TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1. SECTION 6.
PRECAUTIONS
Paragraph OPERATOR’S MAINTENANCE
Pag Paragraph
e Page
1.1 Precautions - -- 3
6.1 Battery Replacement 8
SECTION 2.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION SECTION 7.
2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 The Probe 3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
2.3 The Circuit Box - 3 7.1 Battery Life 9
2.4 The Head Phone 3 7..2 Storage 9
2.5 The Carrying Strap 3

SECTION 3. SECTION 8.
THEORY OF OPERATION CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
3.1 Introduction 4 8.1 Replacing The Batteries 9
3.2 The Geiger Tube 4 8.2 Replacing The
3.3 The High Voltage Supply. 4 Geiger Tube -- - 9
3.4 The Pulse Shaping and 8.3 Checking The High
Metering Circuit 4 Voltage Supply 9 -
3.5 Scale Ranges S
8.4 Checking The Pulse
3.6 The Headphone Circuit 5
Shaping and Integrating
SECTION 4. Circuit 10
INSTALLATION 8.5 Testing For Proper
4.1 Installing The Batteries 5 Operation Of The
Range Switch - 10
SECTION 5.
OPERATION
5.1 Operating The Circuit SECTION 9.
The First Time 7
5.2 Calibration 7 REPLACEABLE PARTS LIST
5.3 Scale Ranges 7 9.1 Electrical
5.4 Using The Headphones 7 Components 12-13
5.5 Normal Background 7 9.2 Mechanical
5.6 Checking Calibration 8 Components 14-15 -

5.7 Using The Carrying Strap~ 8 9.3 List of Manufacturers 16 -

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. View of CD V-700, Model No. 6B, Showing Operating Controls 2
2. View of CD V-700, Model No. 6B, Showing Major Components 6
3. CD V-700, Model 6B, Schematic Circuit Diagram 11

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 1. PRECAUTIONS
1.1 PRECAUTIONS:
Although this instrument is operated from four “D” cells, the high voltage power supply
operates at voltages in excess of 900 volts which constitutes a shock hazard if not
handled carefully. The power supply high voltage components are located near the high
voltage transformer at the rear of the circuit hoard. These components should not be
touched, even when the instrument is “OFF”, until the high voltage capacitors are
discharged. The method of discharging these capacitors is to short-circuit the two leads
of the corona regulator tube V2 with a screwdriver which has an insulated handle.

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
This instrument is a portable survey meter using a geiger tube as the detector. The geiger tube is mounted in a probe
on the end of a thirty-six inch cable. The entire instrument and its accessories comprise a circuit box, a probe, a
headphone and a carrying strap; a radioactive sample is mounted on the side of the case.

2.2 THE PROBE:

The probe comprises a nickel-plated brass shield with a window which may be opened in order to admit beta
radiation. Within the probe is mounted a plug-in type geiger tube which is sensitive to moderate and high energy
heta radiation and to gamma radiation down to low energies. Because the geiger tube is fragile, shock mounts are
provided on both ends of the tube. In addition, rubber gasketing is used to seal against moisture.

2.3 THE CIRCUIT BOX:

The circuit box consists of the supply batteries, an electronic high voltage supply, an electronic pulse shaping and
metering circuit and a radioactive sample. The system is shockproof and waterproof and is secured with rapid take-
down clamps in order to make access very simple. The entire electronic circuit is mounted on a single card with
connections going to the probe, the phone connector and to the meter. The batteries are housed in a high-impact
resistant plastic case which cannot be corroded by leakingbattery fluids. The battery contacts are readily replaceable
without tools to facilitate a cleaning or replacement. The battery box is designed to be mechanically
selective so that batteries cannot be inserted backwards.

2.4 THE HEAD PHONE:

The head phone is a single piece magnetic type dex ice x~ith a connector
suitable for mating with the sealed jack mounted on the circuit box.

2.5 THE CARRYING STRAP:

The carrying strap, made of vinyl for easy decontamination, is provided with easily operated spring clips.

2
 3. THEORY OF OPERATION The blocking oscillator consists of components Qi and T1. Negative pulses from the
geiger tube appear across winding 3-4 of T1. These pulses are coupled into winding 2-5
and into the base circuit of Qi. When Qi is turned “ON” by a GM tube trigger, Qi
3.1 INTRODUCTION: saturates and nearly all of the battery voltage of BT3-4 appears across winding 1-6. The
winding current increases and a voltage is induced in winding 2-5. The induced voltage
Operationally this instrument consists of a geiger tube radiation detector, a regulated high is in a direction such that conduction of Qi is maintained. Winding 2-5 current increases
voltage supply, a pulse shaping and metering circuit, an indicating meter and headphone linearly until the transformer core saturates. At this time the circuit rapidly turns “OFF”
for audible detection of activity. and an inductive “fly-back” appears across both windings.

