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01 Basics

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01 Basics

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22100364
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Detour: Complex variable

• A complex variable z is an ordered pair of real variables x and y , in other


words,

∼ ”Cartesian representation”

• Another representation is the ”polar representation”

■ Euler’s identity
Typical signals

• complex exponential

• rectangular pulse

• triangular function

• signum function

• impulse function (Dirac delta function)


Size of a continuous-time signal

How can we measure the size of a CT signal?

• total energy (Ex ) of x(t) for t ∈ [t1 , t2 ]

• average power (Px ) of x(t) for t ∈ [t1 , t2 ]

Def: Total energy (Ex ) and average power (Px ) of a continuous-time signal
x(t) is defined as

• Ex =

• Px =
Classification of signals

■ power signal / energy signal


A continuous-time signal x(t) is classified as

• a power signal if (Ex = ∞)

• an energy signal if (Px = 0)


Note: There is no signal that is classified as both a power signal and an energy
signal.

■ periodic signal (↔ aperiodic signal)

Note: Every periodic signal can be classified as a signal.

■ Causal signal (↔ non-causal signal)

■ even / odd signal

A CT signal x(t) is
• even iff

• odd iff
System classification

Recall that a system is a mathematical relation between input and output.

■ Linearity
A system L is said to be linear iff
■ Time-invariance
A system L is said to be time-invariant iff
Note: system is particularly important in
this course.

■ Memorylessness
A system is said to be memoryless iff its output depends only on the input
.

■ Causality
A system is said to be causal iff its output depends only on
values of input.
■ Impulse response of a CT-LTI system

Let’s assume L is an LTI system.

h(t) = L [δ(t)]

y(t) = L [x(t)]
 
= L

 
= L

Z ∞
= x(τ )
−∞
Z
∵ and L(·) linear operators

Z ∞
= x(τ ) ∵ L is
−∞

= x(t) ∗ h(t)

∴ y(t) = x(t) ∗ h(t), for LTI systems.


■ Convolution integral

• Convolutional sum: x(n) ∗ y(n) =

• Convolution integral: x(t) ∗ y(t) =

e.g.

ex x(t) = y(t) = rect(t)


• x(t) ∗ δ(t) =

• x(n) ∗ δ(n) =

ex x(t) ∗ δ(t − t0 ) =
Properties of an LTI system

BIBO stability of an LTI system

• What is the condition for an LTI system to be stable?

• Suppose that input x(t) satisfies |x(t)| ≤ B, ∀t ∈ R

Z ∞
• |h(t)|dt < ∞ ⇐⇒ h(t) is
−∞
1

Causal LTI systems described by differential


equations

• An important class of continuous-time LTI systems consists of systems repre-


sented by linear constant-coefficient differential equations

Linear constant-coefficient differential equation

e.g. first order differential equation


dy(t)
• + 2y(t) = x(t)
dt
• x(t) = e3t u(t)
• To determine the value of constant K , we need to specify an auxiliary condition
• Different choices for the auxiliary condition lead to different relationships
between the input and output
• For example, the system may or may not be linear depending on the auxiliary
condition
• In this course, we focus on differential equations used to describe systems that
are LTI and causal
• In other words, the condition of initial rest; if x(t) = 0, ∀t ≤ t0 , then
; we can use initial condition

• N th order linear constant-coefficient differential equation:

• provides an implicit specification of the system rather than an explicit expres-


sion
• initial conditions under the condition of initial rest:

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