RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT

ION

RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED

PRACTICE IN NURSING
ADMINISTRATION

Lesson 1 Role of Research in

Nursing Administration

Lesson 2 Integrating Evidence-

Based Practices in
Management

Lesson 3 Conducting
Administrative Research
and Program Evaluation

Lesson 4 Use of Data Analytics for

Decision-Making

Lesson 5 Dissemination of
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Findings and Best

Practices

 AUTHORS/CONTRIBUTORS

 Hope V. Lebaquin, RN
 Joy Noemi P. Amihan, RN
 Lhea C. Esquivel, RN
 Kristine Joy A. Ungos, PhRN, USRN
 Cristito S. Guia Jr, RN
 Lynlee B. Celda, RN
 Asnairah T. Casan, RN
 Charlotte R. Maderse, RN
 Vivien F. Vicencio, RN

LEARNING
OUTCOME

Upon successful completing this report, participants will be able to:

 Define and differentiate key terms and concepts related to evidence-

based practice (EBP) in nursing administration, including research
methods, study designs, data analysis techniques, and ethical
considerations. (Polit & Beck, 2021)
 Explain the importance and rationale for incorporating research and EBP
into nursing administrations, highlighting its impact on improving
outcomes, enhancing staff satisfaction, and optimizing organizational
performance. (Melnyk & Fineout-Overhault, 2019)
 Identify and describe various types of administrative research and
program evaluation methods used in nursing, including needs
assessments, process evaluations, and outcome evaluations.
 Develop and implement evidence-based practices within nursing
administration context, using research findings to inform policies,
procedures, and interventions. (Aiken et al., 2014)
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Lesson 1

 Role of Research in Nursing

Administration

INTRODUCTION
Research is the foundation for breakthroughs in science, technology and medicine.
Surgeries such as organ transplants are the results of scientific inquiry and
ingenuity. Researchers like Virginia Apgar, Charles Drew, Walter Reed, Jonas Salk
and Elizabeth Stern have all made significant medical discoveries. Because nurses
work directly with patients, they have an opportunity to collect information and
determine if it is useful to furthering improvements in healthcare.
(https://online.fitchburgstate.edu/degrees/nursing/rn-to-bsn/research-in-nursing/)
As a registered nurse, nurse educator, future nurse clinician, it is important for us to
understand how research helps in improving clinical nursing practice, including
benefits like evidence-based care and ensuring patient safety. We use research in
nursing to implement positive outcomes for our patients and for others who are
members of the healthcare system. Nurses provide direct care to their patients
every day, so that they know which treatment and nursing intervention or
approaches would suit and which one needs revision. Nurses should have trait of a
caring, competent, compassionate individual so standard procedure will be followed
and determining ways to improve it.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
 Definitions: Introduce and define key terms and concepts.

Nursing research develops knowledge about health and the promotion of

health over the full lifespan, care of persons with health problems and
disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to
respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218540/
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Research in the nursing field is a systematic, scientific inquiry aimed at

developing knowledge about health, healthcare practices, and outcomes. It's
about generating evidence to support nursing practices, improve patient
care, and inform healthcare policies. This can involve everything from
studying patient behaviors to testing new treatments and interventions.
("Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice"
by Denise F. Polit and Cheryl Tatano Beck.)

Nursing administration is the strategic management of nursing personnel,

patient care, and facility resources through the support of regulating policies.
Nurse administrators are responsible for ensuring that hospitals or other
health care facilities operate in a safe and cost-effective manner.
https://www.rntomsnedu.org/nurse-administrator/#:~:text=Nursing
%20administration%20may%20be%20best,safe%20and%20cost
%2Deffective%20manner

 Context
Research in nursing administration is essential for developing effective
management practices and policies. It provides evidence-based insights that
help nurse leaders make informed decisions, improve patient care, and
optimize operational efficiency with the key concepts of quality improvement,
resource allocation, policy development, education and training, technology
integration, patient satisfaction. ("Nursing Research: Generating and
Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice" by Denise F. Polit and Cheryl Tatano
Beck.)

MAIN CONTENT
Research in nursing administration is a cornerstone for developing best
practices, improving patient care, and ensuring efficient and effective healthcare
management. Research is a crucial aspect of nursing practice that significantly
impacts patient care, healthcare policies, and the advancement of nursing
practices.
The main role of research in nursing administration is to provide a foundation for
informed decision-making, policy development, and continuous improvement in
patient care and healthcare management. Essentially, it's about using data and
evidence to guide practices, enhance the quality of care, and optimize operational
efficiency. It's the backbone of elevating nursing practices to ensure they are always
improving and adapting to new evidence and challenges. . ("Nursing Research:
Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice" by Denise F. Polit and
Cheryl Tatano Beck.)

