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    Relational Database Management System 10 Notes

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    Relational Database Management System 10 Notes

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    15 views6 pages

    Relational Database Management System 10 Notes

    Uploaded by

    anuragsingh979468

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

    Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:-


    In a stationary shop, detailed records of the materials available in the
    shop is database. Similarly in a computerized system, we need to
    maintain several files, we would used database programs such as
    Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL. These database
    programs are used to organize the data as per our needs in the computer
    system.

    Database Management System (DBMS) – A database management system is


    a software package with computer programs that controls the creation,
    maintenance and use of a database. A DBMS allows different user

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    application programs to concurrently access the same database. Some of
    the DBMSs are Oracle, IBMDB2, Microsoft SQLserver, MicrosoftAccess,
    PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxProand SQLite.

    Advantages of Database
    Reduces Data Redundancy : no chance of encountering duplicate data
    ee
    Sharing of Data : the users of the database can share the data among themselves
    Data Integrity : Data integrity means that the data is accurate and consistent
    in the database
    Data Security : Only authorized users are allowed to access the database
    and their identity is authenticated using a user name and password
    nd
    Privacy : The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized
    users can access a database according to its privacy constraints
    Backup and Recovery : Database Management System automatically takes care
    of backup and recovery.
    Data Consistency : Data Consistency means there should be multiple
    mismatching copies of the same data.
    sa

    Data can be organized into two types:-


    Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount
    of data.
    Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked
    using a common field. Relational is suitable for medium to large amount
    of data.
    Database Servers– Database servers are dedicated computers that hold
    the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software.
    Databases on the database servers are accessed through command line
    or graphic user interface tools referred to as -
    Front ends: database servers are referred to as
    Back-ends: Such type of data access is referred to as Client-server model.

    RDBMS :- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a


    database management system that is based on the relational model. In
    the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of
    tuples(rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database organized in
    terms the relational model is a relational database.

    Database Concepts :- Database contains objects that are used for storing and
    managing in formation.
    1. Item:- Item is about which information is stored in the

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    database.
    2. Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.
    3. Record:- Record is a set of information(made up of fields)
    stored in your database about one of the items.
    4. Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date
    that you put in while adding information to your database.
    ee
    For example, Database: Employee
    Emp_Code Emp_Name Emp_Address Emp_Designa Emp_ContactNo Emp_Salary
    t io

    E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.50000

    Item: Employee
    nd
    Field: Emp_Code, Emp_Name, Emp_Address, Emp_Designation,
    Emp_ContactNo, Emp_Salary

    Record:
    sa

    E001 ABC Meerut Manager 987654321 Rs.


    50,000

    Value: E001, ABC, Meerut, Manager, 9876543210, Rs.50,000


    Key Field:- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely identifies the
    record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every employee.

    Important Question:- How data is organized in a RDBMS?


    Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.
    TABLE:- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of
    vertical columns and horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key
    index or the key field.
    COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular
    simple type, one for each row of the table. For eg. Emp_Code, Emp_Name,
    Emp_Address etc.
    ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES:- A row represents a single, data items
    in a table. Each row in a table represents as set of related data, and every
    row in the table has the same structure.
    DATATYPES:- Data types are used to identify the type of data we are
    going to store in the database.

    Categories of datatypes :- Data types can be broadly classified into five


    categories:-
    1. Numeric Types

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    2. Alphanumeric Types
    3. Binary Types
    4. Date Time
    5. Other variable Types
    ee
    NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values like
    mobile number, age, etc.
    The different types of numeric data types available are -
    1. Boolean (Yes/No) 6. Numeric
    2. Tiny Int (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal
    nd
    3. Small Int (Small Integer) 8. Real
    4. Integer 9. Float
    5. Big Int (Big Integer) 10.Double

    ALPHA NUMERIC TYPES :-


    The list of different data types available in alphanumeric types are
    sa

    1. LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)


    2. Char (Text-fix)(Small Text)
    3. VarChar (Text)(Text of specified Length)
    4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text)( Comparisions are not case sensitive)

    BINARY TYPES:-
    Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for
    storing photos, music files or (in general file of any format) etc.
    The list of different data types available in Binary types are :-
    1. LongVarBinary (Image)
    2. Binary (Binary(fix)
    3. VarBinary (Binary)

    DATE TIME:-
    Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for
    the field used in the table of a database. It can be used for storing
    information such as date of birth, date of admission etc.