The metering circuit consists of an integrating capacitor Cl, and range multiplier resistors
Ri through R3. The multipliers determine the amount of charge that is placed on Cl
3.2 THE GEIGER TUBE:
during the pulse period of the blocking oscillator. The charge on the capacitor is
discharged by the meter and R4. R5B is used for calibration.
The geiger tube is a gas filled device which detects the presence of ionization within its
gaseous volume. The. ionization results from the passage of ionizing type radiation
through the gas. The primary type of radiation it detects is beta rays (high speed
3.5 SCALE RANGES:
electrons). These are produced as a primary breakdown product of radioactive substances
and in addition are produced within the geiger tube and within the walls of the probe by Three ranges of operation are provided. The first range Xl, requires 300 pulses per
gamma radiation. A shield is provided which stops external beta radiation, thus making minute for full scale indication; the second range X1O, 3000 pulses per minute; and
the detector sensitive to gamma radiation only, but a window in the probe may be opened the third range XlOO, 30,000 pulses per minute. These correspond respectively to 0.5
to make the system sensitive to beta radiation also. The geiger tube operates at 900 volts milliroentgens per hour, 5 milliroentgens per hour and 50 milliroentgens per hour of
which is essentially the center of a plateau extending from about 850 volts to about 920 radium-equivalent radiation. Scale changing is effected by switching meter range
volts. resistors.

3.6 THE HEADPHONE CIRCUIT:

3.3 THE HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY:
The voltage pulse for the headphone is taken from the “fly-back” of winding 1-6 via
The high voltage power supply is a blocking oscillator driven “fly-back” type circuit. The diode CR2. C3 is an integrating capacitor to “stretch” the “fly-back” pulse. C2 couples
blocking oscillator portion of the circuit consists of Q2, R5A, transformer windings 3-4 the pulse to the headphone.
and 5-6, and batteries BT1-2. When the instrument is turned “ON,” Q2 conducts and an
increasing current flows through winding 3-4. This increasing collector current induces a
voltage in winding 5-6 which maintains conduction of Q2. The collector current increases
until Q2 has insufficient current gain to remain saturated when the circuit rapidly turns 4. INSTALLATION
“OFF” due to the regenerative action of the transformer. During the “turn-off” action,
large “fly-back” voltages appear across all transformer windings. A voltage peak of about 4.1 INSTALLING THE BATTERIES:
1100 volts appears across winding 1-2 because of the large number of turns in the
winding. This voltage “fly-back” is rectified by components CR3 and CS, in the
conventional manner and components R9 and C4 form a filter to smooth the pulsations of The instruments are shipped with the batteries removed. In order to put the instrument
voltage across CS. V2 is a corona-discharge type regulator tube which regulates the high into operation, the following procedure should be observed:
voltage to about 900 volts throughout the battery life. Access to the interior of the instrument is accomplished by snapping open the pull catch
at each end of the case and separating the top from the case bottom. This exposes the two
battery boxes and two battery retainer clips. Remove each retainer clip by squeezing its
3.4 THE PULSE SHAPING AND METERING CIRCUIT: ends until it can be pulled out of the slots in the battery box. Insert the batteries in the
battery boxes observing the indicated polarity. (Each battery box is designed to be
The pulse shaping circuit is a blocking oscillator similar to the power supply with some mechanically selective so that the batteries cannot be inserted with reversed polarity) -
exceptions. The circuit is held “cuf-off” by the bias formed by resistors R7 and R8 and Replace the battery retainer clips. Align the top with the case bottom and squeeze
the power supply battery. together gently. snap the pull catches closed.
4 5
 5. OPERATION

5.1 OPERATING THE CIRCUIT THE FIRST TIME:

Clamp the circuit box back together and turn the switch to the X10 scale. Make certain that the sliding beta window of
the probe is closed. Wait thirty seconds for the system to reach stability. The indicator should remain substantially at
zero.

Open the window on the probe and present it to the center of the calibration source which is a beta radiation sample.
The indicator should fall between 1.5 mr/hr and 2.5 mr/hr, averaging about 2 mr/hr.