1: Quality improvement initiative aimed at enhancing patient care:

RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Research provides evidence-based insights that help nurse administrators

implement practices that enhance patient outcomes and safety.
Example: Reducing Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) Identifying the Problem: Data
analysis reveals a higher than desired rate of HAIs, such as catheter-associated
urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and surgical site infections (SSIs).
Developing an Intervention: Implement strategies like:
• Strict hand hygiene protocols.
• Enhanced cleaning procedures for equipment and patient rooms.
• Training programs for staff on proper catheter and wound care techniques.
• Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs to optimize antibiotic
use.
Implementing the Intervention: Roll out these strategies hospital-wide, ensuring that
all staff are trained and that compliance is monitored.
Evaluating the Results: Track infection rates over time to assess the effectiveness of
the interventions. Gather feedback from healthcare staff on the practicality and
challenges of the new protocols.
Making Adjustments: Based on the evaluation, refine the protocols, provide
additional training where necessary, and reinforce the importance of adherence to
the new procedures.
By focusing on reducing HAIs, the initiative enhances patient safety, reduces
hospital stays, and improves overall patient outcomes. This approach leverages
research and data to implement evidence-based practices, driving continuous
improvement in patient care.

2: Informed Decision-Making
By leveraging research findings, nursing leaders can make better-informed
decisions regarding policies, procedures, and resource allocation.
EXAMPLE: Deciding on Staffing Levels in a Hospital Unit:
1. Identifying the Problem: Observing high nurse workload and patient complaints
about care quality.
2. Gathering Evidence: Reviewing research studies that correlate nurse-to-patient
ratios with patient outcomes. Collecting internal data on current staffing levels,
nurse burnout rates, and patient satisfaction scores.
3. Analyzing Data: Comparing internal data with research findings to identify
discrepancies and potential improvements.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

4. Making the Decision: Using the evidence gathered, deciding to increase

staffing levels or redistribute nurses to achieve an optimal nurse-to-patient
ratio. This decision might be supported by evidence showing that better
staffing levels lead to improved patient care and reduced nurse burnout.
5. Implementing the Change: Adjusting the staffing model based on the decision,
ensuring all shifts are adequately covered.
6. Evaluating the Impact: Monitoring patient outcomes, nurse job satisfaction,
and overall efficiency post-implementation. Using this data to make any further
adjustments.
This approach ensures that decisions are not based on intuition or trial-and-
error but are informed by robust evidence and data analysis. This enhances both
patient care quality and staff well-being.

3: Policy and Protocol Development

Research supports the creation and revision of policies and protocols,
ensuring they are grounded in the latest evidence.
EXAMPLE:
Developing a Policy for Preventing Pressure Ulcers:
1. Identifying the Issue: Recognizing a high incidence of pressure ulcers among
patients.
2. Reviewing Literature: Conducting a comprehensive review of existing
research studies on pressure ulcer prevention and management. This
includes analyzing best practices and successful interventions documented in
peer-reviewed journals.
3. Gathering Data: Collecting internal data on the current rate of pressure
ulcers, identifying risk factors, and assessing the effectiveness of existing
measures.
4. Drafting the Policy: Using the insights gained from the literature review and
internal data, drafting a policy that includes:
• Regular risk assessments for all patients.
• Standardized protocols for repositioning patients.
• Use of pressure-relieving devices and surfaces.
• Staff training on early identification and intervention.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

5. Implementing the Policy: Rolling out the new policy hospital-wide, ensuring all
staff are trained on the new protocols and understand their roles in
preventing pressure ulcers.
6. Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuously monitoring the incidence of pressure
ulcers and evaluating the effectiveness of the new policy. Gathering feedback
from staff to identify areas for improvement.
7. Making Adjustments: Based on the evaluation, refining the policy and
protocols to further enhance patient care and reduce the incidence of
pressure ulcers.
This approach ensures that the policy is evidence-based, practical, and tailored to
the specific needs of the healthcare setting. It creates a structured framework for
improving patient outcomes and ensuring high standards of care.

4: Quality Improvement
Continuous quality improvement initiatives are often based on research, leading
to better healthcare delivery and operational efficiency.
EXAMPLE
Reducing Medication Errors: A common quality improvement initiative is to
reduce medication errors in a hospital setting. This project might involve:
1. Identifying the Problem: Analyzing data to identify the frequency and causes
of medication errors.
2. Developing an Intervention: Implementing strategies such as standardized
medication administration protocols, electronic prescribing systems, and regular
staff training sessions.
3. Implementing the Intervention: Rolling out the new protocols and systems
across the hospital.
4. Evaluating the Results: Continuously monitoring medication error rates and
gathering feedback from staff to assess the effectiveness of the intervention.
5. Making Adjustments: Based on the evaluation, making necessary
adjustments to the protocols and training programs to further reduce errors.
This systematic approach ensures that the intervention is data-driven and
continuously refined, leading to improved patient safety and care quality.

