Adverb + Grammer

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PRONOUN

Look at these examples;


Ahmed speaks the truth.
He speaks the truth.
Saima washes the clothes.
She washes the clothes.
Saleem and Ahmed complete the project.
They complete the project.

The word used instead of a noun is called Pronoun.


I, We, You, They, He and She are called Personal pronouns because they
represent persons. Persons are of three types.
First persons: I and We are called First persons.
Second person: You is called Second person.
Third persons: He, She, They are called Third persons.
Subjective use Possessive use Objective use
I My and Mine Me
We Our and Ours Us
You Your and Yours You
They Their and Theirs Them
He His Him
She Her / Hers Her
The Possessive pronoun shows possession or ownership. These are also called
as Possessive Adjectives because they are used with nouns and do the work of
Adjective. For example;
This is my book. This book is mine. (My is qualifying the meaning of noun
“Book”. Therefore, it is called possessive adjective.)
These are your flowers. These flowers are yours. (Your is qualifying the
meaning of noun “Flowers”. Therefore, it is called possessive adjective.)
This is her house. This house is of hers. (Her is qualifying the meaning of noun
“House”. Therefore, it is called possessive adjective.)
“IT” is called Impersonal pronoun.
The uses of “IT”
1. “It” is used for things without life (Lifeless). For example;
This is your book, take it with you.
This is your computer, it works better.
Here is the book, it is for you.
(In these sentences “IT” stands for book, computer.)
2. “It” is used for Animals / birds. For example;
He loves his dog and cannot do without it. (Here IT stands for the dog.)
The horse fell down and broke its leg. (Here ITs stands for the horse.)
The jungle lion runs fast, it can kill you. (Here IT stands for the lion.)
The bird flies, it reaches the clouds. (Here IT stands for the bird.)
The parrot talks, it speaks clearly. (Here IT stands for the parrot.)
3. “It” is used for young child unless we clearly wish to refer to the gender.
For example;
When I saw the child, it was eating. (Here IT stands for the child.)
That baby is intelligent, it works fast. (Here IT stands for the baby.)
This child is wearing blue dress, it is looking beautiful. (Here IT stands for the
child.)
4. “It” is used for time, weather and season. For example;
It rains. It is cloudy. It is clear today. It is sunny today. It is 10 o’clock.
COMPUND PERSONAL PRONOUN
When the word “self” is added to my, your, him, her, it and “selves” to our,
your and them, we get the words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves. These are called as Compound personal
pronouns.
1. REFLEXIVE 2. EMPHATIC PRONOUN
Reflexive pronoun
Look at these examples;
Subject Verb Object
I teach myself.
You help yourself.
He guides himself.
She teaches herself.
They beat themselves.
We advise ourselves.
In these sentences, the subject and the object are the same persons. Therefore,
myself, himself, yourself, herself, themselves and ourselves are called Reflexive
pronouns. Reflexive pronouns are used as an object of the sentence.
More examples;
You hurt yourselves.
We advise ourselves.
They beat themselves.
It blows itself.
Emphatic (To emphasize, stress) pronoun
Look at these examples;
Subject Verb Object
I will do it myself.
I myself saw him doing this work.
We will complete the project ourselves.
He himself admitted the fault.
She herself broke the cup.
They themselves admitted the crime.
In all these sentences, the compound personal pronouns are used to show
emphasis. Therefore, they are called emphatic pronouns.
RELATIVE PRONOUN Look at these examples;
Sentence 1 Sentence 2
I met Saleem. Saleem had just returned.
I met Saleem who had just returned.
The word “who” has been used instead of Noun “Saleem”. It is, therefore, called
Pronoun.
The word “who” is also joining the two sentences. It is, therefore, also called
Conjunction. So, we can call the word “who” as conjunctive pronoun.
Grammatically, it is called as RELATIVE PRONOUN. It refers to the noun
before it. Another example;
Sentence 1 Sentence 2
I have found the pen. I had lost the pen.
I have found the pen which I had lost.
The word “which” has been used instead of noun “pen”. It is, therefore, called
Pronoun.
The word “which” is also joining the two sentences. It is, therefore, also called
Conjunction. So, we can call the word “which” as conjunctive pronoun.
Grammatically, it is called as RELATIVE PRONOUN. It refers to the noun
before it. Another example;
Sentence 1 Sentence 2
Here is the book. You lent me the book.
Here is the book that you lent me.
The word “that” has been used instead of the noun “book”. It is, therefore,
called Pronoun. The word “that” is also joining the two sentences. It is,
therefore, also called Conjunction. So, we can call the word “that” as
conjunctive pronoun. Grammatically, it is called as RELATIVE PRONOUN. It
refers to the noun before it.
The uses of Who, Whose and Which
“Who” is used for singular and plural human persons only.
The man who is honest is trusted. I follow the teacher who teaches me well.
I saw the man who had helped me. I teach a student who follows me.
You can never see such men who can teach animals also.
They never fail who die for a great cause. I teach students who follow me.
“Whose” is the possessive form of “who”. It is used for persons, animals and
things. For example;
The sun whose rays give life to the earth is a bless.
The stones whose colors are beautiful are precious.
This is the question whose solution has troubled me.
These are the teachers whose hard work give success to the nation.
The cows are the animals whose milk is tasty.
The birds whose chirping is lovely are liked.
“Which” is used for things without life (lifeless) and animals / birds. It is used
for both singular and plural.
The moment which is lost is lost forever.
The trees which give shadow are liked.
The books which help you most are precious.
The water which you drink is clear.
The horses which runs fast wins the race.
The parrot which you have is beautiful.
The cow which you have is black.
Transitive and Intransitive Verb

Transitive Verb Look at these examples;


Subject Verb Object
The boy kicks the ball.
The girl sings a song.
I eat an apple.

When the action of the verb passes over from the subject to an object. It is
called as Transitive verb. It has an object.

Intransitive Verb
Look at these examples;
Subject Verb Object
The baby sleeps. ---------.
He runs ---------to a long distance. (Phrase)
He laughs ---------- at me. (Phrase)

When the action of the verb does not pass over from the subject to an object,
it is called as Intransitive verb. The Intransitive verb does not have an object.
Note: The usage of the verb makes the verb either transitive or intransitive
verb. For example;

Verb used as Transitively Verb used as Intransitively

The ants fight the wasps. Some ants fight fiercely.

The shot sinks the ship. The ship sinks slowly.

The driver stopped the train. The train stopped suddenly.

He speaks the truth. He speaks regularly.

