See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/335110972

‫( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت و ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬GIS and databases in ARABIC)

Book · August 2019

CITATIONS READS
0 61,983

1 author:

Gomaa Dawod
Egypt National Waer Resrach Center
94 PUBLICATIONS 769 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Gomaa Dawod on 12 August 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

‫ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﷴ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬

‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻫﺑﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ﻭﻭﻓﻘﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﺎﺗﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫﷽‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺻﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﻭ ﺧﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺔ ﷴ ﺑﻥ ﻋﺑﺩ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺓ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻼﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻋﻭ ﻭ ﺃﺑﺗﻬﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻭﻻﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻲ ﻋﺯ ﻭ ﺟﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﻣﻧﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻣﺎ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺭﺿﺎﺅﻩ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺗﺣﻘﻳﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺭﺳﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﺑﻥ ﺍﺩﻡ ﻳﻧﻘﻁﻊ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺗﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻥ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﺣﺩﻫﻡ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻡ ﻳﻧﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎ ﻧﺻﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ! ﺍﻧﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺩﻳﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﺗﻳﻭﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﻧﻭﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻛﻧﺹ ﻣﻛﺗﻭﺏ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻁﺑﻭﻉ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﻣﺭﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻋﻭ ﻛﻝ ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﻭ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺳﺗﻔﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﻳﺏ ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺩﻋﻭ ﷲ ﺗﺑﺎﺭﻙ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻔﺭ ﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻭﺍﻟﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .....‬ﻭﻗﻝ ﺭﺑﻲ ﺯﺩﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ‪ ....‬ﺻﺩﻕ ﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻳﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫﷽‬

‫ﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﷴ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/c/GomaaDawod‬‬

‫‪https://www.facebook.com/Dr.GomaaDawod/‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪ .٧‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .٨‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬

‫‪ .٩‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ .١٠‬ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫_________________________________________‬
‫ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻓﻳﺩﻳﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺭﺍﺑﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻳﻭﺗﻳﻭﺏ‪:‬‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-‬‬
‫‪2sBQtgS7Y7rnp3fNM2ndmyNEJxpyj-B‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﻡ ﺟﺩﺍ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺡ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺗﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻧﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﻷﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺩﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(١‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺒﻴ‬‫ﻲ ﻮ‬‫‪ .٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ؟‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗ ﺍ ﺪ‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺗ ﻨ ﻒ‬‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪ .٠١‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١١‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:Data‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻲ ﺿﻣﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻖ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻡﻡ ‪ raw‬ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺟﻝ ﻭ ﻬ‬‫‪ ‬ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺻﺭ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ‪:Information‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﺻﺭﻳﺢ ﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻸﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺭ ﻟﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٩‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓﺓ ﻟﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻟﻸ ﻗ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻷ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﺟﺩﻳﺔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓﺓ ﻟﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻟﻠ ﻠ‬
‫ﻑ ﻷ‬‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ‪ :١‬ﻟﺍﻟﺣﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺛﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ‪:٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺯﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺃ ﺯ‬
‫ﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺗ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﷴ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺳﻥ‪ ٤٣ :‬ﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻡ‪ :‬ﷴ‬
‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﷴ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ ﻣﺗﺄﺧﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﺯﻭﺝ ﺑﻌﺩ !‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪ ) ٢٠‬ﻠ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺿﺭﺏ ﺃ × ﺏ = ‪٢‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻝﻝ ﺿ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺃ = ‪ ، ٤‬ﺏ = ‪ ) ٥‬ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ‪:٣‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ Database‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪:DB‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ (metadata‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧﺳﺔ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﻳﺎ )ﻣﻊﻊ ﻭﺻﻑ ﻬ‬
‫‪ِ ‬‬
‫ﺻﻣﻣﺕ ﻛﻲ ﺗﻠﺑﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬

‫‪A database is a shared collection of logically related data (and a description‬‬

‫‪of this data) designed to meet the information needs of an organization‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ ﺛﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﻔﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺋﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺧﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
 ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ؟‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ )ﻭﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﻳﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻡ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎءﺓﺓ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻔﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺦ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺗﺧﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻘﺩ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺩ‬
‫ﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءﺓﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺎ ﻠ‬
‫ﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺯﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
 ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻧﺻﻭﺹ ﻭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡﻡ ﻭﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﻬﺎ ﻹﺧﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺻﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

‫)‪ (٢‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ ﻭ ﺣﺎﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺛﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﻟﺻﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ‪ :Multimedia DB‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡﻡ ﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ‬‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺩﻳﻭ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﺗﻳﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪ :GIS‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﺗﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺟﻝ ﺍﻳﺭﺙ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻠ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻝ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺃ ﻝ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻟﻘ ﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻘ ﺓ‬
‫‪ :Data‬ﺗﻁ ﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪D t Warehouse‬‬
‫‪W h‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﺩﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺎﺯﻥ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺗ ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻡ ﺗﻛﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪ : Dynamic‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻳﺔ ‪DB‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﻲ ‪ real time‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪:Hardware‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ‪ .....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻭﻥ ‪:Users‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻔﻳﺩﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﺎﺕ ‪:Software‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻭ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪:Rules‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﺎﺕ ‪R l‬‬
‫ﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻠ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺭﺍءﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺻﺣﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:data‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺟﺯﺍء ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟ ﻗ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻧﻔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟ ﺗﺧ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻭﺣﻳﺩ ‪Single-user‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺗﺑﻳﺔ ‪Desktop‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ‪Multi-users‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺣﺟﻡﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ‪Workgroup‬‬
‫ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ ‪Enterprise‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻗﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳﺔ ‪Central‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺯﻋﺔ ‪Distributed‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪Operational‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺗﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﺩﻉ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Data warehouse‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻣﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ‬
‫‪data definitions or Metadata‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺧﺯﻧﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪data about data‬‬

‫)‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻧﺔ ‪:stored data‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺻﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺍﻋﻁﺎء ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﻭ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺙ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ ﻭﻫ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

 ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ Database Management System‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ‪DBMS‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻭ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺗﻳﺢ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫‪(Access‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬‫‪d Oracle‬‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻝ ‪l‬‬
‫) ﺛﻝ‬

‫ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ‪: DBMS‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪storage‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻧﺔ ‪find and select‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Query or Retrieve data‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ data processing‬ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪output‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ Database Management System‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ‪DBMS‬‬

‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪ Access, Paradoxm FoxPro, dBase‬ﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻳﺟﺎ ﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺟ‬
‫ﺞ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺑﻳ ﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺑ ﺍ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪ Oracle, SQL, DBMS, Informix‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺕ(‬
‫ﺟﻳﺟﺎ ﺑ ﻳ‬
‫ﻱ ‪ ٤٠٠٠‬ﺟﻳﺟ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺕ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻳﺭﺍ ﺑ ﻳ‬
‫ﻲ ‪ ٤‬ﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻳﺟﺎ ﺑ ﻳ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺕ ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺻﻝﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻳﺟ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

 ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ Database Management System‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ‪DBMS‬‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪:DBMS‬‬
‫‪:Users / Programmers‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﻳﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺩﺧﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ‪Application programs‬‬

‫‪ : / Queries‬ﻻﺳﺗﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻭﺍء ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﺎ ﺗﺧﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺎﺷ ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﺃﻭ ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ‪/‬ﺍﻟ ﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁ ﻖ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﺍ ﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻁ ﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Software‬‬

‫ﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﺔ ﻅ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ DB‬ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:DB Administrator‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺣﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻳﻖ ﻭ ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻣﺣﻠﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ‪:System Analyst‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺻﻣﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:DB Designer‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﻭﻑ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫‪:DB Developer‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﻣﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪p‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻣﺞ ‪:Programmer‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﻟ ﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻖ ﻁﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓﺓ ﻟ ﻘ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝﻝ ﻟﻘ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔﺔ ﻟ ﺷﻐ‬
‫ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻟﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﻼ‬
‫ﻟﺍﻟﻣﺳﺋﻭﻝﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻁ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪:End User‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

 ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ‪ :System analysis‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﺻﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗ ﺩ ﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻛ ﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗ ﺩ ﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓ ﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺗ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻗﻳﺔ ﺃ ﺿﺎ‬
‫ﻠﺔ ﻗ ﺔ‬‫‪ :System‬ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪S t‬‬ ‫‪d i‬‬
‫‪design‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺁﻟﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻗﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺁ ﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ‪:System implementation‬‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻅ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻔﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ‪ :System testing‬ﺗﺟﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ‪ :System correcting‬ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﻁﺎء ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ )ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﻋﻳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ( ﻭ ﺗﺻﺣﻳﺣﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻧ ﺎ ﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ‪ :System operation‬ﺍ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺍ ﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﻐ ﻝ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (١) :GIS‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻴﻢ ﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ ..٢‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻝ ﺑ ﻴ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺒﻴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﻮ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١٠‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻣﻭﻟﻳﺔ ‪ :comprehensiveness‬ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﻝ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ‪ :understandability‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻥ ﻬ‬‫ﻟﻠﻣﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ‪ :Expandable‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﻳﺔ ‪ :Institutionalism‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺣﺔ ﻟﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻟﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ :Data integrity‬ﺃﺃﻥ ﻳﺿﻣﻥ ﻟ ﻅ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺔ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺣﺎﻛﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ‪:٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ‪:١‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺋﻥ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻧﻅﺎﻡ ) ﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻅﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻧﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻅﺎﻡ )ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺭﻗﻡﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺭﺭﻗﻡﻡ ﺑ ﻲ‬
‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ )ﻛﻼ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺳﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻳﺎﻥ ‪ (entity‬ﻭ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﺹ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻧﻭﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﻔﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻧﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﻔﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﻔﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻧﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻠ ﻔ ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟ ﻧ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪ :‬ﺍﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻥ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟ ﺗ ﺩﺩ ﻥ‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺑﺩء‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺧﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻏﺭﺍﻣﺔ ﺄ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫‪‬ﺍﻻ ﺗ ﺎ ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ‪:٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ‪:٣‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻝ ‪:Fields‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺣﻘﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ = ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ = ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻑ ‪ Record‬ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻧﺻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٦‬ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ‪:٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ‪:٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟ ﻘ ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺧ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﻭ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﻣﻔﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻝ ﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Integrity‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍ ﺑﻳ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ(‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻓﺗﺭﺍﺿﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺣﺟﻡﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺫﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺭﻭﻑ ﻭ ﺭ‬
‫ﻥ ﺭﻭ‬‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻳﻝ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻧﺻﻳﺔ ‪ :Text field‬ﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ ﻳ‬ ‫‪ ..١‬ﺣﻘﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻣﻭﺯ ‪ characters, numbers, symbols‬ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ‪١٠‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻌﺔ ﻳ ﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﻼ ﺭﺭﻗﻡﻡ ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺭﻱ‬‫ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔﺔ ﻭ ﺟ‬
‫ﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝﻝ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪ :Numeric fields‬ﻟﺗ ﺟ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻭﻝ ﻗ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺣﻘ ﻝ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ ١٩٠٠‬ﻭ ‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﺹ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻭﻝ ﻧﺻﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺭ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ‪:٧‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺣﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ‪:Primary Key‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ )ﺣﻘﻭﻝ( ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺳﻬﻳﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻳﺭﻩ ﻟﻣﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻠﻭﺱ ﻻ ﻳﺗﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻳﺻﻠﺢ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺣﻘﻝ ﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ = ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ = ﻗ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ = ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Network DB‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻣﻲ ‪Hierarchical DB‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻳﺔ ‪Relational DB‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻧﺫ ﻅﻬﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﺃﺛﺑﺕ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻴﺔ ‪Relational DB‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ‪ Tables‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ‪Relations‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ‪ attributes‬ﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺟﻼﺕ‬
‫‪Records‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻳﺱ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ‪Primary Key‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ‪Relations‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪RDB‬‬

‫)‪ (١‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻲ‪-‬ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ‪:one-to-one‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ( ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻛﻝ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺭﻳﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺟﻭﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺟﻭﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻔﺭ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺟﻭﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻔﺭ ﻳﻌﻭﺩ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫‪: one-to‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ‪t -many‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ‪ -‬ﺍ ﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺗ ﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪ -‬ﺗ ﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺩ‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ( ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺃﻱ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻳﺗﺑﻊ ﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻡ ﻳﺿﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ‪-‬ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ‪:many-to-many‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ(‬
‫ﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺟﻼﺕ‬‫ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻊ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳ ﺗﺑﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ( ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳ ﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺟﻝ ﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺃﻱ ﺟﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﻧ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺳﺟﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺳﺟﻼﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺳﺟﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻘﺭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺭﺭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺳﺟﻝ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﺣﺩ ﺃﺷﻬﺭ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻳﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ‪Entity Relationship diagram‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪ER‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪:Diagram‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ(‬
‫ﻲ ﺑﺭ ﺟ‬ ‫‪ Flow‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪o C‬‬‫‪Chart‬‬
‫ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ )ﻣﺛﻝﻝ ‪a t‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻳ ﻬ‬
‫ﻳﺏ ﺑﻳ‬‫ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻭﺻﻑ ﺭ‬
‫ﻲ( ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻭﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻲ )ﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻥ ﻭﻭﺻﻑ ﻳ‬‫ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻛﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺻﻣﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻬﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫‪objects‬‬
‫‪j‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻲ ﻳﻬ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ :entity‬ﺗﻣﺛﻝﻝ ﺟ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ‪y set‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻳ‬‫‪ (١) ‬ﺟ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻁﻳﻝ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ‪entity set‬‬

‫)‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ‪:attributes‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﺏ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺛﻼ‪ :‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ )ﻛﻳﺎﻥ( ﻟﻪ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻼﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﺹ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺧﻁ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪ Attributes‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻡ ‪ :domain‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩﺍ‬
‫ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺷﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺛﻼ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٤.٠‬ﺛﻼ‬
‫ﻋﺷﺭﻳﺎ )ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﻛﺳﺭﻱ( ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪٤‬‬
‫ﺷ ﺎ‬