5. Staff Education and Training

RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Research helps develop effective training programs that keep nursing staff
updated on best practices and new healthcare trends.
EXAMPLE
Implementing Training on Managing Sepsis:
1. Identifying the Need: Data shows a significant number of sepsis cases, with
varying outcomes due to inconsistent management practices.
2. Reviewing Current Research: Conduct a thorough review of recent research and
guidelines on sepsis management. Identify best practices and evidence-based
protocols recommended by reputable sources such as the Surviving Sepsis
Campaign.
3. Developing the Training Program: Based on the research, create a
comprehensive training program that includes:
• Early identification and diagnosis of sepsis.
• Implementation of the sepsis care bundle, including timely administration of
antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and monitoring.
• Use of protocols for severe sepsis and septic shock management.
• Simulation exercises and case studies to reinforce learning.
4. Implementing the Training: Conduct training sessions for all relevant staff,
ensuring they understand the protocols and can apply them in clinical practice.
This might include workshops, online modules, and hands-on simulation
training.
5. Evaluating Effectiveness: Assess the impact of the training program by
monitoring sepsis outcomes, compliance with protocols, and staff confidence in
managing sepsis cases. Collect feedback from participants to identify areas for
improvement.
6. Continuous Improvement: Based on the evaluation, refine the training program
to address any gaps and ensure it stays current with the latest research and
guidelines.
This approach ensures that the education and training program is grounded in the
latest evidence, leading to better patient outcomes and more confident,
knowledgeable staff. What areas are you focusing on for training?

6. Resource Management
Effective management of financial and material resources is supported by research,
promoting cost-effective healthcare delivery.
EXAMPLE
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Optimizing Staff Scheduling:

1. Identifying the Issue: High levels of nurse burnout and patient care
complaints are traced back to inefficient staffing schedules.
2. Reviewing Literature: Conduct a review of research studies on nurse
scheduling patterns and their impacts on both staff well-being and patient
care. Studies show that balanced, evidence-based scheduling can reduce
burnout and improve patient outcomes.
3. Data Collection: Gather internal data on current staffing schedules, nurse
workload, patient acuity levels, and incidences of burnout and patient
complaints.
4. Developing the Intervention: Based on research findings, develop a new
scheduling model that considers:
• Nurse-to-patient ratios.
• Rotating shifts to ensure fair distribution of night and weekend shifts.
• Incorporating sufficient rest periods between shifts.
• Aligning nurse expertise with patient care needs.
5. Implementing the New Schedule: Roll out the new scheduling model,
ensuring that it is communicated clearly to all staff members and feedback
is encouraged.
6. Evaluating the Impact: Monitor the new schedule's effectiveness by
assessing changes in nurse burnout rates, patient care quality, and overall
staff satisfaction.
7. Adjusting as Necessary: Use the evaluation results to make any necessary
adjustments to the schedule, ensuring it continues to meet both staff
needs and patient care standards.
This approach ensures that staffing decisions are backed by solid evidence and
data, leading to more efficient resource management, improved nurse well-being,
and better patient care.

7. Advocacy and Leadership

Research empowers nurse administrators to advocate for policy changes and
improvements in healthcare systems, contributing to better healthcare outcomes
and professional environments.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

EXAMPLE:
Advocating for Safe Staffing Levels:
1. Identifying the Issue: Research highlights the adverse effects of inadequate
staffing on patient outcomes and nurse well-being.
2. Gathering Evidence: Collecting internal data on patient outcomes, nurse
satisfaction, and staffing levels. Reviewing external research on the optimal
nurse-to-patient ratios and their benefits.
3. Building a Case: Using the collected data and research findings to develop a
comprehensive report that demonstrates the need for safer staffing levels.
Highlighting how adequate staffing improves patient safety, reduces nurse
burnout, and enhances overall healthcare quality.
4. Presenting to Leadership: Sharing the findings with hospital administration
and stakeholders. Using compelling evidence and clear communication to
advocate for policy changes that ensure safe staffing levels.
5. Leading Change: As a nursing leader, rallying support from colleagues and
staff. Engaging in discussions, providing educational sessions, and fostering a
collaborative approach to push for the necessary changes.
6. Implementing New Policies: Once approved, overseeing the implementation
of new staffing policies. Ensuring that the changes are effectively integrated
into the hospital's operations and that staff are trained and supported.
7. Evaluating Impact: Continuously monitoring the outcomes of the new staffing
policies. Using data to assess improvements in patient care and nurse
satisfaction, and making further adjustments as needed.
This approach not only improves patient care and staff well-being but also positions
nursing administration as a proactive and evidence-driven leader in healthcare.