The horse kicked the man. The horse kicked harshly.


REGULAR VERB and IRREGULAR VERB

Look at these examples; REGULAR VERB

Present (First form) Past (second form) Past participle (third form)

Attack Attacked Attacked


Decide Decided Decided
Paint Painted Painted
Learn Learned Learned

When the verb forms its past tense by adding “d” or “ed” at the end of its
present tense, it is called as Regular verb.
Look at these examples; IRREGULAR VERB
Present (First form) Past (second form) Past participle (third form)

Begin Began Begun


Drink Drank Drunk
Sing Sang Sung
Sit Sat Sat
Come Came Come

When the verb forms its past and past participle by merely changing the
inside vowel is called Irregular verb.
Irregular verb has three types.

1. Verbs in which all three forms are the same.


Present (First form) Past (second form) Past participle (third form)
bet bet bet
burst burst burst
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
spread spread spread

2. Verbs in which two of the three forms are the same.


Present (First form) Past (second form) Past participle (third form)
beat beat beaten
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
build built built
hang hung hung
come came come
Learn Learnt Learnt

3. Verbs in which all three forms are different.


Present (First form) Past (second form) Past participle (third form)
blow blew blown
break broke broken
do did done
eat ate eaten
forgive forgave forgiven
grow grew grown
shake shook shaken
THE INFINITIVE (INFINITIVE always comes after the main verb of the sentence)

Look at these examples.


Subject Verb Object
I want to eat food.
We try to find faults.
He wishes to speak to me.
To eat, To find and To speak are called infinitives. The verb which carries
“To” before it is called Infinitive. More examples:
I want to teach you English. You like to help me.
She works to feed food to her children. They desire to plant flowers here.
Uses of Infinitive
1. Infinitive is used as the subject of a verb.
For example;
Subject Verb Object
To find faults is easy.
To reign is good ambition.
To respect is better.
To guide delights me.
To help gives reward.
To guide satisfies me.
(The infinitive is these sentences has been used as a subject)
2. Infinitive used as an object of verb (Sentence).

For example;
Subject Verb Object
Birds love to sing.
He likes to win games.
She wishes to cook food.
(The infinitive is these sentences has been used as an object.)
THE PARTICIPLE Look at these examples;

Hearing the noise, I went out.


Knocking at the door, the boy asked permission.
Flying the kite, he fell from the roof.

1.The word “hearing” qualifies the noun “noise”


2. The word “knocking” qualifies the noun “door”
3. The word “flying” qualifies the noun “kite”
The words “hearing, knocking and flying are doing the work of an
adjective as well as the work of a verb.
The word which partakes the nature of both the verb and an adjective is
called Participle.
The participle is also formed in past tense called past participle. For
example;
Blinded by the dust storm, they lost their way.
Driven by hunger, the boys fell down.
Guided by wisdom, they won the race.
Filled with courage, they crossed the river.

Note: Noun comes after the participle. The participle acts as an adjective.
More Examples:
I saw Ahmed playing football.
We like guiding Ahmed.
He saw me eating food.
THE GERUND

Look at these examples;

Gerund Participle

Reading is my favourite pastime. Reading books is good.

Playing gives health. Playing games is not allowed.

Teaching delights me. Teaching students is hard.

The Gerund is that form of the verb which ends in “ing” and has the force of a
noun and a verb. Verb will come after the Gerund.
Uses of Gerund

1.As a Subject of a verb.

Subject verb object


Hunting is prohibited in the school.
Seeing is believed.
Standing is dangerous over here.

2.As an object of the verb (Sentence).


Subject verb object
I like eating.
They are allowed playing.
We enjoy helping.
TENSES
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple present tense)
It always takes the first form of the verb.
For example:
I teach you English. You understand English. We win the match. They play
games.
Note: When the subject of the sentence is 3rd person singular, “s or es” is
added to the verb. For example: She cooks food. He polishes shoes. It rains
here. Saleem comes to me. The sun gives light. The bird flies in the air.
Q: How to make negative?
“Do not” is used after the subject when the subject is plural (I, We, You,
They) For example: I do not teach you. We do not win the match. You do not
follow me. They do not come here.
“Does not” is used after the subject when the subject is singular (He, She, It,
Name)
He does not follow me. She does not cook food. It does not rain regularly. The
sun does not give light. Ahmed does not tell a lie.
How to make interrogative?
Do and does are written at the start of the sentence. For example: Do I teach
you? Do we eat food? Do they help you? Do you go there?
Does he pass the exam? Does she drink water? Does the bird fly? Does it rain?

Present continuous tense.

Note: First form of verb with “ing” is used. (Is, Are and Am are used as
helping verbs). “Is” is used with He, She, It and Name. “Are” is used with We,
You, They. “Am” is used with I.
For example: I am teaching you. You are learning well. We are playing
games. He is eating food. She is washing clothes.
Q: How to make negative sentences?
Write “Not” after the helping verb.
For example: I am not teaching you. You are not learning well. We are not
playing games. He is not eating food. She is not washing clothes.
Q: How to make interrogative sentences?
Write the helping verb at the start of the sentence.
For example: Am I teaching you? Are you learning well? Are we playing
games? Is he eating food? Is she washing clothes?
Present perfect tense
Note: 3rd form the verb is used. Has and Have are used as helping verbs.
“Has” is used with He, She, It and Name. “Have” is used with I, We, You,
They.
For example: I have won the match. We have played a match. You have made
a decision. They have gone home. He has written a letter. She has eaten food.
The sun has given light. It has rained.
How to make negative?
“Not” is used after the helping verb. For example: I have not won the match.
He has not eaten food. We have not played a match. You have not made a
decision. They have not gone home. He has not written a letter.
How to make interrogative?
Has or Have are written before the subject. For example: Have you won the
match? Has she gone there? Have I won the match? Have we played a match?
Have you made a decision? Have they gone home?

Past Indefinite tense


Note: 2nd form of the verb is used in the sentence. For example: I wrote a
letter. She washed clothes. They drank water. He ate food.

How to make negative sentences?


“Did not” is used before the verb. The 2nd form of the verb is changed into
first form. For example: I did not write a letter. She did not wash clothes.
They did not drink water. He did not eat food.

How to make interrogative sentence?


“Did” is written at the start of the sentence. For example: Did I write a letter?
Did she wash clothes? Did they drink water? Did he eat food? Did you listen
to me? Did we win the match? Did the sun shine?
Past Continuous tense
First form of verb with “ing” is used in the sentence. (Was and Were are used
as helping verbs. “Was” is used with He, She, It, I and Name. “Were” is used
with We, You and They. For example: I was teaching you. You were learning
English. She was eating food. The moon was giving light. We were winning the
match. She was cooking food. They were helping me.