‫ﻲ ‪Primary‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺡ ﺭﻳ‬‫ﻭﻥ ﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻳﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻲ ﺗﻡﻡ ﻳ ﺭ‬‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ )ﺃﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ Key‬ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﺣﺗﻬﺎ ﺧﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ ‪simple‬‬‫ﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻛ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟ ﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻁﺔ‬‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟ ﻔﺎ‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪ attributes‬ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﺍﺳﻡﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺟﺯ ﻬ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ‪ composite attributes‬ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺭ ﺑ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻷﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪ Attributes‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ‪ :‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫‪) single-valued attribute‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ( ﻭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﺃﻥ ﻛ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ) ﻛ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﻟﻟﻭﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺎ ﺓ‬
‫‪ multiple-valued‬ﺛﻝ‬
‫‪lti l‬‬ ‫‪l d attribute‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ‪tt ib t‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻟﻭﻥ ﻟﺟﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻭﻥ ﻟﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻭﻥ ﻟﺳﻘﻑ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ(‬
‫ﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﻡﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻱ ﺁﺧﺭﺭ ﻳﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻝﻝ ﺷﻛﻝﻝ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ‬‫ﻳﻡ ﺑﺑﺷﻛﻝﻝ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻳﺭﻣﺯﺯ ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺧﻁ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﻘﺔ ‪ :Derived attributes‬ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺗﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺗﻘﻁﻊ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﺑﺧﻁ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﻣﺗﻘﻁﻊ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﻋﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﻣﻳﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪ Attributes‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﻛﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺻﻣﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻁﻭﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪:DB Developer‬‬
‫ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪schema‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ )ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ‪ (diagram‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻋﻣﺩﺓ‪:‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪DB Life Cycle‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻳﺔ ‪ Conceptual DB‬ﻭﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ )ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪(ER‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧ ﺫ‬
‫‪ Logical‬ﺗ ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﻳﺔ ‪L i l DB‬‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻧﻁﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻗﺎ ﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﻁﻁ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ‪schema‬‬
‫ﻥ ﻋﺩﻡﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﺧﻼﻝﻝ ﺭ ﺟ ﻬ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﻘﻳﺔ ‪ Physical DB‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻘ ﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻧ ﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ﻭ ﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﻘﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ( ‪:Physical DB‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺗﺼﻤﻴ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﷴ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL37D52B7714788190‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻲ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊﻊ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﷴ ﻛﻌﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﻱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻲ‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYDEOMseePbUDteaPDhUO9WyE9vwywix-‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ (٢) :GIS‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺙﺃ ﺎ ﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧ ﺍ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١-٤‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻬﻪ ‪vector data‬‬
‫)‪ (٢-٤‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪raster data‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑ ﻳ‬‫ﻲ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻭﺡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ‬‫ﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫)‪ (١-٢-٤‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬
‫)‪ (٢-٢-٤‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٣-٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪spatial data‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﻝ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻠ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺧﺿﻊ ﻟ ﻠ‬
‫ﺽ ﻭ ﺗﺧﺿ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟ ﻐ ﺍﻓ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻗ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺹ ‪attribute or non-spatial data‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺗﺿﻡ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻛﺎﺋﻥ )ﺑﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ( ﻭ ﺗﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪: GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪Statistical Analysis‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻠﻼ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻳﻭ‪-‬ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪Geo-Statistical analysis‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ )ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻥ( ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪) attribute table‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺗﺧﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔﺔ ﺷﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺍﻉ ﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺃ ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٢‬ﺑﺎﻳﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ ﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ ‪:short integer‬‬
‫‪ ٣٢٨٠٠‬ﻭ ‪٣٢٨٠٠ -‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ‪ :long integer‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ‪ ١٠-٦‬ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺎﻳﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪ ٢،١٤٨،٠٠٠،٠٠٠‬ﻭ ‪) ٢،١٤٨،٠٠٠،٠٠٠ -‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻛﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ(‬
‫‪ :Float‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٦‬ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺎﻳﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ ١.٢‬ﺃﺱ ‪ ٣٨‬ﻭ ‪٣.٤ -‬‬ ‫ﻋﺷﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﻗﺻﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺃ ﻗ‬
‫ﺃﺱ ‪٣٨‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ ١.٨‬ﺃﺱ‬
‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺡ ﻳ ﻬ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺕ ﻭ ﺭ‬
‫ﻲ ‪ ٨‬ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﺭﺭﻗﻡﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺯﻳﻥ ﻝ‬
‫ﻥ ‪ ٧‬ﺧﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﻳﺗﻡﻡ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ‪:Double‬‬
‫ﻋﺷﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻳ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡﻡ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪ ٣٠٨‬ﻭ ‪ ٢.٢ -‬ﺃﺱ ‪) ٣٠٨‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻛﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ(‬
‫‪ :text‬ﻧﺻﻭﺹ ﻭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺗﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ .٥‬ﻧﺹ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ :date‬ﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٢‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪) attribute table‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ( ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻟﻠﺻﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺎ ﻁ‬
‫ﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪ :Blob‬ﻟﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺃ ﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻛﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪ Binary‬ﺃﺃﻭ ‪Bl b‬‬
‫‪Bi‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪Large‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ‪OBj t‬‬
‫‪OBjects‬‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻛ ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻸ ﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋ ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻷ ﻗﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪ Binary numbers‬ﻭ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻛﻭﺍﺩ(‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻛﻝ ﻫﺩﻑ ﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗ ﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻭ ﺗﺧﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ‪ ٣٦‬ﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻗ ﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻔﻲ ﻛ ﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺗ ﻔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻌﻲ ‪ Global ID‬ﺃﻭ ‪ :Guid‬ﻟﺗﺧﺯ ﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻗ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻣ ﺟﻌ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ﻗ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪ :Raster ‬ﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ )ﺑﺧﻼﻑ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ‪ hyperlink‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻪ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ( ﻭ ﻳﻔﺿﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ :Dimension‬ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎﺕ( ﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﺎﺩ(‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺹ ) ﺎﺋﻝ‬
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﺧ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻐ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟ ﻠ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺽ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻅﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ﻻ ﺗﺧﺩﺍ ﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟ ﺩ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺷﻳﺔ ‪ :Annotation‬ﻧﻧﺻﻭﺹ ﺗ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﺯ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻣﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣﺗﻪ ﺧﻁ‪ ..... ،‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ‪ :Subtype and domain‬ﺃﺣﺩ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺿﻡ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻧﺗﻣﻲ ﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ )ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻣ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﻁﺎء ﻓﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻸﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺗ‬
‫ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ Two-dimensional data‬ﺃﻭ ‪2D‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺽ ‪ X,, Y‬ﺃﻭﻭ ﺧﻁ ﻭ‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻥ ﻳﻳﺣﺩﺩﺍ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ ٢‬ﺑﻳ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻛﺎﺋﻥ‬
‫‪Latitude, Longitude‬‬

‫‪ Three‬ﺃﺃﻭ ‪3D‬‬
‫‪Th‬‬ ‫‪-dimensional‬‬
‫‪di‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪l data‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ X, Y, Z‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Latitude Longitude,‬‬
‫‪Latitude,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪Longitude Height‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ Four-dimensional data‬ﺃﻭ ‪4D‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ‪ ٤‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﻣﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ X, Y, Z, T‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ‪Latitude, Longitude,‬‬
‫‪Height, and Time‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٤‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﺩ ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻳﺻﻌﺏ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ! ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻬﺗﻲ ﻧﻅﺭ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ‪:discrete objects‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻕ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ(‬
‫ﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻁ ﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ) ﺎﻧ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺛﺎ ﺗﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩ ﺩ‬
‫ﻥ ﻅﺎﻫ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻥ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻛ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ‪:continuous fields‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺟ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻳﻡ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻛﻝ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﻼ ﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬

‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪ vector data‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪raster data‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ :١-٤‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻪ ‪vector data‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻉ ﺃﻭﻭ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻥ ﺧﻼﻝﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻭ‬‫ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ( ﻣﻥ‬
‫) ﺭﻳ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻡ )ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﺻﻐﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ( ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻳﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻭ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪2D or 3D or 4D‬‬ ‫ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﺭﺑ ﻳ‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)ﺃ (‬ ‫‪ :٢-٤‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪raster data‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ( ﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻌﺎﺕ ‪cells / pixels‬‬

‫ﺭﻗﻣﺎ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪) attribute‬ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻏﻳ‬
‫‪ integer‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻣﺎ ﺑﻛﺳﻭﺭ ﻋﺷﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،float‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪(multiple attribute‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺻﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﻠﻑ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺭﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺟ ﺭ ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻹ ﻳ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪) metadata‬ﻭﻭﺻﻑ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ( ﻳﻳﺿﻡﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﺳﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻘﻁ‬
‫‪projection‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ )ﻭﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻛﺑﺭ ﺣﺟﻣﻬﺎ( ﻓﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺿﻐﻭﻁﺔ ‪ comprised files‬ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻛﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻟﻼ ﺗﺷ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟ ﻧﺎﻋ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ ﻟﻠﻛ ﺗ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟ ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺏ (‬ ‫‪ :٢-٤‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪raster data‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺻﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ )‪(pixel size‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﻪ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ Z‬ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻪ )ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ‪..... ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺦ(‬
‫ﺦ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺧﻁﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪raster data‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻮ ﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺮﻕ‬ ‫‪:١-٢-٤‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ spatial resolution‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪resolution‬‬
‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺟ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺭ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺳﻁﺣﻳﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺩﻫﻣﺎ ﺫﻭ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪/‬ﺑﻛﺳﻝ ﺗﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫‪ ١٥×١٥‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪ ٥×٥‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻭﺿﻭﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺭﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺳﻳﺣﻣﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ z‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ١٥×١٥‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻳﺿﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺳﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ z‬ﻟﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ﺭﺑﻊ ﺑﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٥×٥‬ﻣﺗﺭﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺑﻊ‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ‪raster data‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻮ ﻮﺡ‬
‫‪ :١-٢-٤‬ﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ‪Accuracy‬‬
‫ﺢ ﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺳﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻥ ﻭ ﻬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻲ ﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ﻫﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ( ﻷﻱ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊﻊ )‬
‫ﺭﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻱ ﻗﺭﺏ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﻼ‪ :‬ﻟﻭ ﻗﺳﻧﺎ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ‪ X,Y‬ﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﻭﻗﻣﻧﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺑﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺃﺱ ﻓﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻫﺎﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺗﻳﻥ؟ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ =‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺳﻭﺣﺔ ﺿﻭﺋﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ‪ georeferencing‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻣﺎ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ؟‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪٣ ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯﺯ )ﺍﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝﻝ( ﺃﻱ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺍ ﻳ‬
‫ﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍ ﺟﻬ‬
‫ﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻉ ﺍ ﻼ‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺟﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺃﺱ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﺍﻟﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡﻡ ﺑﺑﺄﺟﻬﺯﺓ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻭﻭ ﻗﺳﻧﺎ ﺍ ﺍ ﻳ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ )ﻫﻧﺎ( ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ‪ ٣ ‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻣﻬﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ‪ resolution‬ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺗﺻﻝﻝ ﺍﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻉ ﺍ ﺟ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺟﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺟ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺝ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻲ ‪ resolution‬ﺍ ﻳ‬
‫ﻭﺡ ﺍﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﻭ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺟ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍ‬
‫ﻥ ﺍ ﺭﻳ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻥ‬
‫‪ accuracy‬ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﻼ‪ :‬ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ‪) Landsat‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺣﻬﺎ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻲ ﺑﻲ ﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻲ ﺑﺑﻲ ﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩ ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ‪) world view‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺣﻬﺎ ‪ ٤٠‬ﺳﻡ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺟ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ :٢-٢-٤‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ‪ metadata‬ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ‪metadata: data about data :٢‬‬

‫ﺗﺿﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ) ‪ Raster Properties‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪: ( Arc GIS‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ ‪rows and columns‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪ pixel size‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﻳﻥ ‪x,y‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ‪ extension‬ﻣﺛﻝ‪tif, Grid, BMP, .JPG, GIF... etc :‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ‪ :extent‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺳﻔﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﻣﻳﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﺳﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪spatial reference‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻳﺔ ‪linear units‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻁ ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪angular units‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ ٣-٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٦‬ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻭﺱ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺵ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ‪CD or DVD‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺵ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻣﺟﺔ ‪CD or DVD‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ‪Printers‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﻣﺎﺕ )ﻁﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ( ‪Plotters‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻳﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﻓﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ‪GPS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Di iti‬‬
‫‪Digitizer‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ﻗ‬
‫ﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻗ‬
‫ﻁﺎ ﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ ‪Scanner‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪: Quality‬‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻁﻘ‬

‫‪Relevance‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻼﺋ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
‫‪Consistency‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Accuracy‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪Completeness‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺗﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Precision‬‬
‫‪i i‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬
‫‪d Resolution‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪l ti‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺿ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪Updating‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺩﺍﺛﺔ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24f93SSShfg&ab_channel=GIS4YOU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Uwlk7wPnEo&t=32s
https://www youtube com/watch?v=G2OV1LpTQd0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v G2OV1LpTQd0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcXbZYuXrRk&ab_channel=AhmedAbdEl
hay
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSNevWjByYs&ab_channel=AB_LSOC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9stxJMd19E

19 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬٣) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻝ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺟ ﺭﺍ ﻳ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍ ﺑﻳ‬ ‫‪..٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ ١-٥‬ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ ٢-٥‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪ ١-٦‬ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻫﻞ ‪ GIS‬ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ؟‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ GIS :١‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻪ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ! ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻅﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ !‬
‫ﻟﻛﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ GIS ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪ datums‬ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭ ﺭ ﻳ‬‫ﻥ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻳ‬
‫‪ GIS ‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻣﺎ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ ﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻧﻣﺫﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ modelling‬ﺍﻟﻅﺎ ﺍﺕ‬
‫‪d lli‬‬
‫‪ GIS ‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻣﺎ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭ ﻣﺟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪3D‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺦ ﺑﻹ‬‫ﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻳ ﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻝ ﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼﺕ ﺟ ﺭ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺻﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺑﺣﻠﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ‪ 4D‬ﻭ ﻭ ﻳ‬‫ﻭ ﻳ‬
‫ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‬