 SUMMA
RY
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Nurses occupy an influential position in the field of medicine. They spend about
70% of their time at the bedside, working directly with patients and observing
treatment outcomes firsthand. They also field questions from curious patients. In
many cases, patients feel more comfortable confiding in or asking nurses questions
instead physicians. This relationship allows nurses to address patient concerns while
providing quality care.
For example, Florence Nightingale, known as the “Mother of Nursing,” applied
research to determine that sanitation improved the survival rates of wounded
soldiers during the Crimean War. Her findings still influence how medicine is
practiced today.
Nursing research benefits patients, but it can also provide more career
opportunities for those who are not content with day-to-day clinical practice – many
report that a research position is less physically and mentally demanding than
bedside care. Nurses who do research often like the field’s more “structured”
atmosphere.
An advanced degree is the first step to a career in nursing research, whether within
academic medical centers, government agencies or other healthcare settings. As
medical science continues to evolve, nurse researchers will increasingly be valuable
assets to the development of the field. /?fbclid=
https://academicpartnerships.uta.edu/healthcare-nursing-online-programs/msn/
administration/research-skills-in-nursing
IwY2xjawFzJ9FleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHVaf8vHFVFFkPnGpd9crc0_eeu6yEc0li84OD9Ybjv
FsvWO962ID53FyLg_aem_3qSxr2viWR7Ll-BliUOULA#:~:text=Nursing%20research
%20provides%20an%20opportunity,equation%20of%20evidence%2Dbased%20care
Thus, research plays an important role in the nursing administration through its key
concept of Quality improvement initiative aimed at enhancing patient care,
Informed Decision-Making, Policy and Protocol Development, Quality Improvement,
Staff Education and Training, Resource Management, Advocacy and Leadership. The
general purpose of nursing research is to find answers to question or solution to
problems of relevance to the nursing profession. The specific purposes of nursing
research include identification, description, exploration, explanation, prediction and
control and others are those based on evidence-based practice.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Elsevier: Yes, Nurses Do Research, and It’s Improving Patient Care

HospitalRecruiting.com: Beyond the Bedside: Why Nursing Research Is
Important
American Nurse Today: Reading and Critiquing a Research Article
American Nurse Today: Reaping the Unexpected Benefits of Nursing
Research
Biography.com
ExploreHealthCareers.org: Nurse Researcher
Research Info: Nursing Research
Cleveland Clinic: Research Literacy: A Skill All Nurses Should Possess
American Journal of Nursing: Research in Nursing Practice
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Lesson 2

 Integrating Evidence-Based Practices in

Management

INTRODUCTION
 Integrating evidence-based practices in management involves using the best
available research and data to inform decision-making and improve
organizational effectiveness. This approach not only enhances the quality of
care provided but also fosters a culture of continuous improvement and
accountability within healthcare settings.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
 Definitions:
 Integrating - to bring together or incorporate (parts) into a whole to
make up, combine, or complete to produce a whole or a larger unit, as
parts do.
 Evidence-based practice - in general, refers to the systematic process
where-by decisions are made and actions or activities are undertaken
using the best evidence available.

 Context:
 Integrating evidence-based practices in management is essential for
enhancing decision-making processes and ensuring that organizational
strategies are grounded in the best available research. This approach
not only improves patient outcomes and operational efficiency but also
fosters a culture of accountability and continuous improvement within
healthcare settings.

MAIN CONTENT
Incorporating evidence-based practice (EBP) into nursing administration
emphasizes informed decision-making in healthcare management to enhance
patient outcomes and operational efficiency. This method integrates research
findings, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to refine administrative
decisions.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Key Elements of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing Administration

1. Using the Best Evidence for Decision-Making:

Nursing administrators should evaluate research studies and data pertinent
to leadership and management. This includes applying evidence to inform
staffing models, budget distribution, patient care protocols, and resource
allocation.
2. Implementing Evidence-Based Changes:
Nursing leaders utilize evidence to influence policy changes, such as
adjusting nurse-patient ratios based on research demonstrating optimal
staffing levels that minimize errors and burnout.
3. Quality Improvement Initiatives:
Evidence-based management supports continuous quality improvement (CQI)
efforts. Administrators analyze clinical outcomes, like infection rates or
patient satisfaction, and implement evidence-based interventions to enhance
healthcare services.
4. Fostering an EBP Culture:
Leaders are essential in cultivating an organizational culture that prioritizes
evidence-based practice. This includes promoting ongoing education,
ensuring access to research materials, and encouraging staff to incorporate
evidence into their daily work.
5. Evaluating Outcomes and Performance:
An evidence-based approach enables administrators to make informed, data-
driven decisions regarding performance metrics, patient outcomes, and staff
engagement. This involves utilizing research on leadership styles or
technological solutions that enhance operational efficiency.