5.2 CALIBRATION:

NOTE:
The beta source must constitute the sole source of radiation when calibration is performed. Calibration must not be
under. taken when the background is above normal or when the probe is in a radiation field other than that produced by
the known beta source supplied with the instrument.
If the indication falls above or below this range, it may be corrected by the
screw.driver adjustment inside the box which is marked “CAL”. Advancing
the adjustment clockwise increases the reading.

5.3 SCALE RANGES:

There is only one control on this instrument for the operator to use. It is the range control, comprising an “OFF”
position •and three ranges labeled, X100, X1O, and Xl”. These respectively are both 100 times, 10 times and 1
time the scale reading in milliroentgens per hour and counts per minute shown on the meter. This. scale is 0.5
milliroentgens per hour and 300 counts per minute respectively with the major divisions all indicated on a 50-division
scale.

5.4 USING THE HEADPHONES:

If the operator chooses to use a headphone with the instrument, it is screwed into the connector provided immediately
to the left of the handle. The yellow plastic protective cap is removed. In using the headphone, the operator will note
that each pulse arriving at the instrument is indicated by a distinctively audible “click” in the headphones.

5.5 NORMAL BACKGROUND:

Since normal background of radioactivity is of the order of 0.01 to 0.02 milliroentgens per hour, little activity will
normally be observed. Under back. ground conditions only about 20 per minute of these clicks occur and they are
randomly spaced so that one may wait for several seconds before any

6
click is observed and then there may be two or three in rapid succession. Very accurate
measurements of background and other low level radiation can be made by counting 7. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
headphone clicks and timing with a watch which has a second hand. The procedure is to count 7.1 BATTERY LIFE:
a given number of counts and observe the time required to obtain these counts. The radiation
rate in counts per minute is the number of counts divided by the time in minutes. Table 1 CAUTION: Make certain the instrument is turned oIl at all times when not in use,
gives the number of counts that are required to provide a given percentage error where percent otherwise the batteries will certainly be depleted and the instrument rendered ineffective. The
standard error is defined as that error for which in 63 cases out of 100 the true error will not life of the batteries in the front battery box is about 100 hours under continuous operation and
exceed the given percentage error. The nine-tenths error is that error for which the true about 175 hours when operated four hours a day. The life of the other two cells is
reading is no different from the observed reading within the given percentage limits for 90 considerably longer but it is recommended that all batteries be replaced at one time. It is also
cases out of 100. recommended that the operator become accustomed to noting that the operating switch is in
the “OFF” position when the instrument is set aside.

TABLE I 7.2 STORAGE:

For storage purposes it is best, wherever possible, to keep the instrument in a moderately cool
Number of Counts Required For: area as this will provide greater shelf life for the batteries. At all times one should attempt to
Standard Error Nine-Tenths Error prevent radiological contamination of the instrument and particularly of the probe.
Percent Error
8. CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE
1% 10,000 Counts 27,000 Counts
8.1 REPLACING THE BATTERIES:
3% 1,100 Counts 3,000 Counts
Battery replacement is accomplished as outlined in paragraph 6.1. The end point of the
cells in the front battery box is 1 volt per cell. The end point of the other cells is 2.5 volts
10% 100 Counts 271 Counts for proper accuracy of the counting circuit. However, it is recommended that all
batteries be replaced at one time in order that the shelf life of the counting circuit
5.6 CHECKING CALIBRATION: batteries is not exceeded.

The operator should periodically check the calibration of the instrument to verify that it is 8.2 REPLACING THE GEIGER TUBE:
correct. This operation is described in paragraph 5.2. The chief maintenance on this instrument is replacing the batteries. However, the geiger tube
also expends itself with use and must be replaced occasionally but one cannot predict
5.7 USING THE CARRYING STRAP: precisely the life of a geiger tube since the total number of counts it has accumulated and the
operating conditions of temperature, voltage and load characteristics are very important.
The instrument may be carried in the hand or by a strap over the shoulder. The strap Whenever fresh batteries are installed into the instrument and the instrument does not work
anchors are arranged in such a way that the meter is visible when carried over the
correctly, it is wise first to try replacing the geiger tube before making any further attempts at
right shoulder.
circuit checking.