‫‪ DB‬ﻫﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﻩ ‪ core‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ‪ GIS‬ﻓﻓﻲ ﺣﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ DB‬ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪: Geodatabase‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ )ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ (٢‬ﻻ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺏ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ )ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ (٢‬ﻻ ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻅﻔﻳﻥ ﻭ ﻻ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺗﺿﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﻭﺛﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪spatial data‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﻣﻳﻬﺎ )ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ (٣‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻧ ﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷ ﺽ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬

‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ )ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ( ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬

‫ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻣﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﺣﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﻭ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻛﻝ ﻣﺣﻁﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ non-spatial data‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ‪ attributes‬ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ ‪:Personal Geodatabase‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ‪(mdb‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻛﺭﻭﺳﻭﻓﺕ )ﺍ ﺍ‬
‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Access‬ﻣﻥ ﺷ ﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻗ ﺍ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺧ‬
‫ﻁﻁ‬‫‪ ‬ﺃﺃﺑﺳﻁ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺑﺣﺩ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ‪ ٢‬ﺟﻳﺟﺎﺑﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫ﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺗﻡﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ( ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪:File Geodatabase‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻟ ﻠﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻠﺩ ﻳﺿﻡ ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ‪) windows‬ﺃﺃﻱ ﺃﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻠ‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻟ ﺷﻐ ﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻅ‬
‫ﻐﺔ ﻠ‬‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌﻣﻝﻝ ﺑﺻﻳﻐﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ‪) gdb‬ﻣﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ(‪ ،‬ﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﺻﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺟﻳﺟﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﻳﺔ ‪:Interprise Geodatabase‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺣﺩ ﻣﺣﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺧﺎﺩﻣﺎﺕ ‪ (Oracle and SQL servers‬ﻟﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺷ ﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺅ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺗﺧﺩ ﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻭﺍ ﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﺗﺧﺩﺍ ﻬﺎ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ‪(٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﺟﻬﺔ ‪Vector Data‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Raster Data‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﻟﻛﻼ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ؟‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Feature dataset‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ )ﺃﺃﻱ ﺗ‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺍﺛ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺱ ﻧﻅﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟ ﻐ ﺍﻓ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻥ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻭﺩﻉ ﻟﻔﺋﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺗ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺎ ﺔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ( ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﺩﻉ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Feature class‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ feature dataset‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ )ﻣﺭﺟﻌﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺑﻖ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﻩ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻁﺎﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻝ ﻓﺋﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ‪Shapefile‬‬
‫ﻥ ﺛﻡﻡ ﻳﻳﻠﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ( ﻭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺝ ﻁﺎﻗﻡﻡ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻼ )ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺅ‬ ‫ﻥ ﻳﻳﺗﻡﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻛﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﻝﻝ ﻓﺋﺔ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺭﺟﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻩ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺿﻠ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺧﻁ ﻁ‬

‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ )ﻟﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝﻝ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﺟ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭﺭ( ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠﺩ‬
‫ﻲ ﺟ‬‫ﻭﻥ )ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ‪ ArcGIS‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ(‬

‫ﻣﻠﻑ ‪ shapefile‬ﻳﺧﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ :shapefile and layer‬ﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔ ﻕ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻣﻠﻑ ‪ layer‬ﻳﺧﺯﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ )ﻣﺛﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ‪ link‬ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫)ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (x,y‬ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻡﻡ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ : Point‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻱ ﺭﺳﻡﻡ )ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ‪,y‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ )ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻡ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ( ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ )ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻡ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ( ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺑﻣﺿﻠﻊ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ‪ : Polyline‬ﺧﻁﻭﻁ‪ :‬ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ‪ path‬ﻫﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ‪ connected segments‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ‪(x,y‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻭﺍﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻼﺕ ‪ .....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻊ ‪ : Polygon‬ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ‪x,y‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ(‬
‫ﻟﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺃ ﺿﺎ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟ ﻘ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻧﺯﻝ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ )ﻁ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻌﺏ‪ ،‬ﻧﺯﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺷﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻠ‬
‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺷﻔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫)ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ordered collection of p‬‬ ‫‪ :Multipoint‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﺔ ‪points‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻫﺩﻑ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ :Multipatch‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ 3D‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻪ‬
‫‪X,Y,Z‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻁﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ‪ .....‬ﻟﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻟﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺏ ﻟ ﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺋﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﺕ ﻷ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺟﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﺷ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻷﺷ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻟﻟﻭﻧﻪ ‪ ....‬ﻟﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﺛ ﻝ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬

‫ﺭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﻭ ﻉ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪ :Network Dataset‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ( ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﻟﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ )ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ‪ :Geometric Networks‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ )ﻣﺛﻼ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺳﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ(‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ‪:Topology‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ‪ topology‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻭﺍء ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻳﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺻﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ( ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻛﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺧﻁﻭﻁ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻼﻣﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻭﺍء‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻁ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺗ ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺎ ﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔ ﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠ ﺎ ﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻛﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺃﻳﺎ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪:raster‬‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺻﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ )‪(pixel size‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ‪..... ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟ ﻓ ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﻖ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍ ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺩ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻠﻪ )ﺍ ﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗ ﺛ ﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ Z‬ﺍﻟ ﻁﻠ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟ ﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺗ ﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻳﻪ ﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻛﻝ ﺧﻠ ﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺦ(‬

‫ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ ﺃﺃﻳﺿﺎ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻁﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻁ ﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ) ﻁ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻁ ﺔ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪:raster‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪ geodatabase‬ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺣﺟﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻛﺭﺓ ﺃﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ ﻟﻠﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺫﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺫ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪ header record‬ﻭ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻌﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻝ ‪ upper-left‬ﻭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ )ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ(‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺝ(‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪:raster‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ‪ metadata‬ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺿﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ‪ Raster Properties ):‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪( Arc GIS‬‬
‫‪rows and‬‬ ‫‪d columns‬‬
‫‪l‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺩﺓﺓ ﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟ ﻔ ﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﻭﻑ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪ pixel size‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﻳﻥ ‪x,y‬‬
‫‪tif Grid,‬‬
‫‪tif,‬‬ ‫‪Grid BMP,‬‬
‫‪BMP .JPG,‬‬
‫‪JPG GIF...‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ ‪ extension‬ﻣﺛﻝ‪GIF etc :‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ‪ :extent‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺳﻔﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﻣﻳﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻳﺳﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻲ ‪spatial reference‬‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻳﺔ ‪linear units‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪angular units‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﻠﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ‪:TIN‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪ (TIN‬ﻫﻭﻭ ﺃﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫‪) Triangulated‬ﺃﻭﻭ‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪Irregular‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ‪Network‬‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ‬‫ﺝ ﺑ‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ )‪ (x,y,z‬ﺑﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪ TIN‬ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ )ﻟﻛﻝ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ‪ (x,y,z‬ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ‪ ....‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪TIN‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻛﻼ ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﻗﻳﻡ ‪ z‬ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺡ ‪ resolution‬ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺩﻡﻡ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺿﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﻠﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ‪:TIN‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻠﻑ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ TIN‬ﻣﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫)ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ Attribute Table‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻝ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ( ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻑ ‪ TIN‬ﻳﻣﺛﻝ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ‪ TIN‬ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ )ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻟﺭﺳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻭﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ( ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻑ ‪TIN‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺑﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪:DEM‬‬
‫‪: Digital‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪Elevation Models: DEM ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ X,Y,Z‬ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻛﻥ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ Z‬ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍ ﺗ ﺎ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺩﻋﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ ‪ USGS‬ﻛ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻷ ﻛ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺗﻛﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍ ﺗﻛ ﺗ ﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻝ ﻠﻔﺎ‬‫‪ *.dem‬ﻝ‬
‫‪*d‬‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ﻠﻔﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻳﻥ ﺍ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻲﺍ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻥ ﻭﻳ ﻬ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ‪:GRID‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺻﻳﻐﺔ ‪ format‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ArcGIS‬ﻛﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪ raster‬ﻟﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ )ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟ ﺎ ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻧ ﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻧ ﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗ ﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻥ‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ(‬

‫‪:Raster‬‬
‫‪R t D‬‬ ‫‪Datasets‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ‪t‬‬
‫ﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺍ ﺗ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٦٧٠٠‬ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﻭ ‪ ٦٧٠٠‬ﺻﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ‪ ، Z‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻳﻭﻥ ﺭﻗﻡ !‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻟﺗﺳﺭﻳﻊ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ )ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺫﺍﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ( ﻟﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ‬
‫‪) Blocks‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ‪ ٢٥٦‬ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﻭ ‪ ٢٥٦‬ﺳﻁﺭ( ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ‪block‬‬
‫‪ table‬ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺗﺟﺎﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﻭﻛﺎﺕ‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ‪:Raster Mosaic‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﺣﻅﻲ ‪ on-the-fly‬ﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﺟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻳﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﻟﻭﺝ )ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻛﺗﺎﻟﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ‪:Raster Catalogs‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﻟﺍﻟﺟﺯء( ﻭ ﺃﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻑ ﻟﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﻟﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺫ‬‫ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﻟﻭﺝ )ﺃﺃﻳﻥ ﻠﻑ‬
‫ﻟ ﻟ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ )ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺭﻳﺦ ﻟﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ(‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24f93SSShfg&ab_channel=GIS4YOU‬‬
‫‪https://www youtube com/watch?v=6Uwlk7wPnEo&t=32s‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Uwlk7wPnEo&t=32s‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2OV1LpTQd0‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcXbZYuXrRk&ab_channel=AhmedAbdEl‬‬
‫‪hay‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSNevWjByYs&ab_channel=AB_LSOC‬‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBewqPEUfxjfp7Ic2iFByv3AFb9Reorp‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪//‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪/ l li ?li P B‬‬ ‫‪PEUf jf I 2iFB 3AFb9R‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪https://www youtube com/watch?v=B9stxJMd19E‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9stxJMd19E‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪DBMS‬‬
‫ﺞ ‪GIS‬‬‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﺑﺭﺍ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺧ ﺎ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗ ﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻥ ﻟﻠ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟ ﻧ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺧ ﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪DBMS‬‬
‫‪‬ﻫﻭ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ )ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺟﺎﻫﺯﺓ ‪ (software‬ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ‪ interface‬ﺗﺳﻬﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺷﻣﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻁﻠ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺗ ﺩ ﺩ‬
‫‪ Data‬ﺗ ﺗﺧﺩ‬
‫‪D t Definition‬‬
‫‪D fi iti‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Language: DDL‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗ ﻑ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺣﺫﻑ‬‫ﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ‬ ‫‪ Data‬ﻭ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ata Manipulation‬‬
‫‪a pu at o Language‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪a guage: DML‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻟﻐﺔ ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ‪ :Query Language‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﻖ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻗﺎ ﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻁﻠﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺧ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻁﻠ ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺗ ﻼ ﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ‪ ISBL, QUEL‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺃﺷﻬﺭ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪ Structured Query Language‬ﺃﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪SQL‬‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪GIS‬ﻫﻲ ﺔ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٩٧٠‬ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻳﺔ ‪Relational Database‬‬
‫)ﺃﻧﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ‪ ( ٢‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﺑﺭﻱ ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪Oracle, Microsoft, and IBM‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺻﺑﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ )ﺿﻣﻧﻳﺎ( ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﻳﺔ ‪ RDB‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪Geodatabase‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ‪ SQL‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺣﺫﻑ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻭ ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺣﺫﻑ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻧﺢ ﺍﻟﺻﻼﺣﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪ GIS‬ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪) GIS software‬ﻣﺛﻝ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﻥ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ interface‬ﺗﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﻁﺑﻖ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺭ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﻣﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ !‬

‫ﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪:SQL‬‬

‫ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻲ )‪ ١٣٠‬ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ( ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬ﻣﻥ ﻧﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﺗﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺡ‬

‫‪https://www.kutub.info/library/book/11855‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺃﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻟﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪G‬‬
‫‪Geodatabase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻐ ﺍﻓ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺧ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏ‬
‫ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪Attribute Data‬‬ ‫‪Spatial Data‬‬

‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Raster Data‬‬ ‫‪Vector Data‬‬

‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞﺞ ‪ GIS‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ + DBMS‬ﺑﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺞ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻥ ﺑﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Arc GIS: Calculate Geometry‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺝ ‪ X, Y‬ﻓﻲ‬‫‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﺩﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ‪ :١‬ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫‪p y‬‬
‫‪https://youtu.be/eY5sYIWn_5c‬‬ ‫_‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ‪ :٢‬ﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://youtu.be/oAK_4JfSkHI‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ‪ :٣‬ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻊ‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪j y‬‬
‫‪https://youtu.be/QN5LjeyFSqI‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ؟؟؟‬
‫ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ‪ :٤‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺿﻠ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪https://youtu.be/VBzBQSh-PEo‬‬

‫ﻲ ﻟﻠﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺞ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼ‪ :‬ﻟﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‪ X,Y :‬ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ )ﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ(‬
‫ﻟﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﻣﺳﻘﻁ‪ X,Y :‬ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺗﺎﺭ )ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﻲ(‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏ‬
‫ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎ‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺏ * ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ‪ /‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ ‪ +‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ –‬

‫ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺏ * ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ‪/‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻊ ‪ +‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ –‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‪ :‬ﺿﺭﺏ ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ٣‬ﺛﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪A‬‬ ‫‪C=A+B*3‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫﻩ ﺃﻭﻻ )ﺑﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻖ( ﺛﻡ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ‬

