MetE 433

MATERIALS FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONICS

Instructor: Dr. Yusuf Keleştemur

Office: Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Room: E – 212
Email: [email protected]
Phone: + 90 312 210 – 5911

Course Assistant: Ulaş Yaprak

Office: Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Room: D - 228
Email: [email protected]
Phone: + 90 312 210 – 7485

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 1

Introduction
Electronics and Optoelectronics

Electronics comprises the physics, engineering, technology and applications that deal
with the emission, flow and control of electrons in vacuum and matter.

Optoelectronics is the study and application of electronic devices and systems that
source, detect and control light.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 2

Introduction
Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuits are often said to be the most important invention of the twentieth
century. An integrated circuit, also referred to as microchip, is a tiny electronic circuit in
which all the components, such as resistors, capacitors and transistors, are housed on a
single chip.

Transistors are the main building blocks of an electronic circuit; they are solid-state
active devices, which act as switches or amplifiers.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 3

Introduction
Transistors

The term "solid-state electronics" emerged after the first working transistor was
invented by William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen at Bell Labs in
1947.

- Nobel prize in Physics, 1956

- Dimensions, ~1 cm

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 4

Introduction
In most recent processors, transistors reach very small sizes.

For example, in Apple A14 Bionic processor, the size of transistors is 5 nm.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 5

Introduction
Emerging applications, though, do require smarter integration by means of
miniaturization (More Moore) as well as diversification (More than Moore).

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 6

Introduction
Silicon-based semiconductor technologies

Silicon (Si) is the most widely used material in the crystalline semiconductor technology.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 7

Introduction
Silicon-based semiconductor technologies

Crystalline semiconductor technology suffer from

- high manufacturing costs,

- complex processes,
- rigid substrates and
- small areas.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 8

Introduction
Silicon-based semiconductor technologies

Conventional manufacturing of integrated circuits

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 9

Introduction
the future of electronic and optoelectronic devices

mechanically low-cost and

flexible large area

Organic
devices processes

Electronics
environmentally
friendly materials

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 10

Introduction
Visions for the future of organic electronics

- Organic electronic devices will do things that silicon-based electronics cannot do,
expanding the functionality and accessibility of electronics.

- Organic electronic devices will be more energy-efficient and otherwise “eco-

friendly” than today’s electronics, contributing to a more sustainable electronic
world.

- Organic electronic devices will be manufactured using more resource-friendly and

energy-efficient processes than today’s methods, further contributing to a more
sustainable electronic world.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 11

Introduction
What is ORGANIC MATERIALS?

The material is composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Other

atoms may be present in the material, but the majority (> 90%) of the mass in these
materials will be hydrocarbon-based.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 12

Introduction
What is ORGANIC ELECTRONICS?

Organic electronics, as the name implies, is a an electronic science and technology

based on organic materials to manufacture electronics devices and systems.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 13

Introduction
History of Organic Materials

The research and interest in this field were flourished in 1977 by the successful
synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers through controlled halogen doping.

This discovery by Alan G. MacDiarmid, Alan J. Heeger, Hideki Shirakawa and co-workers
was considered a major breakthrough, opened many new and exciting applications and
honored with the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 14

Introduction
History of Organic Materials

Historical timeline of organic electronics, highlighting a few significant milestones

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 15

Introduction
History of Organic Materials

Organic materials can be Semiconductor

H. Akamatu and H. Inokuchi, J. Chem. Phys., 18, 810 (1950)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 16

Introduction
History of Organic Materials

Organic Electroluminescence

W. Helfrich and W. G. Schneider, Phys. Rev. Lett., 14 229 (1965)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 17

Introduction
History of Organic Materials

High Conductivity in Doped Polymers

Heeger, Shirakawa, MacDiarmid, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 39 1098 (1977)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 18

Introduction
Commonly-used Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 19

Introduction
Commonly-used Polymeric Organic Semiconductors

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 20

Introduction

Generally, an organic semiconductor has the following properties;

1) The material is composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Other

atoms may be present in the material, but the majority (> 90%) of the mass in
these materials will be hydrocarbon-based.

