A Seminar Report on

RETROFITTING

Submitted to Submitted by
Dr. Ajay Kumar Sinha Gyan Prakash
2223020
M.Tech
Structural engg.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Ajay Kumar

Sinha sir for his support and guidance for doing the project. I
express my indebt ness and gratitude to him, for his guidance
and care taken by him in helping me to complete the project
work successfully.

I would also like express my deep gratitude for his valuable

suggestions and guidance rendered in giving shape and
coherence to this endeavour.

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ABSTRACT
Now-a-days retrofitting is becoming popular around the world,
as most of the important structures like historical building or
some other old structures which becomes weak over the time.
Retrofitting is the best method to make safe the existing
structures from the future earthquake and other
environmental factors. Retrofitting diminishes the
helplessness of harm to a current structure amid future
seismic movement It plans to reinforce a structure to fulfil the
necessities of the present codes for seismic outline. With
respect to conventional repair and rehabilitation, retrofit is
much better and convenient. Retrofitting helps to enhance the
strength, resistivity and overall lifespan of the structure.
Keywords — Retrofitting, Building, Strengthening.

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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................ 2
ABSTRACT ............................................................................... 3
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 6
TERMINOLOGY ........................................................................ 8
PRINCIPLE OF RETROFITTING .................................................. 9
NEED FOR STRUCTURAL RETROFITTING AND REHABILITATION
.............................................................................................. 10
TYPES OF RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES ................................. 11
SEISMIC RETROFITTING ........................................................ 18
CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 19
REFERENCES.......................................................................... 20

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Retrofitting techniques ............................................. 7
Figure 2 Retrofitting techniques ............................................. 7
Figure 3 Shear wall................................................................ 11
Figure 4 Shear wall................................................................ 12
Figure 5 Infill wall .................................................................. 12
Figure 6 Steel bracing ........................................................... 13
Figure 7 Supplemental damping devices .............................. 13
Figure 8 Supplemental damping devices .............................. 14
Figure 9 Seismic base isolation ............................................. 14
Figure 10 Jacketing of beam and column.............................. 16
Figure 11 Strengthening by bonded steel plates .................. 16
Figure 12 Fibre wrapping (FRP Composite Material) ............ 17
Figure 13 Extension of footings ............................................ 17
Figure 14 Seismic base isolated structure ............................. 19

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INTRODUCTION
Retrofitting is the science and technology of strengthening the
existing structures or the structural elements to enhance their
performance with new technology, features and components.
The term retrofit is used if the damaged structure
performance is satisfying than before with some additional
resistance then the term retrofit will be representative.
Occurrence of natural hazards like earthquake, lack of
awareness of several important codal provisions in
construction, poor quality supervision etc... These factors lead
to strength deficient structures. Sometimes, overloading of
structures leads to excessive deformations and corrosion
which need considerable attention. To overcome all these
effects on structures: repair, retrofitting or strengthening are
regularly required activities in construction.
The condition of the distressed building should be investigated
so that the minimum restoration or retrofitting measures may
be adopted to restore the same for effective load carrying
system. The development of a general rule for retrofitting
measure is rather difficult and to a large extent each structure
must be approached as a strengthening problem on its own
merits. It is necessary to take a decision whether to demolish
a distressed structure or to bring back the same to its normalcy
by preferring the restoration or retrofitting measures.
Also, India is the land of heritage structure and it contains
variety of heritage monuments and structure which are need

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to be conserved. As our country is at high risk of been
subjected to natural disaster such are earthquake, floods,
cyclones, etc. more often. There are various developments of
plans and methodologies for heritage conservation which
includes retrofitting of heritage building.

Figure 1 Retrofitting techniques

Figure 2 Retrofitting techniques

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TERMINOLOGY

Repair: The term repair means bringing back the same level of
strength, which the structure had prior to damage.
Strengthening: The term strengthening means increasing the
strength and/or ductility of the building beyond repair to
increase its structural capacity to withstand seismic loading.
Retrofitting: The term retrofitting means upgrading the
strength and structural capacity of an existing structure to
enable it to safely withstand the effect of future strong
earthquake. Retrofitting includes both repair and
strengthening.
Rehabilitation: This term means the intervention in a
damaged building to provide same level of function, which the
building had prior to damage.
Restoration: The term includes both retrofitting and
rehabilitation.

