FUNDAMENTALS

OF
GRAPHIC DESIGN
MODULE 2 : ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 1

POINT & DOT

 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
POINT AND DOT

"POINT" REFERS TO THE SMALLEST UNIT OF “DOT" ON THE OTHER HAND, REFERS TO A
MEASURE ON A PRINTED PAGE. SMALL, CIRCULAR SHAPE
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
POINT AND DOT
EXAMPLE IMAGES WITH POINT AND DOT.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

RELATION BETWEEN DOTS

USE OF DOTS IN CREATING PATTERNS, TEXTURES, OR IMAGERY.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
RELATION BETWEEN DOTS

POINTILLISM: A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH SMALL, DISTINCT DOTS OF COLOR ARE APPLIED IN PATTERNS TO
CREATE AN IMAGE.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 1
RELATION BETWEEN DOTS
EXAMPLE OF MODERN POINTILLISM STYLE IMAGES
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
RELATION BETWEEN DOTS
HALFTONE: A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH DOTS OF VARYING SIZES ARE USED TO CREATE THE ILLUSION OF SHADES
OF GRAY OR COLOR IN A PRINTED IMAGE.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
RELATION BETWEEN DOTS

MOIRE PATTERN: A PHENOMENON THAT OCCURS WHEN TWO SETS OF DOTS OR LINES ARE OVERLAID AT A
SLIGHT ANGLE, CREATING A NEW PATTERN.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
RELATION BETWEEN DOTS
TEXTURED EFFECTS: DOTS OF VARIOUS SIZES AND COLORS CAN BE USED TO CREATE A TEXTURED EFFECT IN A
DESIGN.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
RELATION BETWEEN DOTS
DOT MATRIX PRINTING: A TYPE OF PRINTING THAT USES A MATRIX OF DOTS TO CREATE CHARACTERS OR
GRAPHICS.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2
RELATION BETWEEN DOTS
IN SUMMARY, THE RELATION BETWEEN DOTS REFERS TO THE USE OF DOTS IN CREATING PATTERNS, TEXTURES, OR
IMAGERY, AND CAN INCLUDE TECHNIQUES SUCH AS POINTILLISM, HALFTONE, MOIRÉ PATTERNS, TEXTURED
EFFECTS, AND DOT MATRIX PRINTING.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

LINE : HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, DIAGONAL AND CURVE

IN GRAPHIC DESIGN, LINES ARE FUNDAMENTAL VISUAL ELEMENTS THAT CAN BE USED TO CREATE
SHAPE, FORM, TEXTURE, AND MOVEMENT IN A DESIGN.
LINE : HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, DIAGONAL AND CURVE FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

HORIZONTAL LINES: LINES THAT ARE PARALLEL TO THE HORIZON OR THE GROUND. THEY CREATE A SENSE OF
STABILITY AND BALANCE IN A DESIGN.
LINE : HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, DIAGONAL AND CURVE FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

VERTICAL LINES: LINES THAT ARE PERPENDICULAR TO THE HORIZON OR THE GROUND. THEY CREATE A SENSE OF
HEIGHT AND UPWARD MOVEMENT IN A DESIGN.
LINE : HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, DIAGONAL AND CURVE FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

DIAGONAL LINES: LINES THAT ARE NOT PARALLEL TO THE HORIZON OR THE GROUND, BUT INSTEAD FORM AN
ANGLE. THEY CREATE A SENSE OF MOVEMENT AND DYNAMISM IN A DESIGN.
LINE : HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL, DIAGONAL AND CURVE FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

CURVE: IS A LINE THAT IS NOT STRAIGHT BUT FOLLOWS A SMOOTH, ROUNDED PATH. CURVES CAN BE USED TO
CREATE A SENSE OF MOVEMENT, FLUIDITY AND GRACE IN A DESIGN.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

SHAPES: GEOMETRIC SHAPES, NATURAL SHAPES, ABSTRACT SHAPES,

ZIGZAG
IN GRAPHIC DESIGN, SHAPES ARE BASIC VISUAL ELEMENTS THAT ARE USED TO CREATE COMPOSITIONS AND DESIGNS.
SHAPES: GEOMETRIC SHAPES, NATURAL SHAPES, ABSTRACT SHAPES, ZIGZAG FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

GEOMETRIC SHAPES: ARE SHAPES THAT ARE BASED ON MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES AND HAVE PRECISE AND
CLEAN LINES, SUCH AS CIRCLES, SQUARES, AND TRIANGLES. THEY ARE OFTEN USED TO CREATE A SENSE OF
ORDER AND STABILITY IN A DESIGN.
SHAPES: GEOMETRIC SHAPES, NATURAL SHAPES, ABSTRACT SHAPES, ZIGZAG FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

NATURAL SHAPES: ARE SHAPES THAT ARE FOUND IN NATURE, SUCH AS LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND ORGANIC FORMS.
THEY ARE OFTEN USED TO CREATE A SENSE OF MOVEMENT AND FLUIDITY IN A DESIGN.
SHAPES: GEOMETRIC SHAPES, NATURAL SHAPES, ABSTRACT SHAPES, ZIGZAG FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

