AC HPAT Physics Well Explained Questions

DIstance
· Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered"
during its motion.
Displacement
· Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is
the object's overall change in position.
Position
· Position is a place where someone or something is located or has been put. In
physics, position is usually a number on an axis. ... Position is a vector, because
direction matters. But distance is a scalar. Distance is how far you've traveled.
Speed
· Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. It is how fast an object is moving.
Speed is the scalar quantity that is the magnitude of the velocity vector. It doesn't have
a direction.
Acceleration
· Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time.
Instantenous velocity
· Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object in motion at a specific point in time.
This is determined similarly to average velocity, but we narrow the period of time so that
it approaches zero. If an object has a standard velocity over a period of time, its
average and instantaneous velocities may be the same.
A force
a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A
force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (which includes to begin
moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively
as a push or a pull
Net force
· Net force is the vector sum of forces acting on a particle or body. The net force is a
single force that replaces the effect of the original forces on the particle's motion. It
gives the particle the same acceleration as all those actual forces together as described
by the Newton's second law of motion.
Uniform vs. non-uniform motion
· Difference between uniform and non-uniform motion with examples. In Uniform
motion, movement of a body is along the straight line with constant speed. In non
uniform motion, movement of a body is along the straight line with variable speed. In
uniform motion, body covers equal distance in equal interval of time
What is the difference between constant, instantaneous, and average speed?
· constant speed is where the speed is the same throughout and instantaneous speed is
speed given at any moment and average speed is a total distance traveled divided by
the amount of time it took to travel it.
Newtons Laws
Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a
straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. The
second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables -
the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object.
The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
Coefficient of friction
· A coefficient of friction is a value that shows the relationship between two objects and
the normal reaction between the objects that are involved. ... The coefficient of friction
depends on the objects that are causing friction. The value is usually between 0 and 1
but can be greater than 1.
Torque
Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. Just
as force is what causes an object to accelerate in linear kinematics, torque is what
causes an object to acquire angular acceleration. Torque is a vector quantity
Mechanical advantage
· Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the force produced by a machine to the force
applied to it, used in assessing the performance of a machine.
Input vs output force
· The difference between the two is very simple to understand: Input Force represents
the amount of force that you put into another object. Output Force represents the force
that a specific object has as a result of the input force.
Gravitational force
· The gravitational force is a force that attracts any two objects with mass. ... In fact,
every object, including you, is pulling on every other object in the entire universe! This is
called Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation.
Friction
· Friction is a force that holds back the movement of a sliding object. That's it. Friction is
just that simple. You will find friction everywhere that objects come into contact with
each other.
Normal force
· The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with
another stable object. For example, if a book is resting upon a surface, then the surface
is exerting an upward force upon the book in order to support the weight of the book.
Tension
· tension is described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, a
cable, chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod,
truss member, or similar three-dimensional object
kinetic friction
· Kinetic friction magnitude is directly proportional to the normal force magnitude and the
roughness between the sliding surfaces. Static friction magnitude is directly proportional
to the normal force magnitude and the roughness between the sliding surfaces.
Alternating current vs direct current
· AC vs. DC (Alternating Current vs. Direct current) The difference between AC and DC
lies in the direction in which the electrons flow. In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a
single direction, or "forward." In AC, electrons keep switching directions, sometimes
going "forward" and then going "backward."
Electric potential difference
· Electric potential difference, also known as voltage, is the external work needed to
bring a charge from one location to another location in an electric field. Electric potential
difference is the change of potential energy experienced by a test charge that has a
value of +1 .
Resistance
· Resistance is an electrical quantity that measures how the device or material reduces
the electric current flow through it. The resistance is measured in units of ohms (Ω).
Power
· Power is the rate at which work is done. ... Great power means a large amount of work
or energy developed in a short time. For example, when a powerful car accelerates
rapidly, it does a large amount of work and consumes a large amount of fuel in a short
time.
Energy
· Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic,
thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat
and work—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another.
Permanent Magnet
· A permanent magnet is a ferromagnetic material that possesses permanent magnetic
properties, even when it is not located within a magnetic field. One end of the magnet is
called the north pole, the other the south pole.
Electromagnet
· An electromagnet is a magnet that runs on electricity. Unlike a permanent magnet, the
strength of an electromagnet can easily be changed by changing the amount of electric
current that flows through it. The poles of an electromagnet can even be reversed by
reversing the flow of electricity.
magnetic field
· A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electric
charges in relative motion and magnetized materials. A charge that is moving parallel to
a current of other charges experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity.
