Tourism Introduction to Tourism "Tourism and travel have been part of the human experience for millennia" - Smith • In the last 30 years, most certainly with the rise of the jet aircraft, tourism has grown significantly and emerged as a global phenomenon. • The late 20th century and the new millennium have witnessed the sustained growth of the leisure society in which people place value on holidays, travel and the experience of visiting new places and societies. • The growth of this consumer focused society in the developed world since 1950, with its emphasis on discretionary spending on leisure activities, reflects greater disposable income and the increased availability from time to time to engage in leisure pursuits and holidays. • Although the leisure society has its roots in the Western developed world, trends that emerged in the 1990's indicated and expansion in the global propensity to travel and engage in holidays. • As a result of major economic, political, social and cultural changes, demand is escalating in countries formerly not engaged in international tourism activities such as post-communist countries and in new world regions such as Asia, China and the Indian subcontinent. Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destination outside the place where they normally live and work and include the activities they indulge in at the destination as well as all facilities and service especially created to meet their needs.And the people who move away from their usual place of work and stay for more than 24hours and less than a year are known as tourist. Tourism market is divided into two categories: 1. Leisure tourist- recreation activities or enjoyment 2. Business tourist – main motive for travel is to make profit or expanding their business Tourism is of two types: 1. Domestic tourism: residents of a country travelling within the borders of that country 2. International tourism: travelling from one country to another · Inbound tourism - this refers to incoming tourist or tourist entering a country · Outbound tourism- this refers to outgoing tourist or tourist leaving their country of origin to travel to another country. FEW TERMS: Visitor: any person visiting a country other than his usual placeof residence for any other reason than following an occupation from within the country visited. Excursionist: a day visitor who stays for less than 24 hours at a place. Excursionists do not stay overnight. Tourist: a temporary visitor to a place. People who leave their usual place of residence and work to have a change from their usual routine for a short time, they stay at the place overnight i.e. for at least 24 hours. Traveller: a person who travels from one place to another, irrespective of the purpose of travel or duration of stay. Transit visitor: a traveller who passes through a country without breaking journey other than taking connecting transport. Destination: the place where the tourist travel for leisure or business related activities. There can be no tourism without a destination. For a destination to develop and sustain itself, the following five A’s are (classic five ‘A’s of tourism) are: 1. Accessibility – refers to transport and transport infrastructure. 2. Accommodation –refers to place to stay 3. Amenities- facilities available at the destinationwhich help in meeting the needs of the tourist. 4. Attraction- reason for travel( natural, human made, cultural, social) Activities- thing to do. 5. Affordability- cost of tour TOURISM IS MADE UP OF FIVE ELEMENTS: · Traveller generating region · Transit region · Tourist destination region · Tourist · Tourism industry All the above are influenced by the external environment.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM
· Economic impact o Employment generator o Increase tax revenue o Foreign exchange earner o Rural development promoter o Improved infrastructure o Increase in gross domestic products o Multiplier effect · Environmental impact o Some tourist destinations like parks, wildlife and bird sanctuaries helps in maintaining the ecological balance o Historical sites are preserved and restored o Endangered species protected o Forest are protected o Create awareness about environment · Sociocultural impact o Develops entrepreneurship o Provides jobs o Increase income o Improve quality of life o Preserves heritage o Revive art and craft o Helps national and international integration develops facilities and infrastructure o Revives vernacular languages · Demonstration effect o Welcoming Attitude o Dressing and fashion o · Cultural impact o Helps in preservation of culture o Rejuvenation of art forms folk dance and music retain authenticity · Political impact
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM
• Economic impact o Leakage- it refers to the process through which tourism receipts are withdrawn or leave the destination’s country. this happens when money is spent on buying goods and services from another economy . • Environmental impact o Environmental pollution o Depletion of natural resources o Land erosion o Loss of natural resources o Traffic congestion o Garbage trails • Sociocultural impact o Rural urban migration o Disruption of lifestyle o Narcotics and drug abuse o Decreased use of local language o Health issues like HIV, AIDS, flu and virus o Prostitution o Alcoholism o Crime- pick- pocketing, mugging, rape, murder o Money laundering o Disrespect to local customs • Demonstration effect o Local or host irritation o Hostility from locals • Cultural impact o Social norms and customs are effected o Cultural arrogance o Dilution of culture • Political impact o Leads to Terrorism
DIFFERENT FORMS OF TOURISM: (not to be learnt)
· LEISURE OR HOLIDAY- change in climate and place, enjoy scenery, de stress,rest and relax. Destination includes hill, beach, and island. Facilities include body massage, steam and sauna bath, yoga, facial etc.