How to make interrogative sentence?


Write the helping verb at the start of the sentence. For example: Was I
teaching you? Were you learning it? Was he flying kites? Were they fighting?

How to make negative sentence?


Write “not” after the helping verb. For example: I was not teaching you. You
were not learning English. She was not eating food. The moon was not giving
light.

Past Perfect tense


Note: 3rd form of the verb is used. “Had” is used as a helping verb. For
example: I had taught you. You had understood it. We had won the match.
She had eaten food. He had gone there. I had helped you. They had arrived
here. The patient had died before the doctor came. I had completed my
lecture before you came. The children had not broken the cup before the
mother came. Had the sun given light before it rained?

How to make negative sentence?


Write “not” after the helping verb. For example: I had not taught you. You
had not understood it. We had not won the match. She had not eaten food. He
had not gone there. I had not helped you. They had not arrived here.

How to make interrogative sentence?


Write helping “Had” at the start of the sentence.
Had I taught you? Had you understood it? Had we won the match? Had she
eaten food? Had he gone there? Had I helped you? Had they arrived here?
Future indefinite tense
Note: Always use first form of the verb. Will and Shall are used as helping
verbs. Shall is used with I and We. Will is used with He, She, It, You and They
and Name.
For example: I shall help you. We shall win the match.
You will visit me. He will eat food. She will come here. It will rain today. The
sun will shine.
How to make negative sentences?
For example: I shall not help you. We shall not win the match.
You will not visit me. He will not eat food. She will not come here. It will not
rain today. The sun will not shine.
How to make interrogative sentences?
Write the helping verb at the start of the sentence. For example: shall I help
you? shall We win the match?
will You visit me? will He eat food? will She come here? will It rain today?
will The sun shine?

Active and Passive Voice of Present Indefinite Tense

Active voice Passive Voice

Subject Verb Object Object +HV + 3rd from of verb + by + Subject

I like mangoes. 1.Mangoes are liked by me.

We play football. 2. Football is played by us.

You read a book. 3. A book is read by you.

He takes tea. 4. Tea is taken by him.

She makes a noise. 5. A noise is made by her.


You read books. Books are read by you.

Sita eats food. Food is eaten by Sita.


Kavita cooks food. Food is cooked by Kavita.

Change the following sentences in the active


voice into the passive voice.

1. He helps us. 2. Doctors treat patients. 3.


Teachers teach students. 4. Parents bring up
children. 5. We love our country. 6. Masons
build houses. 7. Carpenters make furniture. 8.
Mechanics repair cars.

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. He opens the door.


2. We set the table.
3. She pays a lot of money.
4. I draw a picture.
5. They wear blue shoes.
6. They don't help you.
7. He doesn't open the book.
8. You do not write the letter.
9. Does your mum pick you up?
Does the police officer catch the thief?

Active and Passive Voice of Present Continuous Tense (Is, Are, Am)
Subject + Verb + Object Object + HV + Being + 3rd from of verb + by + Subject

I am reading a story. A story is being read by me.


The engine is driving the train. The train is being driven by the engine.
She is singing a song. A song is being sung by her.
The carpenter is making furniture. Furniture is being made by the carpenter.
My mother is talking to a stranger. A stranger is being talked to by my mother.
Are the masons building a house? Is a house being built by the masons?
I am not teaching English. English is not being taught by me.
We are not playing games. Games are not being played by us.

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (Test)

1. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. -


2. My father is washing the car. -
3. Farmer Joe is milking the cows. -
4. She is taking a picture of him. - A picture of him is being taken by her.
5. I am writing a poem. -
6. We are not playing football. -
7. He is not wearing a tie.
8. Is she preparing the party? Is The party being prepared by her?
9. Are they talking about the meeting? I s the meeting being talked about
by them?
10.Is she watering the flowers? Are The flowers being watered by her?
Change into passive voice.

I am reading a novel. I am manufacturing a tire. We are making cakes. We are


eating apples. You are listening to music. You are cooking Pizza. She is singing a
song. They are preparing dinner. They are driving a car. He is buying oranges. He
is typing an essay. It is creating problems for us. It is walking the distance.
Active and Passive Voice of Present Perfect Tense (Has been, Have been)

Subject + Verb + Object Object + HV + 3rd form of verb + by + Subject

I have written a story. A story has been written by me.


They have built a house. A house has been built by them.
He has broken my window. My window has been broken by him.
I have placed an order for a An order for a digital camera has been placed by me.
digital camera.
She has done her work. Her work has been done by her.

TEST

1. Kerrie has paid the bill.

2. I have eaten a hamburger.

3. We have cycled five miles.

4. I have opened the present.

5. They have not read the book.

6. You have not sent the parcel.

7. We have not agreed to this issue. This issue has not been agreed to by us.

8. They have not caught the thieves.

9. Has she phoned him? Has he been phoned by her?


10. Have they noticed us? Have we been noticed by them?
11. Kerrie has paid the bill.
12. I have eaten a hamburger.
13. We have cycled five miles.
14. I have opened the present.
15. They have not read the book.
16. You have not sent the parcel.
17. We have not agreed to this issue. 18.They have not caught the thieves.
Past indefinite tense. (Was, Were)
Subject Verb Object Object+ HV +3rd form of verb + by +Subject

She killed a snake. A snake was killed by her.

The students did not complete their homework. Their homework was not completed by the students.

Pakistan helped poor countries in past. Poor countries were helped by Pakistan in past.

Afridi opted retirement from cricket. Retirement from cricket was opted by Afridi.

He deposited school fees of the poor student. School fees of the poor student were deposited by him.

Ahmed drove my car from Delhi to Jaipur in 2000. My car was driven by Ahmed from Delhi to Jaipur in 2000.

Salem gave me full respect. I was given full respect by Salem.

Naveed attended all seminars in Haridwar. All seminars were attended by Naveed in Haridwar.

Did he grab good job from Jawad? Was good job from Jawad grabbed by him?

Exercise on Passive Voice - Simple Past


She sang a song. Somebody hit me.
We stopped the bus. A thief stole my car.
They didn't let him go. (He was not let go by them.) She didn't win the prize.
They didn't make their beds. I did not tell them.
She bought four apples. We won the match.
The man stole the blue car. The police arrested the thieves.
The dog bit the old lady. Tom and Max ate five hamburgers.
Oliver taught the children. Victoria rode the brown horse.
Grandmother told good stories.
Past continuous Tense. (Was being, Were being)

Active: She was writing a novel.