Motor Principle
the motor principle states that the current-carrying wire should experience a force
perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the direction of the current, which in this
case was horizontal.
Ohm's Law
· Ohm's law is a law that states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional
to the current flowing through the resistance. Ohm's law is named for German physicist
Georg Ohm (1789-1854). A simple formula, Ohm's law, is used to show the relationship
of current, voltage, and resistance.
Kirchoff's Law
· Kirchhoff's Laws are: A hot solid, liquid or gas, under high pressure, gives off a
continuous spectrum. A hot gas under low pressure produces a bright-line or emission
line spectrum. A dark line or absorption line spectrum is seen when a source of a
continuous spectrum is viewed behind a cool gas under pressure.
Law of magnetism
The most basic law of magnetism is that like poles repel one another and unlike poles
attract each other; this can easily be seen by attempting to place like poles of two
magnets together.
Conventional current
· assumes that current flows out of the positive terminal, through the circuit and into the
negative terminal of the source. ... Electron Flow is what actually happens, and
electrons flow out of the negative terminal, through the circuit and into the positive
terminal of the source
Oersted's Law
· Ørsted's law, or Oersted's Law states that when a steady electric current pass through
a wire it creates a magnetic field around it.
Motor
· A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The principle of working of a DC motor is that "whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force".
gravitational potential energy
· Gravitational potential energy is energy an object possesses because of its position in
a gravitational field. The most common use of gravitational potential energy is for an
object near the surface of the Earth where the gravitational acceleration can be
assumed to be constant at about 9.8 m/s2.
Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It
is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its
stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains
this kinetic energy unless its speed changes.
Chemical Energy
· Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, like atoms
and molecules. This energy is released when a chemical reaction takes place. Usually,
once chemical energy has been released from a substance, that substance is
transformed into a completely new substance.
Enerfgy conversion/transformation
· the process of changing one form of energy to another. In physics, the term energy
describes the capacity to produce certain changes within a system, without regard to
limitations in transformation imposed by Entropy.
Efficiency
· Efficiency is a measure of how much work or energy is conserved in a process. In
many processes, work or energy is lost, for example as waste heat or vibration. The
efficiency is the energy output, divided by the energy input, and expressed as a
percentage. A perfect process would have an efficiency of 100%.
The law of conservation
· The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be
created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another. Another way of
stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains
constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference
Density
· Density is a measure of mass per volume. The average density of an object equals its
total mass divided by its total volume. An object made from a comparatively dense
material (such as iron) will have less volume than an object of equal mass made from
some less dense substance (such as water).
Atmospheric pressure
· Atmospheric pressure is a force in an area pushed against a surface by the weight of
the atmosphere of Earth, a layer of air. ... This is because high places do not have as
much air above them, pushing down. Barometers can be used to measure atmospheric
pressure. There is the same atmospheric pressure from all directions.
Absolute Pressure
· Absolute pressure is a pressure that is relative to the zero pressure in the empty, air-
free space of the universe. This reference pressure is the ideal or absolute vacuum. It is
denoted with the subscript "abs": Pabs.
Laminar flow
· Laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low
momentum convection. When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe
or between two flat plates, either of two types of flow may occur depending on the
velocity and viscosity of the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow.
Static pressure
· Static pressure is one of the most important factors in HVAC design. Simply put, static
pressure refers to the resistance to airflow in a heating and cooling system's
components and duct work. The push of the air must be greater than the resistance to
the flow or no air will circulate through the ducts
Boyles Law
· Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse
relationship. If volume increases, then pressure decreases and vice versa, when
temperature is held constant.
Volumetric flow rate
· the volumetric flow rate (also known as volume flow rate, rate of fluid flow or volume
velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes per unit time; usually represented by the
symbol Q (sometimes V̇ ). The SI unit is cubic metres per second (m3/s).
Pascals Law
· Pascal's law basically states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed
system will transmit that pressure equally in all directions throughout the fluid. This law
is the basic principle that causes hydraulic power in heavy construction machines to
work.
Bernoulli's Principle
· Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the fluid
increases, pressure decreases. For a steady flow, the amount of fluid entering the pipe
must equal the amount leaving the pipe, so the fluid speed in the thin part must
increase.