Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
UNIT III
Dictionaries in Python
Dictionaries are collections of key-value pairs where keys must be unique and immutable. They are
unordered and accessed via keys, not indices.
# Example of dictionary usage
students = {"Alice": 90, "Bob": 85, "Charlie": 88}
print(students["Alice"]) # Output: 90
# Looping through a dictionary
for name, grade in [Link]():
print(f"{name} scored {grade}")
# Conditional statements with dictionaries
if "Alice" in students:
print("Alice's grade is recorded.")
Modules in Python
Modules allow you to organize code into reusable files. You can execute modules as scripts, define reusable
functions, and manage dependencies effectively.
# Example of creating and using a module
# my_module.py
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
# Importing and using the module in another file
import my_module
print(my_module.greet("Alice")) # Output: Hello, Alice!
# Executing modules as scripts
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("This script is executed directly.")
Error and Exception Handling
Python provides robust error and exception handling using try-except blocks. This ensures the program can
handle unexpected situations gracefully.
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print(f"Error occurred: {e}")
finally:
print("Execution completed.")
UNIT IV
Classes and Objects
Classes are blueprints for creating objects. They define attributes and methods shared by all objects created
from them. Objects are instances of classes with unique data.
class Car:
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
def __init__(self, make, model):
[Link] = make
[Link] = model
def drive(self):
print(f"{[Link]} {[Link]} is driving!")
car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")
[Link]() # Output: Toyota Corolla is driving!
Inheritance
Inheritance allows a class to inherit attributes and methods from a parent class. This promotes code reuse
and organization.
class Parent:
def greet(self):
print("Hello from Parent!")
class Child(Parent):
def greet(self):
super().greet()
print("Hello from Child!")
child = Child()
[Link]()
# Output:
# Hello from Parent!
# Hello from Child!
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
UNIT V
GUI Programming with Tkinter
Tkinter is Python's built-in library for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It provides widgets like Labels,
Buttons, and Entry fields to build interactive applications.
from tkinter import Label, Button, Tk
def on_click():
print("Button clicked!")
root = Tk()
Label(root, text="Welcome to Tkinter!").pack()
Button(root, text="Click Me", command=on_click).pack()
[Link]()
Turtle Graphics
Turtle is a module for creating simple graphics, often used for educational purposes. It allows you to draw
shapes, lines, and patterns interactively.
from turtle import Turtle, Screen
t = Turtle()
s = Screen()
# Drawing a square
for _ in range(4):
Python Programming: Detailed Explanation
[Link](100)
[Link](90)
[Link]()