· ADVENTURE- ¨ Adventure on land-includes jungle safari, desert safari, motor racing, wall climbing, trekking, camping, rock climbing, mountain biking, skiing, heli- skiing, ¨ Water adventure-includes diving, scuba diving, snorkelling, parasailing, water scooters, water skiing, wind surfing, white water rafting. ¨ Aerial adventure-ballooning, parachuting, skydiving, para gliding, parasailing, gliding, hang gliding, bungee jumping
· SPORTS-oldest form hunting and skiing. Cricket, white water rafting,
· RELIGIOUS- is also known as pilgrimage or spiritual tourism.
· HEALTH- people travelling to improve and rebuild their health and
stamina. Include visit to spa( sanus per aquam)means good health through water, yoga, massage, body scrub, facial, reiki, pain relief Health tourism include following aspects: § Change in climate § Alternative therapy- like hot sulphur spring, ayurvedic treatment, mud therapy, naturopathy, art of living etc. § Medical tourism- tourist visiting for medical treatment i.e. Hospitals, technology, doctors, nursing, paramedical staff
· CULTURAL- lifestyle, dress, jewellery, dance, music, architecture and
· BUSINESS AND MICE- motive for travel is work such as attending
meeting, conference, convention, trade fair, selling product, meeting clients. 85% air travel is business related, 50% hotel occupancy is business travel segment. Businesstraveller looks for the best facilities as expenses are paid by the company. Duration of stay is short, destination business based, frequent and experienced traveller, more demanding.
MICE- MEETING, INCENTIVES, and CONVENTIONS AND
EXHIBITION: not the main stream business travel but it is the subset of the business travel. It includes small meeting, training courses, seminars, workshops. MICE traveller expects a high level of comfort, hassle free movement and value for money. INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED FOR MICE i. Accommodation ii. Convention centre iii. Transportation iv. Convention and meeting planners v. Exhibition grounds and halls vi. Food and beverage service vii. Trained human resource viii. Communication aids ix. Internet accessibility x. Security services xi. Sightseeing xii. entertainment
Areas that require special planning for MICE are:
¨ venues- enough space for international delegations to hold meeting, conventions and exhibition ¨ transportation- both air and ground ¨ accommodation- near meeting, conference, exhibition venues and should be equipped with fax, laptop, internet connection, telex, video conference facilities ¨ other support services- catering, shopping, entertainment
QUESTIONS : 1. who are tourists and what is tourism? 2. What are the main fundamentals of tourism? 3. What are the objectives of tourism? 4. What are the types of tourism? 5. Write a short note on :- a. natural attractions b. health tourism in India c. Annual holiday d. Visa e. Foreign currency f. Water transport tourism g. Use of Internet in Tourism 6. Define the elements of tourism 7. Write in detail about the great wars on tourism. 8. What do you mean by historic tourism and geo – tourism? 9. State any two environmental impacts of tourism. 10. List any two places well known for beach tourists in India. 11. Explain the impacts of tourism on wildlife 12. Describe the role of railway as mode of transport in tourism. 13. Discuss the merits and demerits of Sports Tourism. 14. What is adventure tourism? 15. State any two places where caves are located in India. 16. Give any two merits and demerits of roadways as a mode of transport in tourism. 17. Explain the role of tourism in foreign exchange earnings and balance of payment in India. 18. Discuss the range of services in tourism sector with proper examples. 19. Discuss the social and cultural impacts of tourism. 20. Discuss the role of accommodation in tourism industry.