‫ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ‪ B‬ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ ٢‬ﺛﻡ ﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪( A‬‬ ‫‪ C = A + B /2‬ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺧﻁﺄ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ‪( ٢‬‬
‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ‪ B‬ﺛﺛﻡ ﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻣﻊ ‪ A‬ﻊ‬
‫ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺟ ﻊ‬
‫) ﻳﺗ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ C = (A + B) /2‬ﺗﻌﻁ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺭﻗﻡ ‪absolute value‬‬ ‫‪ABS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺟﻳﺏ ﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ cosine‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪COS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺟﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ sine‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪SIN‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋ‬
‫‪ tan‬ﺎﻟﺗﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪t‬‬
‫ﻗﻗﻳﻣﺔﺔ ﻅﻝ ﺍﻟﺯﺍ ﺔ‬ ‫‪TAN‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺟﻳﺏ ﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﻡ ‪( cosine‬‬ ‫‪ACOS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺟﻳﺏ ‪( sine‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺏ‬
‫ﻭﻡ ﻬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺯ ﻭﻳ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) ﻳﺟ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﺟﻳﺏ ﺯ ﻭﻳ‬
‫ﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪ASIN‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﻅﻝ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻅﻝ ‪( tan‬‬ ‫‪ATAN‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪LOG‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺱ ‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪LOG10‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺭﻓﻊ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻷﺱ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬ ‫‪POWER‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺏ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ROUND‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺭ ‪ Field Calculator‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪attribute‬‬

‫‪ table‬ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬

‫)ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻧﻠﺟﺄ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻣﺟﺔ ‪Visual Basic‬‬
‫‪ Applications‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪ VBA‬ﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺞ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ(‬ ‫‪pp‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪ Raster Calculator‬ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺛﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪G d t b‬‬
‫‪Geodatabase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻐ ﺍﻓ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺧ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏ‬
‫ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪Attribute Data‬‬ ‫‪Spatial Data‬‬

‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Raster Data‬‬ ‫‪Vector Data‬‬

‫ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡﻡ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﺭ )ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫‪Query‬‬ ‫‪Selection‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬

‫‪By Attribute‬‬ ‫‪By Location‬‬

‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪Selection By Attribute‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ )ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ (attribute table‬ﺑﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺭﻭﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺳﻭﺍء ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩ ﺭﻗﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺻﻲ ﺃﻭ ‪ .....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (١‬ﻟﻸﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪:‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫><‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻻ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻱ‬
‫>‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﺻﻐﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﺻﻐﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ =>‬
‫<‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫=<‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪BETWEEN‬‬ ‫ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪Selection By Attribute‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻟﻸﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﺳﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ‪:١‬‬
‫ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﺿﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁ × ‪١٠٠‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻝ ‪:٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺭﻳﺩ )ﻣﻥ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ( ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪٢٥‬‬

‫ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ = ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪Selection By Attribute‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻟﻠﻧﺻﻭﺹ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ =‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ‪UPPER‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ‪LOWER‬‬
‫ﻑ ﺍﻟ ﻐ ﺓ‬‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻟﻠﺣﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺷﺑﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺛﻝ ‪LIKE‬‬
‫ﻭﻡ ‪%‬‬
‫ﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺭﻭﻑ( ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺭﻑ )ﺃﻭﻭ ﺭﻭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻭ‪ :‬ﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺧﻼﻑ ‪Not‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ "ﻛﺎﻟﻳﻔﻭﺭﻧﻳﺎ" ﺃﻱ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ "ﻛﺎﻟﻳﻘﻭﺭﻧﻳﺎ"‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻘﻝ ﻧﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺹ )ﻋﻣﻭﺩ( ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪Selection By Attribute‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﺣﺙ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ‪ attribute table‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻟﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻳﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺳﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺑﺷﺭﻁ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺁﺧﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻲ ‪NOT IN‬‬
‫ﻲ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺳﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻵﺧﺭ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ )ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ( ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺷﺭﻁ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﻘﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺁﺧﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ ‪:FROM‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻭ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺧﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺩﺧﻝ ‪:٢٠٠٥‬‬

‫ﻗﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺭﺍﺝ ﻳﺗﺳﻊ ﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٢‬ﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﻣﻧﺯﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺗﻪ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ ١٥٠٠‬ﻗﺩ‬ ‫‪‬ﻭ ‪: AND‬‬

‫ﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ‪ ٢‬ﺎ ﺓ‬
‫ﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺗﺳﻊ ﻷﻛﺛ‬
‫ﺟﺭﺍﺝ ﺗ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍ‬‫ﻗﺩﻡ ﺃﺃﻭ ﻪ‬
‫‪ ١٥٠٠‬ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ‪١٥‬‬‫ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻪ ﺃﻛ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺯﻝ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﻧﺭﻳﺩﺩ ﻣﻧﺯﻝ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻭ ‪: Or‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺗﺎﻟﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻁ‬

‫‪Selection By‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﻗﻊﻊ ‪y Location‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ‪Selection By Attribute‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠ‬
‫‪Raster Mosaic‬‬
‫‪Raster Catalogs‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ(‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ‪Query By Attribute‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﺱ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ‪Selection By Attribute‬‬

‫ﻟﻛﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻅﻬ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻻ ﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺑﺳﻁ ﻁ ﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ‪ Selection‬ﻫﻭ ﺃﺑ ﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻅﻠﻠﺔ ‪ highlighted‬ﺳﻭﺍء ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ‪ attribute tables‬ﻭﻣﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻊ ﻬ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻭ ﺳﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻳﻝ ﺑ ﻳ‬
‫ﻥ ﻋﻣﻝﻝ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ‪ Queries‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺟﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺗ ﻠ ﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻟ ﻝ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻁ ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻔﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻁ ﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ ‪Selection By Location‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻣﺛﻼ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻱ )ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺕ( ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻥ‬‫ﻲ ‪ buffer‬ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ‪ :Buffer‬ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺣﺯﺍﻡﻡ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫﻝ ﺗﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺩﻑ )ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻳﺎ( ﻣﻊ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ‪:Intersect‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺩﺍﺧﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺃﺃﺧﺭﻱ )ﺣﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻟﻭ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺎ ﺃﺃﻱ ﻙ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻅ ﺓ‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻅ ﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻝ ﻘ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ‪ :Are Within‬ﻟﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﻝ‬
‫ﻟ ﻗ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪ overlap‬ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﻛﻠﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ‪ :Are Completely Within‬ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻝ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ )ﻻ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺗﺩﺍﺧﻝ ‪ overlap‬ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ(‬
‫ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﺧﻁ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ ‪ :Share a line segment with‬ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺗﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻁ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﻁﻠﻖ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ spatial operations‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻛﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ‪ input‬ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ )ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ( ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺗﻡﻡ ﺍﻏﻼﻕ ﻁﺭﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻛﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺣﺫﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻧﺎﺯﻟﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﻗﺩﻡ )‪ ٣٠٠‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﺗﻔﺭﻳﺑﺎ(‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻏﻼﻕ‬

‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻧﺷﺄ ﺑ‬
‫ﻱ ﺗﺣﺩﺛﻧﺎ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﻬ‬
‫ﻲ ‪ select by location‬ﺍﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻼﻡ ﺍﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺏ ﺍﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫‪‬ﺗﻣﺎﺛﻝﻝ ﻫﻫﺫﻩﻩ ﺍﻻ ﻼ‬
‫‪ shapefile‬ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ )ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺷﺔ(‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻓﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠ‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪Buffer‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻧﺹ ﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻧ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍ ﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻓﺄ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻗ ﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻛﺣﺭﻡ ﺃﺃﻭ ﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﻭ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻁﺭﻳﻖ )ﺃﻭ ﺧﻁ ﺳﻛﺔ ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ( ﺣﺭﻡ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻧﺷﺋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻡ‬
‫"ﺣﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻖ" ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﺗﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻼ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺈﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﺿﻠﻊ ‪ polygon‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ )ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ( ﻟﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ‪Intersection‬‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﺃ‪ ،‬ﺏ‬
‫ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻁ ﻘ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟ ﻧﺎ‬‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺎ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺃ ﺛ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻁ ﻘ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ( ﺍﻟ ﺷﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺟﺯء )ﺍﻟ ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻹ ﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟ ﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺃ ﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻑ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺳﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ Attribute Table‬ﻟﻠﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺛ ﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻷ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ )ﺃﺃﻋﻣﺩﺓ(‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻻﺗﺣﺎﺩ ‪Union‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺣﺎﺩ – ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺑﺩﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺳﻣﻬﺎ ‪ -‬ﻟﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ )ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ( ﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﺃ‪ ،‬ﺏ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺣﺎﺩ ﺳﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻟﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭ ‪Erase‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺩ ﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻭ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎﺩ( ﻋﻛﺱ ﻭﻅﻳﻔﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﺳﺗﺷﻣﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺑ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﻡﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺭ‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Symmetrical‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪t i l Difference‬‬
‫‪Diff‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗ ﺎﺛﻠ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﻔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﺍﺗﺣﺎﺩ ‪ union‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﻳ ﻬ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬

‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﻟﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪Spatial Join‬‬

‫‪attribute‬‬
‫‪tt ib t table‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪t bl‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻗﺎ ﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃ ﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻠ‬‫ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫ‬
‫ﺗ ﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 (‫)ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GO9KupmZG8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWs9Kz79jvI&ab_channel=MohammedMahmoud

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGgt90ICxrc&ab_channel=geosurvtutor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92FRU-OKb-0&ab_channel=geosurvtutor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MR5x2AEOYoc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lna_YSwKkkE&ab_channel=%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B
4%D8%A7%D9%85

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KrcnffTPxk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsLH1DId-a4&ab_channel=GIS4YOU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSLiwEiREBA&t=22s&ab_channel=%D8%AF.%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%89%D8%A7
%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AFSohaAhmed

27 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ‬٥) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٦‬‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ )ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ( ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪Data Manipulation‬‬

‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻟﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﻟﻺﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﻭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‬
‫ﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺎ ﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪ ) :‬ﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻟﻠﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﻁﺎﻉ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊﻊ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻁﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍ ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻥ ﺑ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﺑ‬

‫ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻛﺳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻝ ﺭ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :Datum‬ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻲ ﻟﺷﻛﻝ )ﺷﻛﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻝ( ﻭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻻﻟﻳﺑﺳﻭﻳﺩ ‪ Ellipsoid‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻣﺣﻭﺭﻳﻥ )ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺓ( ‪ a, b‬ﻳﺩﺧﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻳﺔ )ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ‪ (a, b‬ﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻳﺑﺳﻭﻳﺩ ‪WGS1984‬‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﺗﺧﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ‪:GPS‬‬‫ﻧﻅﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻳﺑﺳﻭﻳﺩ ‪WGS1984‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻖ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺗﻳﻥ ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﻣﺭﺟﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻳﻥ )ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ(‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻖ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﻣﺭﺟﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻳﻥ )ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻥ )ﻓﺭﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺟﻌﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﺭﺟ‬‫ﻥ ﻬ‬‫ﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺑﻧﻅﺎﻡﻡ ‪ GPS‬ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻣﻊﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻖ ﺭﻳ‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﻻ ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ‪Datum Transformation‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪: Geodatabase‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡﻡ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ(‬
‫ﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ )ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻱ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻣﻣﺳﻭﺣﺔ ﺿﻭﺋﻳﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻱ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ‪: shapefile‬‬

‫‪D fi Projection‬‬
‫‪Define‬‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ(‪ :‬ﺃﺃﻣﺭ ‪P j ti‬‬
‫‪) Arc‬ﻛ ﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪A GIS‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻓﻓﻲ ﻧﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻓﻲ ﺃﺃﻱ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ‪:GIS‬‬

‫)ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ(‬

‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪Vector Data‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ : Arc GIS‬ﺃﻣﺭ ‪Project‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Raster Data‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺃﻣﺭﺭ ‪ Project Raster‬ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑ ﻳ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻳ‬
‫ﻳ ﻬ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺳﻡﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﺽ ﺟ‬
‫ﺭﺽ‪ :‬ﺃﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫‪..١‬‬
‫‪ :١-١‬ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺟﻳﻭﺩﻳﺳﻳﺔ(‪ :‬ﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫‪ Latitude, Longitude, Height‬ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ :٢-١‬ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻳﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻣﺩﺓ‪ X, Y, Z :‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﻟﻳﺑﺳﻭﻳﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺗﺭ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ = ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺟﺳﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪E, N‬‬
‫ﻱ )ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ(‬ ‫ﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﺟﺳﻡﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ‪Map Projection‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ‪ E, N‬ﻣﻥ ‪ X,Y,Z‬ﺃﻭ ‪Lat, Long‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ‪Map Projection‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ )ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ( ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ‪) E, N‬ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻘﻁﺔ ‪Projected‬‬
‫ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋ ﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻳﻭﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺎﺩﻻﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺧ ﺎﺋ ﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ Lat,‬ﻭ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻁ ﻘﺔ‬
‫‪L t Long‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪ X,Y,Z‬ﺃﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ‪X Y Z‬‬
‫‪ Coordinates‬ﻥ‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪di t‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻳﺭﻛﺎﺗﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ ‪ Universal Transverse Mercator‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪UTM‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻳﺭﻛﺎﺗﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻱ ‪ Egyptian Transverse Mercator‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪ETM‬‬

‫ﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﻭ ﺗﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ‪:GIS‬‬
‫ﺦ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭ ﻳ‬‫ﻳﻊ ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺟ‬
‫ﻭﻉ ﻻ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺱ ﻧﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺭﺟﻊ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ‬
‫)ﻧﻔﺱ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪Vector Data‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ : Arc GIS‬ﺃﻣﺭ ‪Project‬‬

‫‪R t Data‬‬
‫‪Raster‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪D t‬‬ ‫‪ P‬ﻟﻠﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷ ﻛ ﺔ‬ ‫‪Project‬‬
‫‪j t Raster‬‬
‫‪ :‬ﺃﺃﻣﺭ ‪R t‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﺧﻁﺎء ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺑﺗﺩﺋﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ‪:GIS‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪ DEM‬ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Raster‬‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ‪ slopes‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﻟﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺣ ﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ‪ :‬ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ % ٩٨‬ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ !!!!!!‬

‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻳﺔ‪ /‬ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ = ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪ DEM‬ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫)ﺧﻁﺄ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ = ﻗﻳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺗﺭ ‪ /‬ﻗﻳﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪ DEM‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺳﻘﻁﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟ ﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﺛﻡ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻟ ﺃ ﺔ‬
‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺗﺭ ﺛﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻳﺔ ﻟ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻷﻓﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ( ﻟﻟﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻟ ﻁ‬
‫ﻘﻁ‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ( ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺽ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ DEM‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ‪ ٥×٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ )ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ‪ ٥٠٠×٥٠٠‬ﻛﻡ( ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺑﺩء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪: Vector Data‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺭ ‪Clip‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪: Raster Data‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺭ ‪Extract‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻁﻳﻊ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪ vector data‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ(‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﺣﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ )ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ(‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪Arc GIS‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪Split‬‬

‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺣﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎء‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪‬ﻋﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬

‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍ ﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ( ﻓﻓﻲ ﻁ ﻘﺔ‬
‫‪) vector‬ﺃﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪t‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻟﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﻁ ﻘﺗ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺭ ﺩﻣﺞ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ‪Merge‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Raster Data‬‬

‫‪Mosaic‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺭﺭ ‪osa c‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﻠﻑ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻟﻠﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‪ :‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪Mosaic to New Raster‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ )ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ‪ /‬ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ( ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪:Raster Data‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ Z‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ( ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻝ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ( ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ Z‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻝ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ( ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪ DEM‬ﻭ ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ Z‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪) Z‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ( ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪) Z‬ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ( ﻋﻧﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪Add Surface Information‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪ Raster Data‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﺭﻏﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﻑ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﺭﻳﺩ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺻﻐﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻲ ‪ ١٠‬ﺭﺟ‬ ‫ﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ ١٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬

‫ﻓﻓﻲ ﺑ ﻧﺎ ﺞ‬

‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪Reclassify‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺻﻳﻎ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺻﻳﻎ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝﻝ‪::‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﺳﺗﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺗﻭﻛﺎﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ArcGIS‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻓﺗﺢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺔ ‪ dwg‬ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc Map‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪Add Data‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻓﺗﺣﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ‪ Arc Map‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺭﻋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻭﻛﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻟﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪Arc Catalogue‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻥ ﺟ ﻭ‬‫ﺃﻭﺗﻭﻛﺎﺩ ﻓﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪ Export to CAD‬ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻲ ﻣﻠﻑ ﻭ ﻭ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﺇﺇﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻝ ﺑ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ‪Conversion Tools‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ArcGIS‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﺟﻭﺟﻝ ﺍﻳﺭﺙ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪KML to Layer‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺓ ‪ Export to KML‬ﺃﺃﻭ ﻟﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ‪ :‬ﺃ ﺓ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺓ‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻛﺴﻞ‬

‫ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ Excel‬ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﻣﺭﺻﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﺛﻼ ‪GPS‬‬

‫‪:ArcGIS‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪A GIS‬‬
‫ﻓﻓﻲ ﻧﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ( ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ )‬
‫ﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪..١‬‬
‫‪Add XY Data‬‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ‪ File‬ﺃﻣﺭ ‪ Add Data‬ﺛﻡ ﺃﻣﺭ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﺳﺗﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ )ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ( ﺧﻁﻭﻁ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪XY To Line‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -١٠‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ Vector Data‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ Raster Data‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ‬

‫‪:(Arc‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪A GIS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ )ﻓﻓﻲ ﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺃﺩ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃ ﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ Point to Raster‬ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪attribute‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫‪ Polyline to Raster‬ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪attribute‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪ Polygon to Raster‬ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪attribute‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪pixel‬‬ ‫‪Raster To Point‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬

‫‪Raster To Polyline‬‬ ‫‪ .٥‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫‪Raster To Polygon‬‬ ‫‪ .٦‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -١١‬ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪ Raster‬ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﻠﻑ ‪ Raster‬ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻭﺣﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﻑ ‪ DEM‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‪:‬‬
‫‪“elevation”*3.28‬‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﻳﻳﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻔﻳﻥ ﺷ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻠﻔ‬
‫ﻁ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻟ‬
‫‪(“raster_1”+”raster_2”)/2‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ‪ suitability models‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺟﺏ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫‪:Arc GIS‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪G S‬‬
‫ﻓﻓﻲ ﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪Raster Calculator‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -١٢‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻣﻲ ‪ GIS‬ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺑﺩﺃﺕ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪ GIS‬ﺗﺿﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ !‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪: Arc GIS‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ‪Image Classification‬‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻥ ‪ Toolbar‬ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﻁﺭﻕ ‪supervised or un-supervised‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻣﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ‪ Windows‬ﺃﻣﺭ ‪ Image Analysis‬ﻭ ﻟﻪ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪NVDI‬‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺿﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪RGB‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ‪) Bands‬ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺿﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ(‬
‫‪Difference‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔﺔ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺗﻳﻥ )ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ( ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺳﻳﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ﻟﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪pan-sharpening‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫)ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ(‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻭ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻝ ‪ ٤‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﺩﻳﺳﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-2sBQtgS7Y4yuTf0_uLaWpo2VGmWAhn3‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺷﺎ ﻧﻭﻓﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4U13xnArgP5dFyEbgy3WWXeML7gFRaQz‬‬
‫‪:Merge‬‬‫ﺞ ‪g‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b92So0TtjGk‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻛﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www youtube com/watch?v=hbjOEaUbxKU&ab channel=%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbjOEaUbxKU&ab_channel=%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8‬‬
‫‪%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺍﻛﺳﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTDASGpfPvQ&ab_channel=GISTvEnglish‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ ‪:Raster Calculator‬‬
‫‪htt‬‬
‫‪https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-iQk53Z4u0‬‬
‫‪//‬‬ ‫‪t b‬‬ ‫‪/ t h? k iQk53Z4 0‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
(٢) (‫)ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
:clip ‫ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ‬.٧
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9+clip+arcgis
:‫ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ‬.٨
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hH0OcNBuTcQ
:Arc GIS ‫ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﻠﻑ ﺃﻭﺗﻭﻛﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻲ‬.٩ ٩
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ck57RofSxA
:‫ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻁﺢ‬-١٠
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrIeqirfseo&t=2s
:split ‫ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻁﻳﻊ‬.١١
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAemY55I-bs
:Exract ‫ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ‬-١٢
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8Jx6_IC99Y&t=17s&ab_channel=GIS4YOU

19 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬٦) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٧‬‬
‫ﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻲ ﺑﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺹ ﺍ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺍﻟﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹ‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪Geodatabase‬‬

‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫‪Non-Spatial‬‬
‫‪S ti l Data‬‬
‫‪D t‬‬ ‫‪S ti l Data‬‬
‫‪Spatial‬‬ ‫‪D t‬‬
‫‪Attribute‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫‪Statistical Analysis‬‬ ‫‪Spatial Analysis‬‬
‫‪Geostatistical Analysis‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻣﻠﺧﺹ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﻥ )ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ‪:Mean‬‬
‫ﻁ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺩ ﻭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺯﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯﻳﺔ ‪ central tendency‬ﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺭﻛﺯﻫﺎ ﺣﻭﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ = ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ‪ /‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪Weighted Mean‬‬

‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻛﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻟﻬﺎ )ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ‪(weights‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ = ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ )ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ × ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ( ‪ /‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ ‪:Standard Deviation‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺟ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺭ‬
‫‪ dispersion‬ﺑﻳ‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺗﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﻳ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﺣﺩ ﻭ ﺃﻫﻡﻡ ﺅ ﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ = ﺟﺫﺭ ] ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ )ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ – ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ(‪ / ٢‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ [‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ﻗﻳﻣﺗﻪ‪ :‬ﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ ..‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻥ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﻟ‬
‫ﺍﻑ ﺍﻟ ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬
‫ﻓﻧﺎ ﻗﻗﻳﻣﺔﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺗ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺭﻓﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺗﻘﻊ ‪ %٦٨٫٢٧‬ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺋﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ )ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ – ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ( ﻭ )ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ‪ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ‪ ٢ +‬ﺍﻻ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻱ( ﻭ )ﺍ ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ – ‪ ٢‬ﺍﻻ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻥ ﻓﺋﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ )ﺍ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡﻡ ﺿﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺭ‬
‫ﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﻘﻊﻊ ‪٫‬‬
‫‪ % ٩٥٫٤٥‬ﻣﻥ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﻘﻊ ‪ % ٩٩٫٧٣‬ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻓﺋﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ )ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ – ‪ ٣‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ( ﻭ )ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ‪ ٣ +‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ(‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ٣‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺃﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ(‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ – ﺃﻗﻝ ﻳ‬ ‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻱ )ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻳ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪Histogram‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻘﺩﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺳﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺭﺃﺳﻳﺎ( ﻋﻧﺩ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ )ﺃﻓﻘﻳﺎ(‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪Histogram‬‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺅﺷﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﻳﻥ ﻳﺑﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺗﺿﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﻁﺭﻓﺔ )ﻏﻳﺭ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺃﺧﻁﺎء( ﻭﻣﻥ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺗﺩﻗﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻭﺍء ‪ :Skewess‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻱ ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛﻝ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍء ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻳﻣﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻳﺳﺎﺭ(‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻠﻁﺢ ‪ :Kurtosis‬ﻣﺩﻱ ﺍﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ )ﻣﺩﺑﺏ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻠﻁﺢ(‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ‪:Correlation‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺑﻳﺭﺳﻭﻥ )ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻳﻪ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪) ١+‬ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﻁﺭﺩﻱ( ﻭ ‪) ١-‬ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﻋﻛﺳﻲ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺑﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﻳﻥ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ‪:Regression‬‬
‫‪Independent‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﻳﻥ )ﻭ ﻳﻳﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻳ ﻳ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻳ‬
‫ﺢ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻳ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻳ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﺭﻓﻧﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ )ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪(Dependant‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﺻﻭﺭﻩ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻲ ‪: linear regression‬‬

‫ﺹ=ﺃ‪+‬ﺏ ﺱ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪ :‬ﺹ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺃ ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﻷﻓﻘ‬
‫ﻂ ﻠ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ ﻣﻴﻞﻞ ﻟﺍﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ﺏ ‪ :‬ﻗﻗﻴﻤﺔﺔ ﺛﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ‪ :Regression‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﻁ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺑﺅ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺑﺅ ﺑﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻝ‬

‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ = ‪ × ٠.٠٠٠١١٥٩٢٩ + ٦١.٤٠٤٠٧٥٦٩‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺳﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻭﻥ ﻧﺳﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ = ‪ ٣.٥‬ﻣﻠﻳﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺑﺑﻌﺩ ‪ ٥‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺽ ﺑﺑﻌﺩﺩ ﺳﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺛﻡﻡ ﻧﻌﻭﺽ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺑﻌﺩ ‪ ٥‬ﺳﻧﻭﺍﺕ = ‪ ٣٩٦‬ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺎﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺩﺍﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺍ ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻳﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺎ‬
‫‪ ٣.٥‬ﻠ ﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪٣ ٥‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺻﻝ ﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﻧﺩ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ‪ ٣٩٦‬ﺩ ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗ ﺗ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫ‬
‫)ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ( ﻳﺑﻠﻎ ‪ ٣٤٨‬ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ )‪٤٨ (٣٤٨ – ٣٩٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼ‬

‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ )ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ( ﻟﻠﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ؟؟‬

‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻳﺱ ﻗﻳﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ( ﺭ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊﻊ )‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻲ ﺑﺭ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻳﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ﺭﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻝﻝ ﻳﻭﺟ‬

‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ؟؟‬

‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻳﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻳﺱ ﻗﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻳ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ( ﺭ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊﻊ )‬
‫ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﻳﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ﺍﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻝ ﻳﻭﺟ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﺃﻱ‬

‫ﻧﻧﻌﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻣﺷﻳﺋﺔ ﷲ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧ‬

‫)ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ )ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ( ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ‪Mean Center‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﻔﺱ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ )ﺱ‪،‬ﺹ( ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪Weighted Mean Center‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﻔﺱ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻲ ﺣﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﻟﻛﻝﻝ ﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ“ ﺃﻭﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﺭ ” ﻳ‬
‫ﻲ ﻻ ﺑ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻳﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪Standard Distance‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻱ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻛﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺱ ﺭ‬‫‪ ‬ﺱ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ = ﻧﺻﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ = ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ‪ ٣‬ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻭﺯﻭﻧﺔ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﻲ ‪Directional Distribution‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﻛﻝ ﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺿﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻧﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻘﻳﺱ ﻣﺣﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺄﺧﺫﻩ ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪:Arc GIS‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻗﻲ ‪Zonal Histogram‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺭﺳﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ Raster‬ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ‪Raster‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ slopes‬ﻓﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪land uses‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 (‫)ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sNjt1c48RE&t=91s&ab_channel=AhmedHalema
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KDRzTdz6uo&ab_channel=ezzfleafl
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYJ29ldMazQ
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycBl6gUHD-w&ab_channel=thewolf
5
5. https://www youtube com/watch?v=e47bPitntzI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e47bPitntzI
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QULnp3REHW4
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEGndWY0dHM&ab_channel=GISSpecialist
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mb155J-UIE&ab_channel=shareefalshurafa
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdpmwMIi--I
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsdzswO0X1A&ab
p y j _channel=%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A
% % % % % %
7%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8
4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84

19 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬٧) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٨‬‬
‫ﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﻭﺡ ﻳ‬‫ﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺯ‬

‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ 3D Surfaces‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ X,Y,Z‬ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ‪Geodatabase‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ Z‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ )ﻋﻳﻧﺔ( ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫‪continuous‬‬
‫‪ti‬‬ ‫‪surface‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺃﺃﻭ ﺗ ﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺻﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻁﺢ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁ‬‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻠ‬
‫ﻝ‬ ‫‪ X,Y‬ﻟﻠ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻘﻳﺔ ‪X Y‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍ ﺩﺍﺛ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Raster Data‬‬
‫)ﺑﺄﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ z‬ﻫﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫‪DTM‬‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪DEM‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ z‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ raster‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻳ ﻬ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻳﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪/‬ﺑﺑﻛﺳﻝﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺑ‬
‫ﺟﻡ ﻳ‬‫‪ ‬ﺣﺟﻡ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ”ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ“ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻳﻪ ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ”ﺃﻓﺿﻝ“‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻣﻛﺎﻧ‬‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻅﻧﺎ ﻣﻧﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻳﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻕ !!‬

‫ﻭﻅﻳﻔﺗﻳﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﺳﻁﻭﺡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ )‪ (x,y,z‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺭﻗﺔ ‪ scatter points‬ﺍﻟﻲ ﺳﻁﺢ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫ ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ‪ interpolation‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ‪ z‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ‪/‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫‪x,y‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻳﺔ ‪,y‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ‪ Z‬ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻭﺍء ‪ TIN‬ﺃﺃﻭ ‪R t‬‬
‫‪Raster‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ‪ Z‬ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺧﻁ ﻁ‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻁ ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭ ﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗ‬
‫ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻡ ﺧﻁ ﻁ‬
‫ﺿﻭﺋﻳﺎ ﺛﺛﻡ ﺗ ﻗ‬
‫ﻣﻣﺳﻭﺣﺔ ﺿ ﺋ ﺎ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻛﻧﺗ ﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺧ ﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ‪ TIN :‬ﺃﻭ ‪Raster‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ raster‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺗﻘﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪Spatial Interpolation‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Inverse Distance Weighted:‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻛﻭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ‪IDW‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻛﺭﻳﻛﻧﺞ ‪Kriging‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ‪Natural neighbor‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻳﺣﺔ ‪Spline‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ‪ /‬ﻟﺷ ﺔ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻟ ﻔ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻳﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺋﻖ ‪Spline with barriers‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Topo to raster‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ‪Trend‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻛﻭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ‪ :IDW‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺻﻐﺭﺕ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ )ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ( ﻭ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻛﺑﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺟﺎء ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء‬
‫ﻣﻧﺑﺳﻁﺔ(‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺔ ﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﺗﻅﺎﻡ )ﻣﺛﻼ‪ :‬ﺃﺃﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻁﺢ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺡ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻳﺣﺔ ‪ :Spline‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻳﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻧﺣﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻓﺟﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺟ ﻳ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺱ ﺑﻬ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻼﺳﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ‬
‫ﻳﺭ ﺑ ﻼ‬
‫ﻲ ﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ‪ ،،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻳﻣﺭﺭ ﺑﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍ ﻭ‬
‫ﻱ ﻳ‬‫‪ curvature‬ﺍﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻲ ‪ :Natural Neighbor‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻬﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺑﺧﻼﻑ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ‪ IDW‬ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﺩ ”ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﺭﺍﻥ“ ﻷﺧﺫﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟ ﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻟﻳﺱ ﺍ ﺗ ﺎ ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪/‬ﺍﻟ ﺎ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺗ ﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺭﻳﻛﻧﺞ ‪ :Kriging‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ‪ correlation‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺑﺑﺣﺙ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ( ﺑﺑﻌﺩ ﻳﺟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻳﺑﺔ )ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﻳﺑ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺝ ﺭﻳ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﻳﺟ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻭ‬‫ﻲ ﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺟ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪ variogram‬ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ‪ :Trend‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺄﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺳﻁﺢ )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ( ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻩ ‪ variance‬ﻷﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻳ‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫ﻛﻝ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻳﻭﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ !‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ( ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪:kriging‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻓﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻳﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﺷﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡﻡ ‪ IDW‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺥ ﺑﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪ kriging‬ﺑﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪universal or global‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺟﻡ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪kriging‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻭﺿﺎء ﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻳﺩ( ‪ :‬ﺃﺃﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ‪IDW‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ) ﺛ‬
‫ﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻅ‬
‫ﻁ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‪:‬‬
‫‪spot‬‬
‫‪p p‬‬ ‫ﻱ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ )ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻡﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪points (z‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ‪ Z‬ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺃﻗﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ Z‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻁ ﻭ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻓﻳﻪ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺃﻗﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺿﻠﻊ ﻭ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻓﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻥ ‪ Global DEM‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺞ ‪) ArcGIS‬ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ‪Add Surface Information‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﺡ ‪) Surface Map‬ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺳﺗﺭ(‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭ ‪contour‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ‪slopes‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ‪aspects‬‬
‫ﻭﺟ‬ ‫‪..٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻝ ‪hillshade‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﻳ‬
‫ﺟ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬

‫ﺳﻭﺍء ﻣﻥ ‪ TIN‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ‪Raster‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺱ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪Z‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﺭ ﺑﺟﻣﻳﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻱ ‪ :Isoline‬ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﻱ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ Z‬ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭ‪ .... ،‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭ ‪ :Contour Lines‬ﻫﻲ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ‪ = Z‬ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ‬

‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪ GIS‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭ ﻷﻱ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪! Z‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ‪:Slopes‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ‪ = %‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻳﺔ )ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ( ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻳﺔ × ‪١٠٠‬‬
‫ﻅﺎ ‪ ) ١-‬ﻉ ‪ /‬ﻑ (‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ = ﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ﻟ ﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟ ﻝ‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻁﺮﻕ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ Z‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻝ ‪:Hillshade‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻝ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﻡ ﺍﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺑﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﺿﺎءﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺱ( ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻧﺣﺭﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﺗ ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍ ﺗﻔﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﻠ‬
‫ﻏﺭﺏ( ﻘ‬ ‫ﺷﻣﺎﻝ ﻏ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﺃﻱ ﺷ ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ = ‪٣١‬‬
‫‪٣١٥‬‬ ‫‪default‬ﻏﺎﻟ ﺎ‬
‫) ‪d f l‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺭ ﻭ ‪ ٩٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺻﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻷﻭﺟﻪ ‪:Aspects‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺩﻻ ﻣﻥ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡﻡ ﻟﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc Scene‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪Arc GIS‬‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪Global Mapper‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Surfer‬ﻭ ﻧﺎ ﺞ‬
‫ﻧﺎ ﺞ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪DEM‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﺗﺿﺎﺭﻳﺱ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ )ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ( ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪Raster‬‬

‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪:DEM‬‬

‫ﻗﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ Total Station‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ‪GPS‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻟﻲ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﺍﻵﻟ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺭﻗﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭﻳﺔ )ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗ ﻗ ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧ ﺍ ﻁ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ‪Aerial Stereo-Photographs‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺩ ‪Remote-Sensing Stereo-Images‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ ‪ Global DEM‬ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺱ ﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻣﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‬‫ﺱ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺽ ﻭ ﺗﻧﻌﻛﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﻝﻝ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺭﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﺭ ﻟﺗﺻﻁﺩﻡﻡ ﺑﺑﺎﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ) ﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺭ ﺭﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫‪‬ﺃﻗﻣﺎﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪ z‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﺳﻛﺭﻱ )ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻥ( ﻭ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺗﺎﺡ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﻧﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪DEM‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ ‪Global DEM‬‬
‫ﺝ ‪:SRTM 3‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻠﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺗﺎﺡ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪) “٣ = ٣ ‬ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ‪ ٩٠‬ﻣﺗﺭ( ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ . resolution‬ﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻬﻠﻬﻡ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬
‫‪http://www.cgiar-csi.org/data/elevation/item/45-srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻧﺫ ‪ :٢٠١٥‬ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﺗﺎﺡ ‪ SRTM 1‬ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ‪ “١‬ﺃﻱ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﺗﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺭ‬
‫‪ ٩٠٠‬ﺗ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ‪٩‬‬
‫‪ “٣٠‬ﺃﺃﻱ ﺗﻘ ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ‪٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺔ ﺿ‬ ‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪:GTOPO30‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻧ ﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ Resolution‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ‪ “١‬ﺃﻱ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﺗﺭ‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪:ASTER‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ‪Accuracy‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪:GMTED2010‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﻪ ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﻭﺡ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ٩٠٠ ،٥٠٠ ،٢٥٠) “٣٠ ، “١٥ ، “٧٫٥‬ﻣﺗﺭ(‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪( ١‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺳﻁﺢ ‪:Surface Volume‬‬
‫ﻱ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ(‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ )ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺢ ‪ raster‬ﺃﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ﺣﺟﻡ ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ﻡ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﺭﺽ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﺳﻭﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﻡ ‪:Cut/Fill‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﻡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺳﻁﺣﻳﻥ ‪raster‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺢ ﺑ‬ ‫ﻭﺏ ﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﻉ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺏ ﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻥ ﺑﺑﺳﺑﺏ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺧﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺭﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺭ ﻭ ﺭ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪( ٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ‪:Line of Sight‬‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ )ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ( ﻣﻥ ﺧﻁ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺃﻭﻟﻪ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺁﺧﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺻﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼ( ﻠ‬
‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﺛﻼ‬‫ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ ) ﻧ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺗ ﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﻝ ﺎ‬
‫ﻠﻑ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻁ ؟‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺯﺃﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺭﺻﺩ ﺍﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﻲ‬‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻭﻗﻊﻊ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺟ ﻳ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻥ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺞ‪ :‬ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:Visibility‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ )ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ( ﻣﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﺩ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻛﻝ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ‪:Observer Points‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﻁﺢ ‪raster‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻔﻳﺩﺓ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻲ‬
https://youtu.be/CL0GOQ2Lg3 ‫ ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬.١
https://youtu.be/GvGNKl3oIXY ‫ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻧﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺟﻝ ﺍﻳﺭﺙ‬.٢
https://youtu.be/S_d2DkRXjOo ‫ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﻡ‬.٣
https://youtu.be/1IziKRKjV8s ‫ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬.٤
htt //
https://youtu.be/r-HZ91gInSE
t b / HZ91 I SE ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔﺔ ﺍﻷ ﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔﺔ ﺛﻼﺛ‬
‫ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺅ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺎﺕ‬.٥٥
https://youtu.be/5buh-GOkeIo ‫ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬.٦
https://youtu.be/yWfyMLMedis ‫ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺑ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ..٧
https://youtu.be/yAR8Xdm5080 : spatial interpolation ‫ ﺍﻻﺷﺗﻘﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬.٨
:(‫ ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ )ﺟﺯﺃﻳﻥ‬:‫ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ‬.٩
https://youtu.be/ol4BBeXj0Zw :‫ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻱ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
https://youtu.be/UdFF0Px2EJo :‫ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
https://youtu be/189Pustggnc
https://youtu.be/189Pustggnc :Arc Scene ‫ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺳﻛﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬3D ‫ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺔ‬-١٠ ‫ﺍ‬
17 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ‬٨) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬

(‫)ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkrOryoOHdw&t=1s&ab_channel=AhmedHalema
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wk5RSsCksMA&ab_channel=WaelAttia
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fh77ypP5Aho
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFqyv4MwKVU&ab_channel=JAMALCHAAOUAN
5
5. https://www youtube com/watch?v=VBRPtoS9G68&ab channel=JAMALCHAAOUAN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBRPtoS9G68&ab_channel=JAMALCHAAOUAN
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1YuBPUMwI4&ab_channel=GISSpecialist
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYjDT2ud2Lo&ab_channel=OUAISSAMOHAMED
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCbDJxNYwS0&t=14s&ab_channel=GIS4YOU
9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XosWpY30zAg
10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBw9nLwxbXU
p y
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_d2DkRXjOo&t=40s&ab_channel=GomaaDawod
12. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzmx4I9P_BC0Ru5LYJS9cC6hzTig3Oya7
13
13. htt //
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLi5-9SH2ORG12-YWjqSmdCGkzaSqeozp4
t b / l li t?li t PLi5 9SH2ORG12 YWj S dCGk S 4
18 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ‬٨) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪:(٩‬‬
‫ﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺗﻳﻥ ‪ ٧‬ﻭ ‪: ٨‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺃﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺷ ﻛﺎ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻼ‬
‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ(‬
‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﻩ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻧﺎﺥ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻡ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻧﻣﻁ ‪ pattern‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﺯ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻫﻝ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺗﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﺯ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ )ﻧﻣﻁ ﻣﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪(clustered‬‬
‫)ﻧﻣﻁ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ‪(dispersed‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻫﻝ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺗﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﺯ ﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬
‫)ﻧﻣﻁ ﻋﺷﻭﺍﺋﻲ ‪(random‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﻫﻝ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺗﺑﻊ ﻧﻣﻁﺎ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻬ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻣﺎﻁ ‪ pattern recognition or analysis‬ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻝ ﻷ‬‫‪ ‬ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﺃﻭﻭ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺟﺩﺍ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬

‫ﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﻣﺎﻁ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ‪ Nearest Neighbor Analysis‬ﺃﻭ ‪:Average Nearest Neighbor‬‬

‫ﺟﺫﺭ ) ﻥ ‪ /‬ﺡ (‬
‫ﻝ=‪٢‬ﻡ× ﺫ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ‪ :‬ﻡ = ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻥ = ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺡ = ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻧﺣﺻﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﺭ )ﻝ( ﺑﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﺻﻔﺭ ‪٢٫١٥ ،‬‬
‫ﻝ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪١‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﻧﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻣﻊ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪:‬‬‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻝ=‪١‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻧﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺷﻭﺍﺋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻳ‬
‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻛﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻱ ﻭﻭﻻ ﻳﻭﺟ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻁ ﻧﻅﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﻁﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻝ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪١‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﻧﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻧﻤﺎﻁ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻭﺭﺍﻥ )‪Spatial Auto Correlation (Moran's I‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﻳ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻳ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺑ ﻹ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻲ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻊﻊ ﺟ ﺭ‬
‫ﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ‬
‫ﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﺭﺭ ﻷ‬
‫ﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝﻝ ﺟ‬
‫ﻳﻝ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻳﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ Attribute‬ﻷﺧﺫﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺳﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺩﻳﻧﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻣﻁ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻁﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻳﻝ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ ١-‬ﻭ ‪: ١+‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ‪ : ١+‬ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﻳﻣﻪ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ‪ :١-‬ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺷﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻗﻳﻣﻪ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺻﻔﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﺃﻧﻣﺎﻁ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﻋﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﻛﺯ‬
‫‪ clustering‬ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ‪/‬ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ attribute data‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺷﺎﺫﺓ ‪ outliers‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﺭﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪: High/Low‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪Clustering‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻧﻳﺎ ‪g‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎ‪ /‬ﻳ‬
‫ﻳﻡ ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺭﻛﺯﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ‪ G‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡﻡ ﺭ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻳﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ‪ /‬ﺃﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪attribute‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻧﺔ ‪) High Spot Analysis‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ‪:(Gi‬‬

‫ﻣﺻﺩﺍﻗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻛﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻻ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎﺎ ﻣﻊﻊ ﺗ ﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺯ ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺭﻛﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻳﺎﺎ ﺗﺗ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟ ﻠ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻳﺱ ﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﻘ‬
‫ﻘ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ‪ Density‬ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁﻳﺔ ﻣﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺇﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﻳﻣﺛﻝﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻝﻝ ﺍﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺟ ﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻥ ﺭﺭﻗﻣﺎ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺩﺍ ﻳﻳﻌﺑﺭ‬
‫ﻥ ﻳﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻝ ﻟﻥ‬
‫ﺞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﻳﺔ ‪ Point‬ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪:Polyline‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪ DEM‬ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺣﻭﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪) Arc GIS‬ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ(‪:‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ )ﻓﻘﻁ( ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﻣﺭ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬

‫ﻥ‪:‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻳ‬
‫ﺑ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻣﻧﻬﻡ ﻣﺛﻼ‪ Curve Number :‬ﺃﻭ ‪CN‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ ‪ input‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻁﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺭﻓﻭﻣﺗﺭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ( ﻣﺛﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﺟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻟﻠﻟﻠﺣﻭﺽ‬
‫ﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ ﻟ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟ ﻝ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺽ‬
‫ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺣﻲ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫)ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ(‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ‪software‬‬

‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ‬

‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺕ ‪ArcGIS‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻔﺭﺩﺓ ‪ /‬ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ‬

‫‪1 ArcCN‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬ ‫‪ArcCN-Runoff‬‬
‫‪Runoff‬‬ ‫‪1 Arc Hydro‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬ ‫‪1- Watershed‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2- GFT by USGS‬‬ ‫‪2- TauDEM‬‬ ‫‪Modelling‬‬
‫‪3- HEC-GeoHMS‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪System‬‬ ‫))‪((WMS‬‬
‫‪4- HEC-GeoRAS‬‬ ‫‪2- HEC-RAS‬‬
‫‪5- ArcSWAT‬‬ ‫‪3- HEC_HMS‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪) ArcGIS‬ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ( ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪: Area Solar Radiation‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ DEM‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ‪/‬ﺍﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪/‬ﺑﻛﺳﻝ ﻭ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻲ )ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺣﻅﺔ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ( ﻭﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ )ﻭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ( ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬‫ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ‪ :‬ﻁﻭﺍﻝ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﻡﻡ ﺑﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ )ﻳﺣﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡﻡ( ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ‪ :‬ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪/‬ﺷﻬﻭﺭ)ﻳﺣﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ( ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ )ﺑﺣﺩ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ( ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪raster‬‬

‫ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ !‬
‫ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻳ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺯ ﻳ‬
‫ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺭ‬
‫ﻲ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺑﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺿﻭﺡ‬
‫ﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ DEM‬ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻳﻼ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺏ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﻭﻭﻗﺗﺎ ﻭﻳ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ ﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ‪/‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ‪: Point Solar Radiation‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺭﺳﻭﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ ‪: Solar Radiation Graphics‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ‪ :‬ﻁﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﺻﺎﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء‪ .... ،‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪ GIS‬ﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻼﺕ‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺃﻗﺻﺭ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ‪:shortest path‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ ﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺟ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻕ ﻬ‬
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻑ ‪....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺻﺭ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻭﻗﺕ ؟‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ‪:closet facility‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ )ﺑﻧﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻁﻌﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ‪...‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻣﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬
‫‪:service‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ ‪i area‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎﻝ( ﺍﻟﺧ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ) ﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﻬﺎ ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ )ﻣﻁﻌﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻭﺑﺭ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ‪....‬ﺍﻟﺦ(‪ .‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﻭﻗﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻲ‬
‫ﻥ ﻳﻬ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬‫ﺃﺃﻗﺻﻲ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻁﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ‪Target & Destination‬‬ ‫‪DEM‬‬ ‫‪Least-Coast‬‬
‫‪INPUT‬‬
‫‪:Path‬‬
‫‪P th‬‬
‫‪Cost raster‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ )ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻝ(‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻁﺭﻳﻖ‬
‫‪Cost distance toolbox‬‬ ‫ﺑﺷﺭﻁ‬ ‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻧﻘﻁﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻥ ﺑ ﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻳ‬
‫‪Cost Back Link toolbox‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻧﺷﺎﺅﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪Cost Distance raster‬‬
‫‪Cost Back Link raster‬‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍ ﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪ ...‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ ...‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫‪C t path‬‬
‫‪Cost‬‬ ‫‪th toolbox‬‬
‫‪t lb‬‬
‫‪ ...‬ﻣﻠﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪....‬‬
‫‪OUTPUT‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬
‫)‪Least-cost path (raster‬‬ ‫‪Polyline‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ‪ ESRI‬ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ‪ Tools‬ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺻﺻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺭﺑﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺑﻝ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺃﺩ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺷ ﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺯﻫﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﺩ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣﺩﺍﺋﻖ ﻭ ﺍﻟ ﺗﻧﺯﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠ ﺩﺍﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺃﺩ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺷ ﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺩ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺷ ﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺩ ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻙ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺣﺳﺎﺏ )ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ( ﻓﻓﻲ ‪ ESRI GLOBAL ACOOUNT‬ﻓﻓﻲ‬

‫‪https://accounts.esri.com/ar/signup?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fappsforms.esri.com%2Fpr‬‬
‫‪oducts%2Fdownload%2Findex.cfm%3F‬‬

‫ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻓﺋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﻣﺣﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻹﺻﺩﺍﺭ ‪ version‬ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻁ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻁ ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻑ ﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ( ﻭﺳﺗﺟﺩ ﺃﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﻡ ﻛﻝ ﺃﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ ) ﻁ ﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻟﺩﻳﻙ‪:‬‬
‫‪http://appsforms.esri.com/products/download/‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ :٧‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ )ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ (ArcGIS‬ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺋﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ؟‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻭﺟﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﺩﻳﻪ؟‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ؟‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ؟‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺃﻫﻡ ﻟ ﺛ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻳﻥ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻳﻥ ﺗﻘﻝ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﻗﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻌﺔ( ﻣﻥ ﻁ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺟﺯء ) ﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻣﺫﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪) Ordinary Least-Squares Analysis‬ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪(OLS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ global model‬ﻟﻠﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ )ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ( ﻟﻧﻣﺫﺟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ(‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ ‪) Exploratory Regression‬ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪(ER‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓ‬
‫ﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ )ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍ(‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺟﺭﺏ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ‪ combinations‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺃﻗﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ OLS‬ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﻓﺿﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪) Geographically Weighted Regression‬ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪(GWR‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻳﺔ ‪) local‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ( ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ)ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺔ ‪ (B‬ﺳﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﻟﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ(‬
‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺛﺎ ﺗﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻳﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻟﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﻗ ﺔ‬
‫‪ raster‬ﻟﻘ ﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ‪t‬‬
‫ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻛ‬
‫ﺎ ﻝ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪) Geographically Weighted Regression‬ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭﺍ ‪(GWR‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻳﻬﺎ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻭﻙ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ(‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻗﻳﻡﻡ ﻛﻝ ﺳﺑﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‪/‬ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺃﺻﻼ(‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ(‬ ‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ‪ : criterion‬ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻠﺟﺄ ﻣﺗﺧﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ )‪Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻲ ”ﺃﻣﺛﻝ ‪ “optimum‬ﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻫﺩﻑ‪/‬ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ‪:GIS‬‬

‫)ﺍﻷﺑﺳﻁ(‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﻛﺏ ‪overlay‬‬
‫)ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﻣﻘﺎ(‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻣﻰ )‪Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP‬‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻝ ﻠ ﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻷ ﻝ‬ ‫‪weighted‬‬
‫‪i ht d linear‬‬
‫‪li‬‬ ‫‪combination‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ ‪bi ti‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺯ ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﺗ ﻛ‬
‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ(‬ ‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺯﻭﻥ(‬ ‫ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪:GIS‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ ﻟﻛﻝﻝ ﻳ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫‪..٢‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﻲ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪:GIS‬‬

‫ﺍﻟ ﻝ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ )ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺷﺑﻛﻲ ‪raster‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻳﺔ ‪ Raster Calculator‬ﻟﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻲ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺝ ﻬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫‪ reclassify‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ‪y‬‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫‪ .٧‬ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ(‬ ‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﺣﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﺭ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء ﻣﺣﻁﺔ ﺗﻭﻟﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻳﺔ؟‬
‫ﻛﻳﻠﻭ ﻭﺍﺕ‪/‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ ‪ /‬ﻳﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ ﺃﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﻠ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﺷ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﻗﻳﻣﺔﺔ ﺷ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻝﻝ ﻳ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻳ‬
‫ﻭﻝ ﻲ‬‫‪ ..٢‬ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﻼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ DEM‬ﺛﻡ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻋﻣﻝ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭ ﻟﻭﺣﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺛ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ = ‪١٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ = ‪٧‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪ ٥ - ٣ ‬ﺭﺟ‬
‫‪ ١٠ – ٥ ‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ = ‪٣‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪ ١٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ :‬ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ = ﺻﻔﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔﺔ ﺍﻟﻧ ﺎﺋ‬
‫ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟ ﻼﺋ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧ ﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝﻝ ﻠ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟ ﺎ‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 (‫)ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬-٩
DEM ‫ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻭﻫﺎﻳﻭ( ﻟﻧﻣﺫﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺭ ﻭﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺧﺭ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ‬:Water Balance 
http://www.ohio.edu/people/dyer/water_balance.html
DEM ‫ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﻭﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ( ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬: TARDEM 
http://hydrology.usu.edu/tardem/tardem4.0/
:(‫ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬:HAZUS 
https://www.fema.gov/hazus-mh-overview
‫ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺟﺭﺍﺋﻡ‬:Maptitude 
http://www.caliper.com/Maptitude/Crime/default.htm
p p p
(Arc GIS ‫ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ )ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﺣﺕ‬: Arc Hydro 
http://www.aquaveo.com/software/ahgw-archydro-groundwater-introduction
:‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟ ﻓ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻧﻣﺫﺟﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻧ ﺫ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗ ﺎ‬
‫ ﻧﺎ‬: Arc
A H Hydro
d G Groundwater
d t 
http://www.aquaveo.com/software/ahgw-archydro-groundwater-introduction
:‫ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ‬:Whitebox GAT 
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~hydrogeo/Whitebox/download.shtml
21 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬٩) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻲ‬

:‫ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬.١
http://youtu.be/4wJVjtqhgW4
p y jq g :‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
http://youtu.be/4T6mbitZ1W8 :‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
http://youtu.be/2hNx_ARw9iI :‫ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‬.٢
http://youtu.be/GtmtCO4zgug :‫ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬.٣
http://youtu.be/biNRwV_dcDI :‫ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬:‫ ﺃﻗﺻﺭ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ‬.٤
h
http://youtu.be/MbqLgMN7HRo
// b /Mb L MN7HR :‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧ‬
https://youtu.be/ld2S_ZeEH2E :‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬.٥
https://youtu be/CLQtZ3jvcfE
https://youtu.be/CLQtZ3jvcfE :‫ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ‬.٦
٦
https://youtu.be/6aXS0ZwvqNE :‫ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻠﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‬.٧
https://youtu.be/1QJVQzEhKGs :‫ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺣﺩﺍﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ ﻻ‬..٧
22 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬٩) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 (‫)ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺿﺎﻥ‬SCS ‫ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬Curve Number ‫ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬.١
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUXC7-eZUpI
https://www youtube com/watch?v=8JOQeL6m4oM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JOQeL6m4oM
:‫ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‬٢٧) ‫ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬.٢
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLuCP8GrnONHn4nKgesWWmNx0i70HRPPHa
:(‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ )ﺟﺯﺃﻳﻥ‬.٣
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0Eywj4pIu8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LoKEJb5QUs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AA4RGfBiJVs :‫ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲ‬ .٤
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq4SZ-85gC0&t=7s :‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬ .٥
https://www youtube com/watch?v=4F0Y658juIM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4F0Y658juIM :‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﺭ‬ .٦
٦
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJ2ukkQULdQ :‫ﺍﻟﺑﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻧﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬ .٧
:‫ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬-‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭ‬ .٨
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rT4lQOFyEYU&ab_channel=FatiCreation
23 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬٩) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺑﺳﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ‪ :‬ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺟﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪Arc Reader‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎ ﻠ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧ ﺍ‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﺗﻭﺻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺋﻂ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ‪ GIS‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‬

‫ﻣﺛﻝ ‪(word‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ ) ﺛﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﺧ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑ ﺍ ﺞ‬
‫ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺧ ﺍﺋﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ‪ : Export Map‬ﻹﺩ ﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧ ﺍﺋﻁ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺻﺩﻳ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ArcGIS‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺟﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪:٦‬‬

‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ‪ GIS‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Google Earth‬ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻛﺧﻠﻔﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪) Arc GIS‬ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ(‪:‬‬