    The list of different data types available In Date Time type are :-
    1. Date (Stores month, day and year information)
    2. Time (Store hour, minute and second information)
    3. Timestamp (Stores date and time information)

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    PRIMARY KEY :- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a
    table. These keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for
    the database to search are cord.

    FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in


    ee
    one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns in
    another (referenced)table.

    Note :- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the
    PK(PrimaryKey) Attributes to be copied. The “many” side of a relation is
    always the child, into which the FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.
    nd
    Memorize it: one, parent, PK(PrimaryKey); many, child, FK (ForeignKey)
    There are two types of languages:-
    1. DDL(Data Definition Language)
    2. DML(Data Manipulation Language)
    sa

    DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE :- It is a


    standard for commands that define the different structures in a
    database. DDL statements create, modify and remove database
    objects such as tables, indexes and users.
    Common DDL Statements are :-
    1. Create:- Used to create database objects.
    2. Alter:- Used to modify database objects.
    3. Drop:- Used to delete database objects.
    DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE :- It is a standard for commands that
    enables users to access and manipulate data in a database.
    Common DML Statements are :-
    1. SELECT:- Used for retrieval of information from the database.
    2. INSERT:- Used for insertion of new information into the
    database.
    3. DELETE:- Used for deletion of information in the database.
    4. UPDATE:- Used for modification of information in the database.

    Types of DML :-
    1. Procedural :- The user specifies what data is needed and how to
    get it.
    2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is needed.
    Note :- A popular data manipulation language is SQL(Structured

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    Query Language.)
    In this article on SQL Commands, I am going to consider the below
    database as an example, to show you how to write commands.

    Employee_Info
    ee
    Emergency
    Employee Employee Phone Address City Country
    Contact Name
    ID Name Number

    Shanaya Abhinay Oberoi


    01 98987656 Mumbai India
    Street23
    12
    nd
    Marathalli
    02 Anay Soumya 94321567 House No Delhi India
    83 23
    03 Preeti Rohan 97642345 Queens Road Bangalore India
    19 45

    CREATE : To create Table


    sa

    CREATETABLEEmployee_Info
    DROP : To Delete
    DROPDATABASEEmployee (complete information
    present in the database will be lost)
    DROPTABLETableName (complete information
    present in the table will be lost)
    TRUNCATETableEmployee_Info(your information will be lost, but
    not the table)

    ALTER : This statement is used to add, delete, modify columns in an


    existing table
    ALTERTABLE
    Employee_InfoADD
    BloodGroup
    varchar(255);.
    INSERT : This statement is used to insert new records into the table.
    INSERTINTOEmployee_Info
    VALUES('02','Anay','Soumya','9432156783','Marathalli
    HouseNo23','Delhi','India');
    UPDATE : This statement is used to modify the records already present in
    the table
    UPDATEEmployee_Info
    SETEmployeeName='Aahana',City='Ahmedabad'WHERE EmployeeID=1;

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    DELETE : This statement is used to delete the existing records in a
    table
    DELETEFROMEmployee_InfoWHEREEmployeeName='Preeti';
    SELECT : This statement is used to select data from a database and
    the data returned is stored in a result table, called the result- set.
    SELECTEmployeeID,EmployeeNameFROMEmployee_Info;
    (*)is used to select all from the table SELECT*FROMEmployee_Info;
    ee
    nd
    sa

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