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Unit IV Data Analysis - Reasearch Methodology - BA 4th Semester

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15 views20 pages

Unit IV Data Analysis - Reasearch Methodology - BA 4th Semester

Research

Uploaded by

animeshrajgautam
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© © All Rights Reserved
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(e) Observational or Survey Data

• The observational or survey data refers to


preparing questionnaires, filling in the
questionnaires with the help of the
respondents, and collecting the data.
Scales of Measurement

Scales of Measurement

Scale of
Measurements

Ratio Scale Interval Scale Ordinal Scale Nominal Scale


Ratio (Metric, Quantitative, or Cardinal) Scale: income, savings, etc.

Ordering or ranking is
Finding a difference is possible: Person A’s Classifying or categorizing is possible:
Division or finding possible. The person A’s income is greater the B’s. Divide people into three classes in
average is possible. monthly income (Rs. 50, terms of income level (low-, middle-,
000) – the person B’s and high- income people.
monthly income (Rs. 30,
000) = Rs. 20, 000
Interval (Metric,
Quantitative, or
Cardinal) Scale: Years

Finding a Ordering or Classifying or


difference is ranking is categorising is
possible: possible. possible.
Ordinal (Nonmetric, Qualitative, or
Categorical): satisfaction level,
preference level, etc.

Ordering or ranking is Classifying or categorising is


possible: possible. For example, count
Highly unsatisfied ( ), the numbers of these five
Unsatisfied ( ), Neural ( ), types of individuals and put
Satisfied ( ), Highly them in five different
satisfied ( ) categories.
Nominal (Nonmetric, Qualitative, or
Categorical) Scale: Gender (Male & Female);
People with Different Religions (Bhuddists,
Hindu, Muslim); Color (Red, White, Black)

The only categorizing and


counting are possible, not
ordering or not ranking. Note.
The nominal scale is the weakest
form of scale, but the ratio scale
is the strongest form of scale.
Difference Between Ratio and Interval Scales

Difference Between Ratio and Interval Scales


• The ratio scale takes a natural zero as a point of origin; for example, zero
income means no income. The interval scale takes a arbitrary zero as a
point of origin; for example, zero degree Celsius temperature means
some heat or temperature, not “no lack of temperature”.
• Note on the Ordinal Scale of Measurement
• As in ratio and interval scales, you cannot find the exact difference
two levels of satisfaction, preference, and so on.
• For ratio and interval scales, you use parametric tests like regression, t-test, z-
test, F-test, and so forth.
• But for ordinal and nominal scales, you use nonparametric tests like chi-square
test, Rank-correlation test, and so on.

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