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Multiplexing in Data Communications

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25 views8 pages

Multiplexing in Data Communications

Uploaded by

aryaadityakumar222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multiplexing in Data

Communications
What is Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the sharing of a medium or bandwidth. It is the process in which multiple signals coming from
multiple sources are combined and transmitted over a single communication/physical line.

Types of Multiplexing
There are Five types of Multiplexing :
1.Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
2.Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
3.Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
4.Code-division multiplexing (CDM)
5.Space-division multiplexing (SDM)
1.Frequency Division Multiplexing :
Frequency division multiplexing is defined as a type of multiplexing where the bandwidth of a single physical
medium is divided into a number of smaller, independent frequency channels.

Frequency Division Multiplexing is used in radio and television transmission.


In FDM, we can observe a lot of inter-channel cross-talk, due to the fact that in this type of multiplexing the
bandwidth is divided into frequency channels. In order to prevent the inter-channel cross talk, unused strips of
bandwidth must be placed between each channel. These unused strips between each channel are known as guard
bands.
2. Time Division Multiplexing :
Time-division multiplexing is defined as a type of multiplexing wherein FDM, instead of sharing a portion of the
bandwidth in the form of channels, in TDM, time is shared. Each connection occupies a portion of time in the
link.
In Time Division Multiplexing, all signals operate with the same frequency (bandwidth) at different times.

There are two types of Time Division Multiplexing :


2(a).Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
2(b).Statistical (or Asynchronous) Time Division Multiplexing
2(a) Synchronous TDM
Synchronous TDM is known as synchronous and is essential because, each time slot is pre-assigned to a constant
source. The time slots are sent irrespective of whether the sources have a few records to share or not.
TDM devices can manage the source of various data rates. This is completed by authorising fewer slots per cycle to the
passive input devices than the rapid device.
Both multiplexing and demultiplexing operations for synchronous TDM, are demonstrated in the figure given below.
2(b). Statistical TDM
Statistical TDM is a type of Time Division Multiplexing where the output frame collects data from the input frame
till it is full, not leaving an empty slot like in Synchronous TDM.
In statistical TDM, we need to include the address of each particular data in the slot that is being sent to the output
frame.

3. Code Division Multiple Access


When CDM is used to allow multiple signals from multiple users to share a common communication channel, the
technology is called Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Each group of users is given a shared code and
individual conversations are encoded in a digital sequence. Data is available on the shared channel, but only those
users associated with a particular code can access the data.
4. Wavelength Division Multiplexing :

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a multiplexing technology used to increase the capacity of optical fiber by
transmitting multiple optical signals simultaneously over a single optical fiber, each with a different wavelength. Each
signal is carried on a different wavelength of light, and the resulting signals are combined onto a single optical fiber for
transmission. At the receiving end, the signals are separated by their wavelengths, demultiplexed and routed to their
respective destinations.

WDM can be divided into two categories: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Coarse Wavelength
Division Multiplexing (CWDM).

DWDM is used to multiplex a large number of optical signals onto a single fiber, typically up to 80 channels with a
spacing of 0.8 nm or less between the channels.
CWDM is used for lower-capacity applications, typically up to 18 channels with a spacing of 20 nm between the
channels.
5. Space-division multiplexing (SDM) :

Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) is a technique used in wireless communication systems to increase the capacity of
the system by exploiting the physical separation of users.
In SDM, multiple antennas are used at both the transmitter and receiver ends to create parallel communication channels.
These channels are independent of each other, which allows for multiple users to transmit data simultaneously in the
same frequency band without interference. The capacity of the system can be increased by adding more antennas, which
creates more independent channels.

SDM is commonly used in wireless communication systems such as cellular networks, Wi-Fi, and satellite
communication systems. In cellular networks, SDM is used in the form of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
technology, which uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver ends to improve the quality and capacity of
the communication link.

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