8.3 CHECKING THE HIGH VOLTAGE SUPPLY:

6. OPERATOR’S MAINTENANCE When the power supply is operating, a buzz of about 200 cps. in frequency can be heard due
the to the oscillations of the power transformer laminations. If the buzz is not audible,
6.1 BATTERY REPLACEMENT: oscillator section is probably not operating

Battery replacement is easily accomplished by removing the circuit box bottom and
the battery retaining clips on the two battery boxes. The old cells may be pulled out
without tools and the new ones inserted.

S 9
and the setting of R5A should be checked. This screw-driver adjustment is set properly
by the following procedure:

a. Inset a 0-100 millampere meter in series with the power supply batteries.

b. Turn the “HV” adjustment full clockwise.

c. Turn the instrument “ON.”

d. Advance the screw-driver adjustment counter-clockwise until the meter reads

33 milliamperes with new batteries.

The high voltage output of the power supply should be tested with an electrostatic
voltmeter. The voltage should read 910 ±10 volts. This voltage may also be measured
with a 20,000 ohms-per-volt meter on the 5,000 volt range with new batteries in the
instrument.

The nominal resistance values for the transformer are: winding 1-2, 4500 ohms; winding
3-4, 11 ohms; and winding 5-6, 5 ohms (all values ±20%).

8.4 CHECKING THE PULSE SHAPING AND INTEGRATING

CIRCUIT:

After continuity tests have been made, the integrating circuit should be tested further
using an oscilloscope. The proper pulse waveshape on the collector of Q i is a positive 3
volt square wave of a nominal 150 microseconds in duration followed by a “fly-back” of
about —20 volts in amplitude. Diodes CR1 and CR2 may be tested with an ohmmeter on
the RX1O,000 range. One end of the diode under test should be disconnected from the
circuit for this test. (Diode CR3 in the high voltage power supply will not respond to this
test.) The indication of a good diode is very low resistance with the ohmmeter leads
connected a given way. With the leads reversed the resistance reading should be 100k
ohms or greater for CR2, and 1 megohm or better for CR1.

8.5 TESTING FOR PROPER OPERATION OF THE RANGE SWITCH:

The range switch may be tested with an ohmmeter for proper closure of the switch
contacts. The power supply “ON-OFF” section of the switch may be recognized by the
red battery lead and the emitter of Qi connecting to the switch. With the batteries
removed, test for proper “ON-OFF” operation. A similar test can be made for “ON-OFF”
operation of the counting circuit, with the ohmmeter connected to ground and to the black
battery lead. To test the range circuit, connect the ohmmeter to ground and the negative
(white end) terminal of 400 mfd capacitor Cl, and read the following resistance values:

X100 range reads 1900 ohms, X1O range reads 200 ohms, and Xl range reads 16.5 ohms.
(All values ±5%). The batteries should be removed for all tests in this section. VOLTAGE
V2 RANGE
GV3A VOLTAGES MEASURED IN XI POSITION
USE 20,000 OHMS-PER-VOLT VOLTMETER
CAPACITORS IN MFD
Figure 3. CD V-TOO. Model Au. 6B, Schematic
Circuit Diagram
10 11
9.3 List of Manufacturers

AEROVOX CORPORATION, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

CENTRALAB, INCORPORATED, 900 East Keefe Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

ELECTRO-CERAMICS, INCORPORATED, 120 State Street, New Haven, Connecticut

ELECTRONIC DEVICES, INCORPORATED, 50 Webster Avenue, New Rochelle, New York

HARRY DAVIES MOLDING COMPANY, 1428 North Wells Street, Chicago 10, Illinois

INTERNATIONAL RESISTANCE COMPANY, 401 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

JOHN E. FAST COMPANY, 3580 North Elston Avenue, Chicago, Illinois

NASHVILLE ELECTRONICS, INCORPORATED, 309 Eleventh Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee

NEW DEPARTURE DIVISION, GMC, 53 Purchase Street, Bristol, Connecticut

PARKER APPLIANCE COMPANY, 17325 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 12, Ohio

PHILPOTT RUBBER COMPANY, 2077 30th Street, Cleveland 15, Ohio

SUPEREX ELECTRONICS, INCORPORATED, 46 Radford Place, Yonkers, New York

UNION CARBIDE CONSUMERS PRODUCTS COMPANY, 30 East 42nd Street, New York, New York

VICTOREEN INSTRUMENT COMPANY, 5806 Hough Avenue, Cleveland 3, Ohio

WATERBURY BUCKLE COMPANY, 862 South Main Street, Waterbury 20, Connecticut

ZORON, INCORPORATED, 612 West Monroe Street, Chicago, Illinois