Integration Strategies

1. Education and Training:

Nursing administrators should encourage ongoing professional development
to ensure staff are skilled in understanding and utilizing research findings.
This can be facilitated through workshops, seminars, or specialized EBP
training programs.
2. Collaboration with Researchers:
Administrators can partner with academic institutions or internal research
teams to remain informed about the latest evidence. This collaboration helps
align management practices with the most current research.
3. Incorporating Clinical Guidelines and Protocols:
Evidence-based guidelines, such as those from the American Nurses
Association (ANA) or other healthcare organizations, should be integrated
into administrative policies to ensure consistency and effectiveness in clinical
management.
4. Data Analytics for Decision Making:
By utilizing hospital data, including electronic health records (EHR),
administrators can monitor outcomes and trends. Data-driven insights offer
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

real-time evidence to guide resource allocation, quality improvement

initiatives, and performance evaluation.

Challenges

1. Resistance to Change:
Implementing EBP in management may encounter pushback from staff who
are unfamiliar with research or reluctant to alter established practices.
2. Time and Resource Limitations:
Administrators might find it challenging to allocate time for conducting or
reviewing research amidst operational pressures. Ensuring sufficient time and
resources for research activities is essential to overcoming this hurdle.

By embracing evidence-based practice, nursing administrators can enhance

management strategies, improve patient outcomes, and strengthen the overall
effectiveness of healthcare systems.

Integrating evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing administration

enhances healthcare management by combining research, clinical expertise,
and patient preferences to improve decision-making. Key aspects include
utilizing best evidence for staffing and resource management, implementing
changes based on research, and promoting continuous quality improvement
initiatives. Nursing leaders foster a culture of EBP by encouraging education
and collaboration with researchers, while also using clinical guidelines to
inform administrative policies. Challenges such as resistance to change and
time constraints can hinder EBP implementation, but addressing these issues
is crucial for success. Ultimately, EBP enables nursing administrators to
optimize strategies, improve patient outcomes, and enhance healthcare
system efficiency.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Oxford Review (n.d.). Evidence-based practice. The Oxford Review.

https://oxford-review.com/oxford-review-excylopaedia-terms/evidence-
based-practice/

What is evidence-based practice in nursing? (2024, February 26). ANA.

https://www.nursingworld.org/content-hub/resources/workplace/evidence-
based-practice-in-nursing/

Saltsman, J. (2023, October 5). Implementing evidence-based care in

nursing practice. Xavier University ; Xavier Online.
https://online.xavier.edu/implementing-evidence-based-care-in-nursing-
practice/

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2019). Evidence-Based Practice

in Nursing & Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer
Health.

American Nurses Association (ANA). (2021). Nursing: Scope and

Standards of Practice (4th ed.). American Nurses Association.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2011). The Future of Nursing: Leading

Change, Advancing Health. National Academies Press.

Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., & Bruyneel, L. (2014). Nurse staffing and
education and hospital mortality in nine European countries: a retrospective
observational study. The Lancet, 383(9931), 1824-1830.

Titler, M. G. (2018). The evidence for evidence-based practice

implementation. In Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook
for Nurses. Agency for Healthcare research and quality

Lesson 3

 Conducting Administrative Research and Program

Evaluation

INTRODUCTION
 Conducting administrative research is essential for the continuous
improvement of nursing programs and organizational policies. This type of
research allows administrators to assess various aspects of healthcare
delivery, including staffing models, patient outcomes, and the effectiveness
of educational initiatives. For instance, McGillis Hall et al. (2016) emphasize
that administrative research provides critical insights into how staffing
decisions impact both nurse satisfaction and patient care quality. By
evaluating these factors, administrators can identify areas for improvement
and implement necessary adjustments to enhance organizational
performance. Furthermore, administrative research fosters a culture of
accountability and evidence-based decision-making, encouraging healthcare
leaders to utilize data in guiding their policies and practices (Kahn et al.,
2020).
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
 Definitions:

Administrative Research: Systematic inquiry into the effectiveness of

management practices, policies, and programs within a healthcare
organization, particularly focusing on improving patient care, staff
satisfaction, and organizational efficiency. (Polit & Beck, 2021)

Program Evaluation: A systematic process of assessing the effectiveness of

programs and services in achieving their intended goals, often involving the
collection and analysis of data to determine the impact of the program on
target populations. (Patton, 2015)

 Context:

In the healthcare environment, nursing administrators face increasing

pressure to demonstrate the effectiveness of their programs and services.
Research and program evaluation provide the tools necessary to assess the
impact of administrative decisions and to ensure that resources are being
used effectively and efficiently. By conducting rigorous research and
program evaluations, nursing administrators can make data-driven decisions
that improve patient care, enhance staff satisfaction, and optimize
organizational performance. (Polit & Beck, 2021)

MAIN CONTENT

Conducting administrative research and program evaluations explore the benefits of

using data to inform decision-making, improve patient outcomes, enhance staff
satisfaction, and optimize organizational performance. Examples of successful
research and evaluation projects in nursing will be presented to illustrate the impact
of these endeavors. (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019)

Types of Administrative Research and Program Evaluation:

This will introduce administrators to different types of administrative research

and program evaluation methods used in nursing. It will cover:

 Needs Assessment:
Needs assessments are systematic processes for identifying the needs of
patients, staff, and the community to guide the development of relevant
programs and services. These assessments can involve surveys, interviews,
focus groups, and analysis of existing data to understand the specific needs
and challenges within a particular setting (Green & Kreuter, 2005).
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

For example, a needs assessment might be conducted to determine the need

for a new patient education program or to identify the training needs of
staff. By conducting a needs assessment, administrators can ensure that
programs and services are aligned with the actual needs of the target
population, maximizing their effectiveness and impact.