Passive: A novel was being written by her.
Active: They were saying their prayers.
Passive: Their prayers were being said by them.
Active: He was giving a lecture.
Passive: A lecture was being given by him.
Active: She was not preparing dinner.
Passive: Dinner was not being prepared by her.
Active: He was not making a speech.
Passive: A speech was not being made by him.

Exercise

I was writing a letter. He was cooking Food. They were Playing football.
He was learning English. She was making changes. They were implementing
rules. We were taking medicine. We were building buildings. They were fighting
with enemies. She was using make-up. We were celebrating Independence Day.
They were buying Milk. Brain was controlling our body. He was earning money.
It was installing windows. He was buying a mobile. He was selling Biryani.
I was drinking Water. They were catching Fishes. They were showing airplanes.

Past perfect Tense (Had been)

Active: The brave men had defended the city.


Passive: The city had been defended by the brave men.

Active: The little girl had broken the window.


Passive: The window had been broken by the little girl.

Active: Had Dorothy solved the problems?


Passive: Had the problems been solved by Dorothy?

Active: Those prisoners had robbed five banks.


Passive: Five banks had been robbed by those prisoners.
Active: Police had rescued number of child labourers.
Passive: Number of child labourers had been rescued by Police.

Active: Terrorists had infected drinking water also.


Passive: Drinking water also had been infected by terrorists.

Active: The slow hockey game had bored the spectators.


Passive: The spectators had been bored by the slow hockey game.

Active: System had made a lot many people guilty.


Passive: A lot many people had been made guilty by the system.

Active: The corrupt officers had made him a scapegoat.


Passive: He had been made a scapegoat by the corrupt officers.

Active: The organization had recruited fifty soldiers.


Passive: Fifty soldiers had been recruited by the organization.

Exercise

Firefighters had put out the fire successfully. Jim had received an anonymous gift.
Jerry had received the check just in time. Hospital staff hadn't accepted the injured
man. The Americans had discovered another planet. I had bought two laptops.
They had sold their home. The boy had solved the puzzle. She had written the
essay. They had sent him to Mumbai. She had taken the tablet.
The bandits had looted the shop. He had accepted the offer. The mechanic had
repaired the car. A girl from Kerala had won the first prize.
Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses Type I, II and III
1. The zero-conditional sentence. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the
simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be
replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present-1 simple present- 2

If you listen well you understand well.


When you listen well you understand well.
If you work hard you pass the exam.
When you work hard you pass the exam.
If Saleem comes here we give him reward.
If Ahmed speaks the truth we respect him
If we win the match we get the award.

If you heat ice it melts.


When you heat ice it melts.
If he comes here we guide him.
If the teacher guides well we follow him.
When the teacher guides well we follow him.

if + Simple Present, (1st form) will-Future Ind (1st form) (First conditional
sentence)
Sentence 1 Sentence 2
If it rains the grass gets wet.
When it rains. the grass gets wet.
If the bird flies it reaches the clouds.
When you eat food you survive.
He succeeds in the exam when he attends the class

If I find his address, I will send him an invitation.


I will pass the exam, if I work hard.
If you reach the station in time you will catch the train.
If you follow me you will learn English.
We will win the game if we do practice.
If she cooks well I will eat that food.
He will come here if you invite him.
If they study well they will pass the exam.
If you respect the parents you will succeed in life.
1. if + Simple Past, (2 form of verb) (would + first form of verb)
Sentence 1 Sentence 2
If I found his address, I would send him an invitation.
If I did not find his address, I would not send him an invitation.
I would pass the exam, if I worked hard.
I would not pass the exam, if I did not work hard.
If you reached the station in time you would catch the train.
If I guided you you would pass the exam.
If I did not guide you you would not pass the exam.
If you obeyed the parents they would help you.
He would learn well if he attended the class.
We would win the game if we did practice.
If she cooked well I would eat that food.
He would come here if you invited him.
If they studied well they would pass the exam.
If you respected the parents you would succeed in life.
2. if + Past Perfect(had +3rd form of verb) (would + have + 3rd form of verb)
Sentence 1 sentence 2
If I had found his address, I would have sent him an invitation.
I would have passed the exam, if I had worked hard.
If you had reached the station in time, you would have caught the train.
If you had taken food you would have got health.
You would have hunted birds well if you had learnt training.
If they had visited us we would have respected them.
He would have learnt well if he had attended the class.
We would have won the game if we had done practice.
If she had cooked well I would have eaten that food.
He would have come here if you had invited him.
If they had studied well they would have passed the exam.
If you had respected the parents you would have succeeded in life.
If I had not found his address, I would not have sent him an invitation.
I would not have passed the exam, if I had not worked hard.
If you had not reached the station in time, you would not have caught the
train.
If you had not taken food you would not have got health.
You would not have hunted birds well if you had not learnt training.
EXERCISE (TEST) First condition
Conditional Sentences Type I (if + Simple Present, will-Future)
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.

w ill have
1. If we meet at 9:30, we (to have) plenty of time.
look
2. Lisa will find the milk if she (to look) in the fridge.
3. The zookeeper will punish her with a fine if she (to feed) the
animals.
4. If you speak louder, your classmates (to understand) you.
5. Dan (to arrive) safe if he drive slowly.
6. You (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your
homework.
7. If you (to swim) in this lake, you'll shiver from cold.
8. The door will unlock if you (to press) the green button.
9. If Mel (to ask) her teacher, he'd have answered her questions.
10. I (to call) the office if I am/is you.
11. If you (go)----out with your friends tonight I---- (watch)the football match on TV.
12. I-------- (earn)a lot of money if I (get)-------- that job.
13.If she (hurry)----------- we ----------- (miss)the bus.

Conditional Sentences Type II if + Simple Past, (would + first form of verb)


sold
1. If Mr. Brown (sell) his car last year, he would get more money for it.
2. If Susan took her driving lessons regularly, she (pass) her driving
test.
3. If Mr. Jones (watch) the news every evening, he would know
more about politics.
4. If Charlie (stop) eating these green apples, he__soon feel sick.
5. If you told me the truth, I (help) you.
6. If old Mrs. White heard a strange noise, she (call) the police.
7. If I (have) good luck, I would have won the first prize.
8. If I (advise) you, I would throw away all this old junk.
9. If I got the earlier bus, I (___) come home at 5 o'clock.
10. If mother (make) apple pie, I would give you a piece.
11. If Peter (leave) earlier, he would miss the bus.
12. If we missed the train, we (take) a taxi.
13. If he (win) a lot of money, he would fly to Paris.
14. If she was ill, she (not come) to our party.
15. We (play) tennis if it stopped raining.