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PRINCIPLE OF RETROFITTING

1. The prioritization of building to be retrofitted should be

based on seismicity, importance and risk of damage. In
areas of high seismicity, a cost benefit analysis may be
required to decide on prioritization.
2. The structural inadequacy should be identified by
analysis and inspection, strengthening should be aimed
to correct such deficiencies.
3. High quality of construction and insertion of special
binding elements to connect old and new elements
should be ensured.
4. The possibility of reduction of dead loads and shifting of
heavy loads from upper stories to lower ones in a building
must be explored.

REPAIR AND RETROFITTING

STABILIZATION STRENGTHENING

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NEED FOR STRUCTURAL RETROFITTING
AND REHABILITATION

1. Change in intended use of the structures. E.g., Increased

loads.
2. Change in seismic zones, prompting seismic retrofitting
for critical structures like health care facilities.
3. Changes in prevailing codes. E.g., changes in the
minimum grade of concrete to be used, for example.
4. Additional floors or equipment added to the structure.
Change in intended use of the structure.
5. Damage to the structure due to ageing (mostly due to
corrosion). E.g., building and bridges.

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TYPES OF RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES
 GLOBAL RETROFITTING-
Global retrofit is required when entire load resisting
system is deficient.
e.g.,
Shear walls
Infill walls
Steel bracings
Supplemental damping devices
Seismic base isolation

Figure 3 Shear wall

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Figure 4 Shear wall

Figure 5 Infill wall

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 Figure 6 Steel bracing

Figure 7 Supplemental damping devices

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Figure 8 Supplemental damping devices

Figure 9 Seismic base isolation

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 LOCAL RETROFITTING-
The local retrofit is used when it is established that
limited structural members are deficient.
e.g.,
The jacketing of beam and column can be done locally
by providing jackets
(i) Reinforced concrete
(ii) Steel
(iii) Composite, using fibre glass, fibre reinforced
plastics (FRP), carbon fibre etc.
Steel jackets have been used in columns.
The local retrofit methods employed for beam, column,
joints include,
(i) Low viscous epoxy resin and non-shrink high
strength mortar
(ii) Bonded steel plates
(iii) Corrugated steel jacketing.

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 Figure 10 Jacketing of beam and column

Figure 11 Strengthening by bonded steel plates

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Figure 12 Fibre wrapping (FRP Composite Material)

Figure 13 Extension of footings

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SEISMIC RETROFITTING
There are four basic types of seismic retrofitting.
 Public safety retrofitting-
a structure is reinforced so that people should not be killed
in an earthquake, although they may be injured.
 Structure survivability-
a structure is designed to ensure that the structure will
endure the earthquake, although it may need significant
repairs.
 Primary structure undamaged-
a type of seismic retrofitting in which the majority of the
damage to a structure as a result of an earthquake should
be cosmetic
 Structure unaffected-
it is the highest level of seismic retrofitting, chosen for
buildings of high economic, social, or cultural value.

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 Figure 14 Seismic base isolated structure

CONCLUSION

Retrofitting and rehabilitation aims to strengthen a structure

to satisfy the requirements of the current codes for seismic
design. The applications include different types of buildings,
industrial structures.

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REFERENCES
 Seismic retrofitting of deficient building and structures,
National Disaster Management Guidelines.
 Retrofitting of existing buildings, Ministry of Railways.
 Existing commercial building retrofitting, Centre for
Advanced Maintenance Technology.
 Rehabilitation and retrofitting of building and structure,
Er. Shamanth Kumar M
 Enhancing the Strength of Existing Building Using
Retrofitting Techniques, Rahul P. Nimje, Badal Pazare,
Nikhil R. Mathurkar, Girish Zade.

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