 Process Evaluation:
Process evaluation focuses on assessing the implementation of programs and
services to ensure that they are being delivered as intended. This type of
evaluation examines the fidelity of program implementation, the resources
used, and the reach of the program (Rossi, Lipsey, & Freeman, 2018).
For instance, a process evaluation might assess whether a new patient
education program is being delivered consistently across different units or
whether the intended target population is being reached. Process evaluation
helps to identify any barriers to program implementation and ensure that the
program is being delivered effectively and efficiently.

 Outcome Evaluation:
Outcome evaluation assesses the impact of programs and services on patient
outcomes, staff satisfaction, and other relevant indicators. This type of
evaluation measures the effectiveness of programs and services in achieving
their intended goals (Patton, 2015).
For example, an outcome evaluation might assess the impact of a new
patient education program on patient knowledge, self-management skills, or
hospital readmission rates. Outcome evaluation provides crucial data to
demonstrate the value of programs and services and to identify areas for
improvement.

Guidelines in Conducting Administrative Research and Program Evaluation:

It will cover:

 Formulating Research Questions: This will discuss how to develop clear

and focused research questions that guide the research process. (Polit &
Beck, 2021)

 Designing the Study: This will cover different research designs, including
quantitative and qualitative approaches, and how to select the most
appropriate design for the research question. (Polit & Beck, 2021)

 Data Collection Methods: This will explore various data collection

methods, such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observation, and
how to choose the most appropriate methods for the research question. (Polit
& Beck, 2021)
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 Data Analysis: This will discuss different data analysis techniques,

including statistical analysis and qualitative analysis, and how to interpret the
findings. (Polit & Beck, 2021)

 Disseminating Findings: This will cover how to effectively communicate

research findings to stakeholders, including administrators, staff, and
patients. (Polit & Beck, 2021)

How to Improve Nursing Administration by using Research and

Evaluation?

This will explore how administrators can use research and evaluation findings to
improve patient care, enhance staff satisfaction, and optimize organizational
performance.

 Identifying Areas for Improvement: It discusses how to use research and

evaluation findings to identify areas where programs and services can be
improved. (Patton, 2015)

 Developing and Implementing Interventions: It covers how to use

research and evaluation findings to develop and implement interventions to
address identified areas for improvement. (Patton, 2015)

 Monitoring and Evaluating Outcomes: It discusses the importance of

ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess the effectiveness of
interventions and to make adjustments as needed. (Patton, 2015)
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 SUMMA
RY
Conducting rigorous research and program evaluation can provide valuable insights
into the effectiveness of management practices and guide administrators in making
data-driven decisions to improve patient care and organizational performance. By
using a systematic approach to research and evaluation, nursing administrators can
ensure that their decisions are grounded in evidence and contribute to the delivery
of high-quality patient care.
Furthermore, conducting research and program evaluation can enhance the
credibility and accountability of nursing administration, demonstrating a
commitment to evidence-based practice and continuous improvement.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 •
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Green, L. W., & Kreuter, M. W. (2005). Health program planning: An
educational and ecological approach. McGraw-Hill.
• McGillis Hall, L., et al. (2016). The role of administrative research in
nursing practice. “Nursing Leadership”,
https://doi.org/10.12927/cjnl.2016.24680
• Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Sage.
• Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2021). Nursing research: Generating and
assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2018). Evaluation: A
systematic approach.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Lesson 4

 Use of Data Analytics for Decision-Making

INTRODUCTION
Data analytics for decision-making refers to the systematic use of data, statistical
analysis, and technologies to extract insights, patterns and make informed
decisions or improve it. In today’s business environment, leveraging data analytics
is crucial for making strategic decisions that are objective, data-driven, and likely to
lead to optimal outcomes.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Definitions:

DATA ANALYTICS-is the process of examining raw data to draw meaningful

insights, trends, and patterns that inform decision-making. It involves
applying various techniques such as statistical analysis, machine learning,
and data visualization to uncover actionable information that can be used in
different fields, from business and finance to healthcare and marketing.

DECISION-MAKING-is the process of selecting a course of action from a set of

alternatives to achieve a desired outcome. It is a fundamental function in
both personal and organizational contexts, affecting everything from day-to-
day operations to long-term strategy. Effective decision-making involves
weighing the pros and cons of various options, considering potential
outcomes, and choosing the best path forward based on available
information.