Conditional Sentences Type III


if + Past Perfect,(had +3rd form of verb) (would + have + Past Participle)
had studied w ould have passed
2. If you (study) for the test, you (pass) it.

3. If you (ask) me, I (help) you.

4. If we (go) to the cinema, we (see) my friend Jacob.

5. If you (speak) English, she (understand) .

6. If they (listen) to me, we (be) home earlier.

7. I (write) you a postcard if I (have) your address.

8. If I (not / break) my leg, I (take part) in the contest.

9. If it (not/ start) to rain, we (walk) to the museum.

10. We (swim) in the sea if there (not / be) so many sharks there.

11. If she (take) the bus, she (not / arrive) on time.


Sentence and its general types.
The group of words which gives understandable meaning is called sentence.
The sentence must have (Subject + verb).
(Subject + verb + Object)
I teach English.
You understand well.
They come here.
We win the game.
Types of sentences
1.Assertive / Declarative: A sentence that makes a statement or an assertion is
called an assertive or declarative sentence. Assertive sentence ends with a
period. For example;
He helps me. I give him my book. You invite me for a party. They complete
the project.
Assertive sentences are divided into two categories.
 Affirmative group of words
 Negative group of words

Affirmative sentence
In an affirmative group of words, we use a positive sense.
 They will listen to you.
 Jama Masjid is an attraction of Delhi.
 She is my mother, who is raising her hand.
 My father has returned to Pakistan after his meeting held in
America. Pakistan won in cricket by sixty runs. They planned to
visit Jama masjid in the vacation. I have started to write an epic.

Negative sentence
This group gives a negative sense.
He doesn’t get up in the morning. The students are not attending the Maths
class. Barking dogs don’t bite. I don’t hate anybody. They won’t listen to you.
She is not in that team. We cannot survive without oxygen. She doesn’t write
fiction. You cannot ignore me.
2.Interrogative sentences (Question mark)
The sentence which makes a question. Such sentences start with the helping
verb and end with the question mark.
For example;
Are you listening to me? Do you attend the class?
Was he feeding his children? Did he run from the field?
Am I advising you? Were you helping the people?
Will he come in the class?

An open-ended question usually begins with a "question word" in English:

 Who, whom, whose, what, when, where, why, which, how

For example;

 What is the right way to iron a shirt?


 When are the best days to go to the mall?
 Where is your new cat?
 Why is the sky blue?
 How are you today?
 Whom do you want to see?
 Which is the right way to your home?

3.Imperative sentences are used to issue a command or instruction, make a


request, or offer an advice. For example; Do not is used to make negative.

 Pass the salt. Do not pass the salt.


 Move out of my way.
 Shut the front door.
 Find my leather jacket.
 Be there at five.
 Clean your room.
 Complete these by tomorrow.
 Consider the red dress.
 Wait for me.
 Please help.
 Please solve my problems.

4.An exclamatory sentence makes a statement that conveys strong emotion or


excitement. To show sudden feelings. For example;
Oh! The result declared. Alas! I lost my pen. Hurrah! I passed the exam.

Exclamatory Sentences That Begin with "What:"

 What a lovely bouquet of flowers!


 What a cute puppy!
 What an ugly bug!
 What a happy ending!

Exclamatory Sentences That Begin with "How:"

 How bright they've grown in the sunlight! How well he listens!


How slow they crawl! How fast you ran!

Exclamatory Sentences Containing "So:"

 That birthday cake was so good!


 Sheldon's gift was so amazing!
 That bug is so ugly!
 I’m so mad right now!

Exclamatory Sentences Containing "Such:"


He's such a kind soul!
That's such a gorgeous ring!
Your puppy is such a cutie!
What Are the 14 Punctuation Marks in English Grammar? (Imp)

There are 14 punctuation marks that are commonly used in English grammar.
They are the period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon,
colon, dash, hyphen, parentheses, brackets, braces, apostrophe, quotation
marks, and ellipsis. Following their correct usage will make your writing easier
to read and more appealing.

1. The period (.) (Full stop) is placed at the end of declarative sentences,
statements thought to be complete and after many abbreviations. It
shows the completion of a sentence.

 As a sentence ender:
Jane and Jack went to the market.
He gave me books.
She works at home.
 It is used after an abbreviation:
Her son, John Jones Jr. was born on Dec. 6, 2008.
Jan. is the best month of the year.
The U.N.O is an organization. The U.K is a big country.
My Sr. officer is in the office.

2. Use a question mark (?) to indicate a direct question when placed at the
end of a sentence. It is used at the end of interrogative sentence.

 When did he leave for the market?


Am I teaching you? Do you learn it?
Do you understand it? Are you listening to me?

3. The exclamation point (Mark) (!) is used when a person wants to


express a sudden outcry or add emphasis. (Sudden feelings and
emotions)

 Oh! What a beautiful bird it is. Hurrah! I passed the AFC.


 Alas! He lost his books. Oh! What a heavy rain.
 To emphasize a point: My children expenses make me furious!
 The high price is unbearable! My students, you should work hard!
Comma, Semicolon, and Colon
Comma is used to represent the shortest pause.
1.To separate a series of words in the same construction.
England, France, and Italy made an alliance.
Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Peshawar are big cities.
He lost money, wealth, reputation, and friends.
It was long, dull, cloudy, and a boring day.
The river, lake, ocean, stream, and wells give water.
He writes his exercise neatly, quickly, and correctly.
2.To separate each pair of words connected by and
He should be devout and humble, cheerful and serene.
High and low, rich and poor, wise and foolish, must all die.
The stars and sun, the moon and planets, the earth and the sky are blessings.
Wisdom and knowledge, air and life, water and food are necessary for life.
3. Used after a noun in apposition
Wasim, our captain, played well.
Pakistan, my country, is beautiful.
Ahmed, my friend, always helps me.
Saeed, my teacher, teaches well.
Naveed, our teacher, guides well.
The sun, super planet, gives light.
4.To mark off words used in addressing people.
Lord of the universe, guides and protects us.
Follow me, my friends. Attack, my soldiers.
Come to my home, my children.
How are you, Saleem?
5. Before and after words, phrases, or clauses that come in the body of a
sentence.
He did not, however, gain his object.
It is mind, after all, which does the work of the world.
His behavior, to say the least, was very rude.
His story was, in several ways, improbable.
It is, therefore, requested to you.
I believe, when I see his intelligence, he can pass the exam.
6. When the adverbial clause (Dependent clause) comes before the principal
clause.
When evening comes, we rest.
What you teach, I understand it.
Because you invite me, I come here.
If you work hard, you will pass the exam.
Wherever I go, my shadow follows me.