2) In general, the organic semiconductors will contain a great deal of alternating single
and double bonds (i.e., they are π-conjugated materials).

3) Organic semiconductors are van der Waals solids that have covalent bonds
between the atoms of the materials.
Single Crystals Semicrystalline Nearly Amorphous

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 21

Introduction
the versatility of function obtained by subtle modifications in the molecular design

Absorption spectra of thin films comprising the several molecules shown in the insets
Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 22
Introduction
Organic materials are interesting for electronics because…

- They are potentially inexpensive

- Their properties can be ”easily” modified through chemical synthesis

- They can be deposited on large area, flexible and/or conformable substrates

- They can be very lightweight

- They have excellent optical properties

- They can be manufactured “by the kilometer”

But remember…..

If you are competing with silicon, go home. You’ve already lost!

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 23

Introduction

Applications of Organic Electronics

Organic technologies has been progressing steadily during the last two decades due to
extensive research on this direction.

Already, consumers are using organic electronic devices including;

Organic Light Emitting Organic Photovoltaic Organic Thin Film

Diodes (OLEDs) Cells (OPVCs) Transistors (OTFTs)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 24

Introduction
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
Televisions and Displays (LG) Solid-State White Lighting (Siemens)

Smartphones (Samsung) Emerging Applications (Samsung)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 25

Introduction
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

How OLEDs work?

In OLEDs, a voltage bias is applied to

generate the emission of light, which is
called as electroluminescence.

- Holes are injected from the anode.

- Electrons are injected from the

cathode.

- Recombination and photoemission

occurs in the organic emissive layer.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 26

Introduction
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

Especially, OLEDs are highly attractive for displays.

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) vs Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

LCDs require liquid crystal and backlight unit.

OLEDs is self-emiting, so the structure is more simple and light (not heavy)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 27

Introduction
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 28

Introduction
Organic Photovoltaic Cells (OPVCs)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 29

Introduction
Organic Photovoltaic Cells (OPVCs)

In OPVCs, light was input to generate a voltage.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 30

Introduction
Organic Photovoltaic Cells (OPVCs)

Accessible electronics. Pay-as-you-go organic solar cell technology is being

distributed throughout rural areas of southern Africa and elsewhere, providing a low-
cost and safe alternative to kerosene.

Glimpse of Eight19’s IndiGo Project, South

Sudan, sub-Saharan Africa (2012)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 31

Introduction
Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs)

Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs) are useful devices for testing the properties of
organic semiconductors. OFETs are three electrode devices.

S – Source Electrode
D – Drain Electrode
Gate – Gate Electrode
VG – Voltage Between Source and Gate
VD – Voltage Between Source and Drain
L – Channel Length, Distance between Source and Drain Electrodes
W – Channel Width, Distance of the Source and Drain Electrodes in the Direction
Orthogonal to the Channel Length Direction (Typical Value ~2,000 μm)
Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 32
Introduction
Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs)

Carrier mobilities for different organic materials

a Relationship between the carrier mobility in the transistor channel and the substrate
temperature during the deposition of the organic semiconductor layer for five different
small molecules. b Development of the carrier mobility in organic transistors based on
small molecules, polymers and single crystals.

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 33

Introduction
Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 34

Introduction
Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs)

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 35

Introduction
Printing of Organic Materials

low-cost and large-area fabrication techniques for organic materials

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 36

Introduction
Printing of Organic Materials

produce solar cells like the printing of newspaper !!

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 37

Introduction
Many other applications of organic electronics
smart electrochromic windows chemical/biological sensors

transparent displays

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 38

Introduction

Organic Electronics for a Better Tomorrow: Innovation, Accessibility, Sustainability

Spring 2024 Y. Kelestemur 39