Context:

Data analytics is applied within specific environments to aid in making

informed, evidence-based decisions. This context can vary widely depending
on the industry, business objectives, the type of data available, and the
decision-making framework in use.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

MAIN CONTENT
Data analytics for decision-making revolves around leveraging data to support and
guide the decision-making process. It encompasses various stages, techniques, and
tools that allow organizations to make informed, evidence-based decisions. Here’s
an overview of the core elements:

1. Informed Decision-Making
Descriptive analytics helps organizations understand what has happened in the past
through data aggregation and visualization, providing a clear view of past
performances or outcomes.
Diagnostic analytics digs deeper into why something happened, allowing decision-
makers to pinpoint the causes of certain outcomes.
2. Predictive Analytics
This involves using historical data to predict future outcomes or trends. For
example, businesses use predictive models to forecast demand, customer behavior,
or market conditions, which enables proactive decision-making.
Predictive analytics in finance can help in managing risks by forecasting market
trends or potential downturns.
3. Prescriptive Analytics
Prescriptive analytics goes beyond predictions by recommending actions to achieve
desired outcomes. It helps organizations decide on the best course of action among
various options, optimizing decision-making.
For example, in supply chain management, prescriptive analytics can help in
resource allocation, inventory management, and optimizing delivery routes.
4. Real-Time Decision-Making
With real-time analytics, businesses can make decisions based on up-to-the-minute
data. This is particularly important in industries like e-commerce, healthcare, or
finance, where timely decisions can impact revenue, customer satisfaction, or
safety.
5. Strategic Planning
Organizations use analytics for long-term planning by evaluating trends and market
conditions. Data-driven insights help in setting measurable goals, identifying new
business opportunities, and creating competitive strategies.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

For example, data analytics can help retail businesses decide which new markets to
enter or what products to develop based on consumer preferences.
6. Operational Efficiency
Analytics can optimize day-to-day operations, improving efficiency and reducing
costs. Data from production processes, sales, customer feedback, or employee
performance can be analyzed to streamline workflows and improve productivity.
7. Risk Management
By analyzing internal and external data, organizations can better anticipate and
mitigate risks. For instance, banks use analytics to detect fraudulent activities, while
insurance companies assess risks for setting premiums.

8. Customer-Centric Decision-Making
Analytics helps businesses understand their customers better by analyzing
behavior, preferences, and feedback. This insight is used to make decisions around
marketing, product development, and customer service to improve satisfaction and
retention.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 SUMMA
RY
Data analytics for decision-making involves using data-driven insights to guide and
improve decision-making processes. It encompasses several types of analytics.The
process includes data collection, data cleaning, analysis (statistical methods,
machine learning, etc.), and visualization to make complex data understandable.
Tools like business intelligence platforms, statistical software, and big data
technologies are used.

Key applications span various fields, including business, healthcare, finance, and
retail, providing insights into areas such as customer behavior, operational
efficiency, financial forecasting, and supply chain management.

Challenges include ensuring data quality, security, ethical considerations, and the
need for skilled professionals. In summary, data analytics helps organizations make
more informed, accurate, and efficient decisions, improving their overall
effectiveness and competitive advantage.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Provost, F., & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data science for business: What you need to know
about data mining and data-analytic thinking. O'Reilly Media.

Davenport, T. H., & Harris, J. G. (2007). Competing on analytics: The new science of
winning. Harvard Business Review Press.

Marr, B. (2015). Big data: Using SMART big data, analytics and metrics to make
better decisions and improve performance. Wiley.

Shmueli, G., Bruce, P. C., Yahav, I., Patel, N. R., & Lichtendahl, K. C. (2017). Data
mining for business analytics: Concepts, techniques, and applications in R. Wiley.

Chen, H., Chiang, R. H. L., & Storey, V. C. (2012). Business intelligence and
analytics: From big data to big impact. MIS Quarterly, 36(4), 1165–1188.
https://doi.org/10.2307/41703503

Davenport, T. H. (2014). Big data at work: Dispelling the myths, uncovering the
opportunities. Harvard Business Review Press.

Laursen, G. H. N., & Thorlund, J. (2016). Business analytics for managers: Taking
business intelligence beyond reporting. Wiley.

Fay, B., & Jensen, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence for business: A roadmap for
becoming AI-ready. MIT Press.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Silver, N. (2012). The signal and the noise: Why so many predictions fail — but
some don’t. Penguin Press.

