demonstrates that the development
raphy has become another research direction.
of transform-based image encryption approaches is still an
*erefore, one may combine both encryption and
open area of research.
steganography kind of approaches to obtain more
secure results.
4. Future Scope
From the comprehensive review, it has been found that the 5. Conclusion
existing image encryption approaches suffer from various
issues. Also, there is still room for improvement in various *is paper presented a comprehensive study of the existing
fields of image encryption approaches. *erefore, in the near image encryption approaches. It was observed that the image
future, one may consider the following issues to continue the encryption approaches require high confusion, zero corre-
research in the field of image encryption. lation with the input images, less computational complexity,
and high resistance to cryptanalysis process. *e compari-
(i) Application-specific approaches: the current re- sons among the image encryption approaches were carried
search in the field of image encryption is not done out based on evaluation parameters to show their strength
towards the building of application-specific image and weaknesses. Future research directions related to image
encryption approaches. So, in the near future, the encryption strategies were examined. It was found that the
development of application-aware image encryp- development of image encryption approaches is still an open
tion approaches is a hot area of research. area for researchers. *is paper encourages researchers to
(ii) Compressive sensing: development of compressive understand the challenges involved in image encryption
sensing-based image encryption approaches can be approaches. It will also help them to choose an appropriate
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Mathematical Problems in Engineering 13

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