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Problem Solving and Reasoning - Introduction - MGM

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10 views

Problem Solving and Reasoning - Introduction - MGM

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vlianfaye
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Problem Solving

and Reasoning

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Think outside
the box

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Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Reasoning
The process of making sense of things around us.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Reasoning
Inductive Deductive
Reasoning Reasoning

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Inductive Reasoning
The process of arriving at a general conclusion through the
examination of specific examples.

Example
The last five times I went to our province, the traffic
was light on Sundays and heavy on Thursdays. My
conclusion is that weekends have lighter traffic than
weekdays.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Inductive Reasoning

powerful method of drawing conclusions

truthfulness is uncertain

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Inductive Reasoning

powerful method of drawing conclusions

conjectures,
hypotheses,
or educated guesses

may or may not be correct

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Inductive Reasoning
A strong inductive argument does not guarantee
the truth of the conclusion, but rather provides
strong support for the conclusion.

If there is just one case for which the conjecture


does not hold, then the conjecture is false.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Inductive Reasoning
A strong inductive argument does not guarantee
the truth of the conclusion, but rather provides
strong support for the conclusion.

If there is just one case for which the conjecture


does not hold, then the conjecture is false.

Counterexample

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Inductive Reasoning

A counterexample is a specific case or example which


shows that a statement is false.

Example
Verify that the statement “For all real numbers x,
x2 > x.” is false by finding a counterexample.
Solution
For x = 0, we have 02 = 0. Because 0 is not greater
than 0, we have found a counterexample. Thus, “For
all real numbers x, x2 > x.” is a false statement.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Inductive Reasoning

Note: A statement may have many counterexamples,


but we only need to find one counterexample to
verify that the statement is false.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Give a counterexample to disprove the following statements.

counterexample

1. All triangles are equilateral. scalene triangle

2. All prime numbers are odd. 2

3. All multiples of 5 end in 0. 25


4. If a number is even, then it 4
is divisible by 6.
5. All positive integers are 1
greater than 1.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Deductive Reasoning
The process of arriving at a conclusion through the
application of general assumptions, procedures, or
principles.

Example

All proper names are prohibited in Scrabble, MANILA


is a proper name. Therefore, MANILA is prohibited in
scrabble.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Determine whether the argument is an example of
inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.

1. Jillian enjoyed reading the first Nancy Drew book.


So, she will enjoy reading the entire series of Nancy
Drew.
inductive reasoning
2. All quadrilaterals have exactly four sides. Figure A
is a quadrilateral. Therefore, Figure A has exactly
four sides.

deductive reasoning

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Determine whether the argument is an example of
inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.

3. Every girl likes wearing make-up. Joyce is a girl, so


she likes to put on make-up.

deductive reasoning
4. Cats dislike the smell of citrus. Lion is a cat.
Therefore, lion dislikes the smell of citrus.

deductive reasoning

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Determine whether the argument is an example of
inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.

5. The last five times I ate at that restaurant, the food


was excellent. Therefore, the food at that restaurant is
always excellent.

inductive reasoning
6. Ken has been late to every rehearsal this week.
Therefore, he will be late to the next rehearsal.

inductive reasoning

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Determine whether the argument is an example of
inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.

7. All even numbers are divisible by 2. Thirty is an even


number. Therefore, 30 is divisible by 2.
deductive reasoning

8. Every time I eat eggs, I get a rash. Therefore, I am


allergic to eggs.
inductive reasoning

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Determine whether the argument is an example of
inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning.

9. The last three SB19 concerts I attended were worth


it. Therefore, their next concert will be worth attending.
inductive reasoning
10. All professional athletes are required to follow a
strict training regimen. EJ Obiena is a professional
athlete. Therefore, he is required to follow a strict
training regimen.

deductive reasoning

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Problem Solving Model

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2013/05/4-steps-with-polya.html Source:https://wordery.com/how-to-solve-it-

George Polya (1887-1985)


george-polya-..

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
Polya’s Four-Step Problem Solving Strategy

Step 1.
Understand Step 3.
the problem. Carry out
the plan.

Step 2. Step 4.
Devise a plan. Review the
solution.

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
• Problem Solving with Patterns
• Recreational Problems
▪ Logic Puzzle
▪ Magic Square
▪ KenKen Puzzle
• Algebraic Problems

• Geometry Problems

• Probability Problems
• others

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 
See
you!

Problem Solving and Reasoning PLM-CS mgm


Mathematics in the Modern World Mathematics Department 

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