7.The comma is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the


structure of a sentence. Additionally, it is used in numbers, dates, and letter
writing after the salutation and closing.

Separation of two complete sentences: (Independent clauses)

We went to the movies, and then we went out to lunch.


The night came on, we rested.
You invite me, and I come.
I teach, and you learn it.
The sun gives heat, and the moon gives beauty.

Separating lists or elements within sentences:


Ahmed wanted the black, green, and blue dress.
I eat apple, banana, water melon, and mango.

Resected Sir, Sir, Respected Madam, Yours truly, Yours sincerely,

The semicolon (;) is used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer


relationship between the clauses than a period would show.
Saleem was hurt; he knew that. I help you; I know that.
The night came on; we rested. She cooks well; she likes it.
It rained; the grass grew up. The dog barks; it bites babies.

A colon (:) has two main uses.


The first use is after a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an
example, or a series.
He was planning to study four subjects: politics, philosophy, sociology, and
economics.
He is reading: newspaper, book, note book and a play.
The principal parts of a verb in English are: the present tense, the past tense,
and the past participle tense.

For example: You can see it. For example: I will give you time.

The second use of a colon is for emphasis:


There was one thing he loved more than any other: his parents.
There is one great help the sun does to humans: to warm the earth.
There are many tasks the moon and the stars do: to shine and to beautify the
earth.

A dash is used to separate words into statements. There are two common
types of dashes: en dash and em dash.

 En dash: Twice as long as a hyphen, the en dash is a symbol (–) that is


used in writing or printing to indicate a range, connections or
differentiations, for example:
1880 –1945 1947– 2021 Princeton –New York trains.
Islamabad – Karachi road. The principal–teachers meeting.
Children–family car. Em dash: Longer than the en dash, the em dash
can be used in place of a comma, parenthesis, or colon to enhance
readability or emphasize the conclusion of a sentence. For example;
She gave him her answer — No! I teach you well—Yes!
Understand the lesson—Yes!
It is used to show an abrupt stop or change.
If I were a CSP officer— but why to lament the past.
Should we wait at home — why to waste time at home.
His friends, companions, relatives — all deserted him.

A hyphen is used to join two or more words together into a compound term
and is not separated by spaces.
For example:
part-time, back-to-back, well-known. Well-reputed.
Day-to-day, well-organized. Well–educated Well-mannered

Brackets are the squared off notations [] used for technical explanations or to
clarify meaning. If you remove the information in the brackets, the sentence
will still make sense.

 He [Mr. Jones] was the last person seen at the house.


He [Mr. Jones] learns English well.
My teacher [Mr. Saleem] is at home.
The PM [Imran Khan] is going.

Parentheses ( ) are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or


qualifying remarks. However, parentheses can be replaced by commas
without changing the meaning in most cases.

 Ahmed and Saima (who were actually half brother and sister) both have
red hair.
My father and my teacher (who are friends) help me.
My mother and my sister (who are teachers) cook well.

An apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a


word, the possessive case. Examples of the apostrophe in use include:

 Omission of letters from a


word:
I've seen that movie several times.
She wasn't the only one who knew the answer.
I’m your teacher.
You don’t follow me.
 Possessive case: Sara's dog bit the neighbor. This is children’s house.
This is my father’s car.

Quotations marks (" ") are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to
mark the beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated
word for word. They are also used to indicate meanings and to indicate the
unusual or dubious status of a word.

 She said, "Don't go outside." He said to me, “Work hard.”


 Quaid Azam said, “Love your country.”

The ellipsis is most commonly represented by three periods (. . .) although it is


occasionally demonstrated with three asterisks (***). The ellipsis is used in
writing or printing to indicate an omission, especially of letters or words.
Ellipses are frequently used within quotations to jump from one phrase to
another, omitting unnecessary words that do not interfere with the meaning.
Students writing research papers or newspapers quoting parts of speeches will
often employ ellipsis to avoid copying lengthy text that is not needed.

 Omission of words: She began to count, "One, two, three, four…" until
she got to 10, then went to find him.
 Within a quotation: When Newton stated, "An object at rest stays at
rest and an object in motion stays in motion..." he developed the law of
motion.

PUNCTUATE THE PARAGRAPH

1.she looked surprised she said your garden must be big he said that it is and he had
plans to make it bigger he took the ladder out of the garage he set it up in the garden
room when he was on the ladder he could reach the top of the walls now he could
have trees in his garden he made a pear tree and a walnut tree he made vines to hang
from the branches he made birds nests in the trees it rained one night and he lay
awake my garden will be gone he thought but it was not gone only a few vegetables
were washed away

2.sammy and ralph were snowmen sammy was ralphs cousin sammy was a very
proper little snowman and ralph was a rebel ralph always wanted to do things
differently while sammy always wanted to do what he was supposed to do because
ralph wanted to be different he wore sunglasses a yellow flowered tourist hat and a
bright blue shirt he also carried a briefcase sammy wore a blue top hat a striped scarf
and carried a shovel ralph did have one traditional snowman characteristic that was
the same as sammys however like all snowmen he had handsome orange carrot nose
one day ralph decided to pack his suitcase full of snowballs his cousin sammy told
him not to he told ralph that all the snowballs would melt and ruin his suitcase ralph
didnt listen he packed his suitcase full of snowballs and they all melted water started
to leak out of his suitcase ralph figured out a way to solve his problem he put his
suitcase in the freezer and the water turned to ice

Direct and Indirect speeches

Direct speech has two parts.

1. Reporting speech: It is the first part of the sentence. It has Subject


and an Object.
He said to me, “________.”
She said to me, “_______.”
They said to him, “_______.”
Ahmed said to him, “_______.”

2. Reported speech: It is the second part of the sentence. It has


persons.
He said to me, “I am helping you.”
He said to me, “You are my friend.”
He said to me, “My parents will talk to you and to them.”

Persons: Persons are three in number.