ABSTRACT SHAPES: ARE SHAPES THAT ARE NOT BASED ON REAL-WORLD OBJECTS, BUT INSTEAD ARE CREATED TO
EXPRESS A CONCEPT OR IDEA. THEY ARE OFTEN USED TO CREATE A SENSE OF VISUAL INTEREST AND MOVEMENT
IN A DESIGN.
SHAPES: GEOMETRIC SHAPES, NATURAL SHAPES, ABSTRACT SHAPES, ZIGZAG FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

ZIGZAG: IS A SPECIFIC LINE PATTERN, WHICH ALTERNATE BETWEEN A SHARP ANGLE AND A STRAIGHT LINE,
CREATING A PATTERN THAT LOOKS LIKE A SERIES OF "V" SHAPES. THEY CAN BE USED TO CREATE A SENSE OF
MOVEMENT AND DYNAMIC ENERGY, AS WELL AS VISUAL INTEREST.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

FORM: VOLUME & MASS

IN GRAPHIC DESIGN, FORM REFERS TO THE VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OBJECT THAT GIVE IT
A SENSE OF VOLUME AND MASS. FORM CAN BE CREATED BY USING LIGHT AND SHADOW, AS
WELL AS BY MANIPULATING THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF AN OBJECT.
FORM: VOLUME & MASS FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

VOLUME: REFERS TO THE AMOUNT OF SPACE AN OBJECT OCCUPIES AND CAN BE CREATED BY USING LIGHT AND
SHADOW TO CREATE THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH AND THICKNESS.

Volume is illusion
created using
light and shadow

Light Shadow
FORM: VOLUME & MASS FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

MASS: REFERS TO THE WEIGHT AND DENSITY OF AN OBJECT, AND CAN BE CREATED BY USING CONTRASTING
COLORS, TEXTURES, AND PATTERNS.

Visual Weight on Left Visual Weight on Left Visual Weight on Left

Visual Weight on Right, though Black is heaver Evenly distributed weight Visual Weight on Left
than Red
 FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

SPACE: TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPACE & THREE-

DIMENSIONAL SPACE
SPACE: TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPACE & THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) SPACE

DEFINITION: TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPACE REFERS TO THE FLAT PLANE ON WHICH
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED. IT HAS ONLY HEIGHT AND WIDTH, AND
IT IS TYPICALLY USED FOR DESIGNING LAYOUTS, POSTERS, WEBSITES, AND OTHER FLAT
MEDIA.

CHARACTERISTICS:
•FLAT SURFACE: 2D SPACE EXISTS ON A FLAT SURFACE, SUCH AS PAPER OR A COMPUTER SCREEN.
•HEIGHT AND WIDTH: ELEMENTS ARE PLACED CONSIDERING ONLY THEIR HEIGHT AND WIDTH.
•NO DEPTH: THERE IS NO PERCEPTION OF DEPTH OR THICKNESS IN 2D SPACE.
•USE OF OVERLAPPING AND SCALING: TO CREATE AN ILLUSION OF DEPTH OR LAYERS, DESIGNERS USE
TECHNIQUES LIKE OVERLAPPING ELEMENTS OR VARYING THEIR SIZE.

APPLICATIONS:
•PRINT MEDIA: BOOKS, MAGAZINES, POSTERS, FLYERS.
•DIGITAL MEDIA: WEB DESIGN, APP INTERFACES, DIGITAL ILLUSTRATIONS.
•BRANDING: LOGOS, BUSINESS CARDS, LETTERHEADS.
SPACE: TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPACE & THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE FUNDAMENTALS OF GRAPHIC DESIGN MODULE 2

THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) SPACE

DEFINITION: THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE REFERS TO A DESIGN ENVIRONMENT WHERE
ELEMENTS HAVE DEPTH IN ADDITION TO HEIGHT AND WIDTH. IT GIVES A MORE
REALISTIC REPRESENTATION OF OBJECTS, SIMILAR TO HOW WE PERCEIVE THEM IN THE
REAL WORLD.
CHARACTERISTICS:
•HEIGHT, WIDTH, AND DEPTH: ELEMENTS ARE DESIGNED WITH CONSIDERATION OF THEIR HEIGHT, WIDTH,
AND DEPTH, CREATING A SENSE OF VOLUME.

•PERSPECTIVE AND SHADING: TECHNIQUES LIKE PERSPECTIVE DRAWING, SHADING, AND LIGHTING ARE
USED TO ENHANCE THE PERCEPTION OF DEPTH.

•REALISTIC REPRESENTATION: 3D SPACE CAN CREATE A MORE REALISTIC AND IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCE BY
MIMICKING REAL-WORLD DIMENSIONS.

APPLICATIONS:
•PRODUCT DESIGN: DESIGNING PHYSICAL PRODUCTS, PACKAGING, AND PROTOTYPES.
•ANIMATION AND VFX: CREATING ANIMATED MOVIES, VIDEO GAMES, AND SPECIAL EFFECTS.
•ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN: VISUALIZING BUILDINGS, INTERIOR SPACES, AND LANDSCAPES.
•VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) AND AUGMENTED REALITY (AR): DEVELOPING IMMERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS AND
INTERACTIVE EXPERIENCES.