‫‪Layer to KML‬‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ‪ GIS‬ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻲ ‪ :Google Map‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬

‫ﻥ‬
‫‪Map to KML‬‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬
‫‪KML to Layer‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ‪ :‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪Arc Reader‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc Reader‬ﻫﻭ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺕ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ‪ ESRI‬ﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺞ ‪: Arc GIS‬‬ ‫ﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳﺔ ﺑﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺟ ﺭ ﻳ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫‪http://appsforms.esri.com/products/download/index.cfm?fuseaction=download.all#ArcReader‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ ‪ Arc GIS‬ﻟﻳﺗﻡ ﻋﺭﺿﻪ ﻓﻓﻲ ‪ Arc Reader‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺩﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ )ﻟﻠﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻘﻁ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ‪ Arc Reader‬ﺗﺷﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ‪ .....‬ﺍﻟﺦ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ Attribute Data‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻋﻣﻭﺩ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻣﺩﺓ( ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺋﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺧﺹ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﺩ ﺭﻗﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺿﻣﻪ ﻟﺗﻘﺎ‬
‫‪ pdf‬ﻟﺿ ﻪ‬
‫ﻁﺑﺎﻋﺗﻪ ‪df‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺃﺃﻭ ﻁ ﺎﻋﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧ ﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻘ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻋ ﺽ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻭﻉ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪:٧‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ‪Histogram‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻘﺩﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺳﻡ ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺷﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻁﺑﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ ‪:Raster‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻗﻲ ‪Zonal Histogram‬‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ‪R t‬‬
‫‪Raster‬‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻧﺎءﺍ ﻋﻠ‬
‫‪ Raster‬ﻧﺎ ﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪R t‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻛ ﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﺍﻟﺗ ﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺭﺳﻡ ﺎﻧ‬

‫ﺭﻱ )ﻣﺛﻝﻝ ‪(word‬‬

‫ﺞ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭﻫﻣﺎ ﻛﺄﺷﻛﺎﻝﻝ ﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺃﻭﻭ‬
‫ﻲ ﺭﻳ‬ ‫ﺳﻭﺍء ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﻣﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻥ ﺭ ﺟﻬ‬ ‫ﻳﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﺟﺳﻣﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻣﻳﺔ ‪ DEM‬ﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻛﻧﺕ ﺗﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﺭﺓ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺗﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻣﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Arc Scene‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ‪Arc GIS‬‬
‫ﺞ ‪Surfer‬‬‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫‪ ..٢‬ﺑﺭ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪Global Mapper‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﻲ ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺑﺗﺻﻣﻳﻣﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ( ﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ )ﻧﺷﺭﻫﺎ( ﻟﻳﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ‬

‫‪ArcGIS‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ(‬
‫ﺏ ﻭ‬‫ﺏ ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺣﺳﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ )ﻳﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻬﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺃﺷﻬﺭ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻥ‬
‫‪Giscloud‬‬

‫ﻛﺗﺎﺏ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺷﺎ ﻧﻭﻓﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺗﻑ ﺍﻟﺫﻛﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺩﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪https://newingis.blogspot.com/2017/01/blog-post_18.html‬‬
‫‪//‬‬ ‫‪i i bl‬‬ ‫‪/2017/01/bl‬‬ ‫‪18 h l‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪:٩‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ )ﺃﻭ ﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ( ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺛﻝ‪/‬ﺍﻷﻧﺳﺏ ﻻﻧﺷﺎء ﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ )ﻟﻳﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺩﻳﻼ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺍ(‬

‫‪ ‬ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﺋﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ )ﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻭ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ‪ ....‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺗﺧﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺳﺏ ﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺣﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺭﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻲ‬
:‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ‬Arc GIS ‫ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.١

htt //
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiZsuWL45vo&list=PL-2sBQtgS7Y4H8EYoSCvdahCr2VxYz-P_
t b / t h? jiZ WL45 &li t PL 2 BQt S7Y4H8EY SC d hC 2V Y P

https://youtu.be/1IziKRKjV8s ‫ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬.٢

https://youtu.be/r-HZ91gInSE ‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬.٣

https://youtu.be/189Pustggnc :Arc Scene ‫ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺳﻛﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬3D ‫ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺳﻣﺔ‬.٤

11 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ‬١٠) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬

(‫)ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2tbAxEeaZE :‫ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺑﺎﻋﺔ‬ .١
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rf8a9glSQw&ab_channel=GIS4YOU :‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺡ‬ .٢
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BxKtkbe5J8&ab
p y _channel=GISTvArabia: :‫ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﺑﺑﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝﻝ‬
‫ﻁﺑﺎﻋﺔ ﺭ‬
‫ﺝﻭ ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺭ‬ .٣
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nretWCKdgnI&ab_channel=GISAcademy :Arc GIS ‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻓﻲ‬ .٤
:Google Earth ‫ ﺍﻟﻲ‬Arc GIS ‫ﺗﺻﺩﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﺍﺋﻁ ﻣﻥ‬ .٥
https://www youtube com/watch?v=uYkeKY7KXeM&ab channel=GeoMaps
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYkeKY7KXeM&ab_channel=GeoMaps
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SodyMUeyrXE&ab_channel=SaifA.Hadi :‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺭ‬ .٦
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYGolAXVcAs&ab_channel=Talalabdulghani
https //
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teFYG3dWgcc&ab_channel=GISAcademy
o t be com/ atch? teFYG3dWgcc&ab channel GISAcadem :ArcGIS ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻳﻁﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﺧﺭﻳﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺷﺎء ﺧ‬ .٧
٧
:Arc Reader ‫ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﻭ ﺷﺭﺡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ .٨
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODOLyGQnHK0&ab_channel=%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1
%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84
:Arc Reader ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ .٩
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbSvaoy0y9o&ab_channel=yahyatarhuni

12 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ‬١٠) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬.١
‫ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬.٢
GIS ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ ﺃﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ‬.٣
‫ﻭﺍﻉ ﺍ ﺑﻳ‬
GIS ‫ ﺗﻣﺛﻳﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬.٤
GIS ‫ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ‬.٥
GIS ‫ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻓﻲ‬.٦ ٦
‫ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ :GIS ‫ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻲ‬.٧
‫ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﻭﺡ ﺛﻼﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ :GIS ‫ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻲ‬.٨
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟ ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻠ ﻝ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﺯ‬ :GIS ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻓﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﺗ ﻠ ﻝ‬.٩٩
GIS ‫ ﺍﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ‬-١٠

:‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ ﻓﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺗ‬
‫ﺪﺓ ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ ﺍ‬List
Li ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻓﻲ ﻠ ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟ ﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-2sBQtgS7Y7rnp3fNM2ndmyNEJxpyj-B

13 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ‬١٠) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ArcGIS ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ :‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ‬
: Arc GIS ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺛﻔﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺔ‬ :GIS 4 You ‫ ﻗﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺣﺎﺗﻡ ﻁﺎﺭﻕ‬.١
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeSBVsLXOGZ9Eznu5kbHLzw/playlists?&ab_channel=GIS4YOU
https://www.youtube.com/user/CHAAOUAN/playlists :‫ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬:‫ ﺟﻣﺎﻝ ﺷﻌﻭﺍﻥ‬.‫ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺩ‬.٢
:ENVI ‫ ﻭ‬ArcGIS ‫ ﺭﺷﺎ ﻧﻭﻓﻝ ﻟﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺟﻲ‬.‫ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻳﺩﻳﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺩ‬.٣
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC53H0CInm8sPF2GxDtSh-Eg/playlists?&ab_channel=SobeihYahia
https://www youtube com/user/geomatist/playlists
https://www.youtube.com/user/geomatist/playlists :Erdase ‫ ﻭ‬ArcGIS ‫ﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﺑﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺭﺭ ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻳﺩ ﺍ ﺟ‬
‫ﻋﺑﺩ ﺍ ﻳ‬
‫ ﺑ‬.‫ ﻗﻧﺎﺓﺓ ﺩ‬..٤
:Global Mapper ‫ ﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬Arab Nubia ‫ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬.٥
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcDY0m6r3vj8FbKBxUFUH9A/playlists?&ab_channel=ArabNubia
:ENVI ‫ ﻭ‬Erdase
Ed ‫ ﻭ‬ArcGIS
A GIS ‫ﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﺍ‬
‫ﺎﻝ ﻟﺗ ﻠ‬
‫ﻋﺑﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺍﻟﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻑﻋ‬‫ﺷﺭﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺣﺳﺎﻡ ﺷ‬
‫ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺎ‬.٦
٦
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLP-
qRJCTDO9fGvpNlCB0yw/playlists?&ab_channel=%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D
9%81%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84
:Arc GIS ‫ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﺑﺭﺍﻫﻳﻡ ﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬.٧
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ2wTc8ggnOqX8XeUVTD6Ag/playlists?&ab_channel=AhmadIbrahim
:Arc GIS ‫ ﻟﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬GIS Academy ‫ ﻗﻧﺎﺓ‬.٨
٨
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCr5YOQRGS9Qbu6nrwsQIpNA/playlists?&ab_channel=GISAcademy
14 ٢٠١٩ ‫ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬.‫ﺩ‬ GIS ‫( ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ‬١٠) ‫ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬:GIS ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
 ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ArcGIS‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻧﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻳﺩﺓ ﺟﺩﺍ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﻧﺎﺓ ‪ Geo Tech‬ﻭ ﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻳﺩﻳﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﻳﺔ )ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﺻﻭﺕ( ﺭﺍﺋﻌﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻓﻲ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﺛﻝ ‪Arc‬‬
‫‪ GIS‬ﻭ ‪ Global Mapper‬ﻭ ‪ Google Earth‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ‪ GPS‬ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺟﺎﺭﻣﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfNxdXM0iCoZbLUcYAk-‬‬
‫‪CQA/playlists?&ab_channel=G%C3%A9oTech‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻛﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺑﺭﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪) Arc GIS‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻧﺎﺓ( ﻟﻪ ‪ ١٣٨‬ﻓﻳﺩﻳﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻳﻣﻲ )ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ( ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLN5Dh3Rh1sI8p3UuaQ2T1veqM0YbJP9Th‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪p y‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﺮﺍ ﺟﺰﻳﻼ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻭﺭﺣﻤﺔﺔ ﷲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻠ ﻜ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ﻼ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺴﺒﻮﻙ‪:‬‬

‫‪https://www.facebook.com/Dr.GomaaDawod/‬‬

‫ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻔﺮ ﷲ ﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻱ (‬ ‫) ﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻜﻢ‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪٢٠١٩‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ :GIS‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫ﻧﺑﺫﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟ ﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﺟﻣﻌ ﺔ ﷴ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﻣﺣﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻣ ﻥ ﻣﻭﺍﻟﻳ ﺩ ﺍﻟ ﺳﻭﻳﺱ ﺑﺟﻣﻬﻭﺭﻳ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٢‬ﻡ )ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻓﻖ ‪١٣٨٣‬ﻫـ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣ ﺻﻝ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻛ ﺎﻟﻭﺭﻳﻭﺱ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣ ﺳﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ‬
‫‪١٩٨٥‬ﻡ ﻣ ﻥ ﻛﻠﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳ ﺔ ﺑ ﺷﺑﺭﺍ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺑﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻣ ﺻﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻗ ﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠ ﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﺩﻳ ﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣ ﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﻭﻻﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻫ ﺎﻳﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻭﻻﻳ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣ ﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩١‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ‬
‫‪١٩٩٨‬ﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺑﺷﺑﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﺻﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣ ﺻﻝ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ ﺃﺳ ﺗﺎﺫ ﻣ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ ﻭﻛ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺩﺭﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺗﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٩‬ﻡ )‪ ١٤٢٩‬ﻫـ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﻣﻧ ﺫ ﻋ ﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨٧‬ﻡ ﺑﻣﻌﻬ ﺩ ﺑﺣ ﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻣ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳ ﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺑﻣﺻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﺑﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻘ ﺭﻯ ﺑﻣﻛ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺭﻣ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳ ﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺳﻌﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ‪٢٠١٤-٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ )‪ ١٤٣٥-١٤٢٦‬ﻫـ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓ ﺎﺯ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺑﺟ ﺎﺋﺯﺓ ﺃﻓ ﺿﻝ ﺑﺣ ﺙ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺻﺭ ﻓ ﻲ ﺃﻋ ﻭﺍﻡ ‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٩ ،٢٠٠٧ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ ﻛﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﻳ ﺎﺭﻩ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺳ ﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠ ﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳ ﺔ‬
‫‪ Who is Who‬ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ ‪٢٠١٢-٢٠١١‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧ ﺷﺭ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺣﺗ ﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻛﺛ ﺭ ﻣ ﻥ ﺳ ﺗﻭﻥ ﺑﺣﺛ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻣ ﺎﺗﻛﺱ ﻣ ﻧﻬﻡ ﺃﻛﺛ ﺭ ﻣ ﻥ‬
‫ﻋ ﺷﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺭﻗ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻣﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺟ ﻼﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻳ ﺔ ﻭ ﻣ ﺅﺗﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻛ ﻝ ﻣ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣ ﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳ ﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺟﻠﺗ ﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻁﺎﻟﻳ ﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳ ﺗﺭﺍﻟﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻧ ﺷﺭ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺟ ﻼﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺅﺗﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺭﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﺭﺑﻳ ﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻣﻬﻭﺭﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣ ﺎ ﻧ ﺷﺭ ‪ ١٩‬ﻛﺗﺎﺑ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺟ ﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻧﻳ ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻣﺎﺗﻛﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﻣﺗﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺩﻱ ﻓﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﻬﺩ ﺑﺣﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻧ ﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺻﻁﻔﻲ ﻭ ﷴ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺞ ﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﺑﻳﺕ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﻡ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻋﺗﻣﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪View publication stats‬‬