First persons: “I and We” are called first persons. These are changed
according to the subject of the reporting speech. For example;

1.He said to me, “I am reading a book.” (Direct speech)


He said to me that he was reading a book. (Indirect speech).
The first person “I” has been changed with the subject (He) of the reporting
speech.
2. They said to me, “We are going home.” (Direct speech)
They said to me that they were going home. (Indirect speech)
The first person “We” has been changed with the subject (They) of the
reporting speech.
Second person: “You” is called second person. It is changed according to the
object of the reporting speech. For example;

He said to me, “You are reading well.” (Direct speech)

He said to me that I was reading well. (Indirect speech)

He said to her, “You are cooking food.”

He said to her that she was cooking food.

Third persons: “He, she, they, it” are called third persons. These are not
changed. For example;

He said to me, “She is cooking food.” (Direct speech)


He said to me that she was cooking food. (Indirect speech)
You said to me, “He is going there.”
You said to me that he was going there.
He said to me, “They are coming here.”
He said to me that they were coming here.
She said, “It is raining here.”
She said that it was raining there.

Change of tenses:

Tense in Direct speech Tense in Indirect speech

Simple present tense is changed into Simple past tense

Present continuous tense is changed into Past continuous tense

Present perfect tense is changed into Past perfect tense

Simple past is changed into Past perfect tense

Past continuous tense is changed into Past perfect continuous tense


I My Me

We Our Us

You Your You

He His Him

She Her Her

They Their Them

Examples;

He said to me, “I am helping you.” (Direct speech)

He said to me that he was helping me. (Indirect speech)

He said to me, “My parents will talk to you.”

He said to me that his parents would talk to me.

She said to me, “I like your books.”

She said to me that she liked my books.

They said to me, “We always like to go with you.”

They said to me that they always liked to go with me.

The teacher said to me, “You have performed your duty well.”

The teacher said that I had performed my duty well.


Change into Indirect form of speech. (Practice Test)
1. He said to me, “My parents have advised me not to speak to you.”
2. He said to me, “I have appreciated the work which you have done for
me.”
3. He said to me, “She has talked to her teacher and my sister.”
4. She said to me, “You purchase things for me and for him.”
5. The teacher said to me, “We guide you because you can win awards for
us.”
6. He said to me, “I always teach you and them.”
7. He said to me, “You advise me and your brother.”
8. He said to me, “We love our country and your sweet home.”
9. She said to me, “I am the asset of my parents and your family.”
10.She said to me, “You can improve your studies.”

Interrogative sentences:

Change the Reported speech of direct speech into Affirmative sentence than
change that Affirmative sentence into indirect speech.

He said to me, “Where are you going?” (You are going) Affirmative sentence
He asked me where I was going.
My mother said to me, “What can I do for you?” (I can do for you)
My mother asked me what she could do for me.
The teacher said to me, “When will you complete the task?” (you will
complete the task)
The teacher asked me when I would complete the task.
He said to me, “Why are you feeling nervous?” (you are feeling nervous)
He asked me why I was feeling nervous.
The police man said, “Why do you break the law?” (you break the law)
The police man asked why I broke the law.
The officer said, “When do you complete the task?” (you complete the task)
The officer asked when I completed the task.

Exercise.
1. He said to me, “Where are you working?”
2. She said to me, “Why are you using my books?”
3. He said to me, “When will you come back?”
4. He said to me, “What do you want?”
5. She said to me, “Why are you sitting here?”

If the reported speech starts with “helping verb” replace the inverted commas
with either “if or whether”

He said to me, “Are you going home? (you are coming home.)
He asked me whether I was going home.

My father said to me, “Will you complete the project today?”


My father asked me whether I would complete the project that day.

He said to me, “Have you visited Lahore?” (You have visited Lahore.)
He asked me whether I had visited Lahore.

The man said, “Will you show me the right way to Shalimar garden?”
The man asked whether I would show him the right way to Shalimar garden.

The police man said, “Can I check your luggage? (I can check your luggage.)
The police man asked whether he could check my luggage.

He said to me, “Can you help me?”


He asked me whether I could help him.

Exercise
1. He said to me, “Are you listening to me?”
2. She said to me, “Am I helping you?”
3. He said to me, “Can I show you my books?”
4. He said to me, “Have you done your job?”
5. He said to me, “Have you guided them?”
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES.

The word “Hurrah” is changed into “exclaimed with joy”


The word “Alas” is changed into “exclaimed with sorrow”

He said to me, “Hurrah! I have passed my exam.”


He exclaimed with joy that he had passed his exam.

She said, “Alas! I have missed my lecture.”


She exclaimed with sorrow that she had missed her lecture.

The teacher said, “Hurrah! You have got first position in my class.”
The teacher exclaimed with joy that I had got first position in his class.

The police man said, “Alas! We cannot catch the thief.”


The police man exclaimed with sorrow that they could not catch the thief.

My father said, “Hurrah! You have proved your strength.”


My father exclaimed with joy that I had proved my strength.

He said, “Alas! We don’t have any place for you.”


He exclaimed with sorrow that they did not have any place for me.

Exercise
1. He said to me, “ Hurrah! I have won the game.”
2. She said to me, “ Hurrah! My parents have come back.”
3. He said to me, “ Alas! I have lost my watch.”
4. The man said, “ Alas! I can not teach you .”
5. He said to me, “ Hurrah! I have passed the exam.”
OPTATIVE SENTENCES
“May” is changed into “might”
He said to me, “May you win the match.”
He wished me that I might win the match.
My mother said to me, “May you succeed in your mission.”
My mother wished me that I might succeed in my mission.
The teacher said to me, “May you understand the instructions.”
The teacher wished me that I might understand the instructions.
The captain said, “May you gain the goal of your life.”
The captain wished that I might gain the goal of my life.
The woman said, “May my son succeed in his mission.”
The woman wished that her son might succeed in his mission.

Exercise
1. He said to me, “May you live long life.”
2. He said to me, “May I reach home.”
3. She said to me,” May my parents help me.”
4. She said to me, “May we gain our goals.”
5. He said to me,” May I succeed in my studies.”
Past indefinite Tense (Active and Passive Voices)
Active Voice Passive Voice

Subject Verb Object Object Was / Were Verb By Subject


She killed a snake. A snake was killed by her.

Subject Verb Object Object Was / Were Verb By Subject


The students did not complete their Their homework was not completed by the students.
homework.

Subject Verb Object Object Was / Were Verb By Subject


Pakistan helped poor countries in Poor countries were helped by Pakistan in past.
past.

Afridi opted retirement from cricket. Retirement from cricket was opted by Afridi.

He deposited school fees of the poor School fees of the poor students were deposited by him.
students.

He drove my car from school to college My car was driven by him from school to college in 2000.
in 2000.

He gave me full respect. I was given full respect by him.

You attended all seminars in All seminars were attended by you in Islamabad.
Islamabad.

Did he grab good job from you? Was good job from you grabbed by him?

Subject verb object Object was / were verb by subject


She sang a song. A song was sung by her.
Somebody hit me. I was hit by somebody.
We stopped the bus. The bus was stopped by us.
A thief stole my car. My car was stolen by the thief.
They didn't let him go. He was not let go by them.
She didn't win the prize. The prize was not won by her.
Exercise
Change into passive voice

1.They didn't make their beds. 2. I did not tell them.

3. She bought four apples. 4.We won the match.

5. The man stole the blue car. 6. The police arrested the thieves.

7. The dog bit the old lady. 8. Tom and Max ate five hamburgers.

9. Oliver taught the children. 10. Victoria rode the brown horse.

11. Grandmother told good stories.

Past continuous Tense.

Subject verb object Object was / were being verb by subject


She was writing a novel.
A novel was being written by her.
They were saying their prayers.
Their prayers were being said by them.
He was giving a lecture.
A lecture was being given by him.
He was not making a speech.
A speech was not being made by him.
I was writing a letter.
A letter was being written by me.
He was cooking Food.
Food was being cooked by him.
They were Playing football.
Football was being played by them.
She was making changes.
Changes were being made by her. EXERCISE
He was learning English. They were implementing rules. We were taking
medicine. We were building buildings. They were fighting with enemies.
She was using make-up. We were celebrating Independence Day. They were
buying Milk. Brain was controlling our body. He was earning money. It was
installing windows. He was buying a mobile. He was selling Biryani.
I was drinking Water. They were catching Fishes. They were showing aero-
planes.

Phrase

Look at these examples:


In the east. On the wall. At my door. In the room. Of great intelligence.
The group of words which makes sense but not complete sense is called
phrase.
Types
1. Adjective Phrase:
(Make noun of the adjective given in the sentence and write some words
before or after it to make an Adjective phrase.)

Look at these examples: Adjective phrase


Ahmed was a wealthy man. Ahmed was a man of great wealth.
He is an intelligent man. He is a man of great intelligence.
The king wears a golden crown. The king wears a crown made of gold.
He wears a silky turban. He wears a turban made of silk.
You are a wise man. You are a man of great wisdom.
The group of words which does the work of an adjective in a sentence is called
an adjective phrase. More examples:
He is a fearless man. He is a man without fear.
This is a useless place. This is a place of no use.
He is carrying a bloody sword. He is carrying a sword stained with blood.
He is a brave man. He is a man of great bravery.
She is an honest lady. She is a lady of great honesty.
He is dull man. He is a man without intelligence.
You are a bald man. You are a man with no hair on head.

2. Adverb phrase
(Make noun of the adverb given in the sentence and write some words before
or after it to make an Adverb phrase.)

Look at these examples: Adverb phrase

The army fights bravely. The army fights in a brave manner.


He runs speedily. He runs with great speed.
Never answer rudely. Never answer in a rude manner.
She works carelessly. She works with no care.
We work intelligently. We work with great intelligence.
The group of words which does the work of an adverb in a sentence is called
an adverb phrase. More examples:

He speaks wisely. He speaks in a wise manner.


She speaks eloquently. She speaks with great eloquence.
The wind blew violently. The wind blew with great violence.
He works intelligently. He works with great intelligence.
They behave nicely. They behave in a nice manner.
The book fell here. The book fell at this place.
The pen fell there. The pen fell at that place.

Noun phrase
Look at this example:

Subject Verb Object Subject Verb Object


1.Ahmed wants something. 2.Ahmed wants to drink water.

In sentence 1 the word “Something” is a noun because it does the work of a


noun and it falls at the place of an Object. In sentence 2 the group of words “to
drink water” also does the work of a noun and falls at the place of an object. It
is, therefore, called Noun phrase. In the Noun phrase, there is an infinitive verb
followed by a noun. More examples:

My father wishes to speak to the principal. He dislikes to punish his servants.


She likes to cook food. They promise to come home. You deny to kill people.
It surprises me to see you here.

The group of words which does the work of a noun in a sentence is called Noun
Phrase.

He comes here to guide me. They want to help us. Ahmed desires to win the
game. The teacher wants to understand us. I go there to catch the train.
Exercise of Active and Passive Voice of simple present tense.

1.You don’t punish your servants. 2. They kill their enemies in the war. 3. We
shut the door at night. 4. I drink clean water from the well. 5. We don’t beat
animals. 6. She doesn’t buy things from the market. 7. She obeys her parents.
Exercise of Active and Passive Voice of present continuous tense.

1. He is always advising me to work hard. 2. She is dressing the clothes in the


room. 3. You are finishing the task in time. 4. We are making profits in the
business. 5. They are drawing a map of Pakistan. 6. The boys are flying kites in
the open ground. 7. The birds are searching for insects in the grass.
Exercise of Active and Passive Voice of present perfect tense.

1.They have fought a war against their enemies. 2. We have admonished them
to avoid teasing teachers. 3. Professional employees have left the organization
because of the incompetent manager. 4. She has spoken the truth to win the
negotiation. 5. You have buried the dead bodies in the mud. 6. My parents have
admitted me in the prominent institute.

Past perfect Tense

Subject verb object Object had been verb by subject


The men had defended the city.
The city had been defended by the men.
The girl had broken the window.
The window had been broken by the girl.
Dorothy had solved the problems.
The problems had been solved by Dorothy.
Those prisoners had robbed five banks.
Five banks had been robbed by those prisoners.
Police had rescued child labourers.
Child labourers had been rescued by Police.

Exercise

Firefighters had put out the fire successfully.


Jim had received an anonymous gift.
Jerry had received the check just in time.
Hospital staff hadn't accepted the injured man.
The Americans had discovered another planet. I had bought two laptops.
They had sold their home. The boy had solved the puzzle.
She had written the essay. They had sent him to Islamabad.
She had taken the tablet. The bandits had looted the shop.
He had accepted the offer. The mechanic had repaired the car.
A girl from Kerala had won the first prize.
Terrorists had infected drinking water also.
The slow hockey game had bored the spectators.
The system had made a lot many people guilty.
The corrupt officers had made him a scapegoat.
The organization had recruited fifty soldiers.

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