Evans, J. R. (2017). Business analytics: Methods, models, and decisions. Pearson.

https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catalog/p/business-analytics/
P200000006177/9780136880844

Lesson 5

 Dissemination of Findings and Best Practices

INTRODUCTION
Dissemination is an essential component in translating evidence since if
the translation is not disseminated, then no change in care will occur and
innovations will not be adopted. Dissemination refers to communicating
clinical, research, and theoretical findings for the aim of transferring new
knowledge to the point of care. Dissemination takes place at multiple
levels. Once the translation project is complete, the first arena for
dissemination is internally. Next, information should be disseminated at
the institutional level. This can be accomplished through meetings of
hospital or organizational professional committees or journal clubs. There
are three primary methods of (external) dissemination, also known as the
three Ps: posters, presentations, and papers. In addition, external
dissemination intended to influence policy may occur through using media
or government advocacy. Dissemination is most effective if multiple
methods are employed over time.

Evidenced-based nursing practice is the principled, explicit, and judicious

application of theory-derived, research-based information in clinical
decision making regarding care delivery to individuals or groups of
patients with consideration given to individual needs and preferences.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Leaders in nursing believed that theory and clinical research should form
the basis for evidenced-based nursing instead of ritualized, isolated, and
unsystematic clinical experiences, unsupported opinion, and tradition.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Definitions:
 Dissemination: has been defined as 'the targeted distribution of
information and intervention materials to a specific public health or
clinical practice audience, and as being 'simply about getting the
findings of your research to the people who can make use of them,
to maximise the benefit of the research without delay.
 Evidenced based practice: according to American Nurses
Association (2023) is defined as providing holistic, quality care
based on the most up-to-date research and knowledge rather than
traditional methods, advice from colleagues, or personal beliefs.
Nurses can expand their knowledge and improve their clinical
practice experience by collecting, processing, and implementing
research findings.

Context: Communicating the findings of health and medical research to

stakeholders in ways that can facilitate understanding and use should
occur as quickly as possible, even with inconclusive or negative results, to
maximize the social value of the research and accurately inform medical
policies and practices. Making research findings available through press
releases, preprints, abstracts and peer-reviewed publications should
happen as soon as interim and final analyses are complete, especially
during public health emergencies. To ensure dissemination is timely,
comprehensive, accurate, unbiased, unambiguous and transparent, all
research stakeholders should integrate ethics and integrity principles into
their institutional dissemination policies and personal beliefs.

MAIN CONTENT
Disseminating evidence-based practice in nursing consists of sharing the
results and implications of evidence-based practice projects, innovations, or
initiatives with relevant stakeholders, such as colleagues, managers,
policymakers, patients, and the general public. Dissemination is an essential
part of the evidence-based practice process, as it can increase the awareness,
acceptance, and adoption of evidence-based practice among nurses and other
healthcare professionals. Dissemination can also facilitate the evaluation and
feedback of evidence-based practice, which can lead to further improvement
and refinement of practice. Moreover, dissemination can demonstrate the value
and impact of nursing practice and contribute to the advancement of nursing
knowledge and science.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Subtopic 1: How to disseminate findings and best practices of EPB in Nursing

practice.
 Explanation: Disseminating Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in nursing
requires understanding the purpose, intended recipients, and context of
the dissemination. Common modalities and channels for distribution
include oral presentations, written publications, and electronic media. Oral
presentations can be delivered at conferences, workshops, seminars,
rounds, or staff meetings. Here one can present your EBP project,
findings, recommendations, or outcomes to a live audience with the aid of
slides, posters, handouts, or other visual aids. Written publications are
published in journals, newsletters, periodicals, books, or reports to
communicate your EBP project to a broader and more diverse audience.
Electronic media such as websites, blogs, podcasts, videos, social media,
or online forums can share your EBP project to a global and interactive
audience. When employing these channels it is important to consider the
format, length and tone of your message and utilize reliable and reputable
sources and platforms.

 Examples: A study conducted by Preethy D’Souza et al., (2021), Fifty-one

eligible participants was enrolled in the study. The intervention and
control group had three clusters each with 27 and 24 participants,
respectively. Participants in both groups were comparable for variables
such as age, years of experience, and educational background. Between
groups, outcome variables were compared using mixed linear multi-level
modeling. Nurse educators who received the EBP training program
demonstrated significant differences in knowledge, attitude, practice, and
competency scores, than that of the control group, indicating the
intervention effectiveness and that concludes that EBP training programs
are effective in improving the knowledge, attitude, practice, and
competency of nurse educators.

Subtopic 2: The perceived barriers to disseminate findings and best practices of

EBP in Nursing practice.
 Explanation: Nurses in clinical areas face many challenges in
implementing research findings. These challenges differ between
countries and between clinical areas. Challenges related to the context or
environment involve a task-focused organizational culture, low regard for
individuals, limited or no continuing education, poor leadership, and
absence of appropriate performance measurement systems. Challenges
related to facilitating methods or processes consist of inflexible styles,
inappropriate characteristics, and inappropriate roles.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 Examples: The current study of Li-Ping Wang et al (2013)., and a few

previous studies suggest that managerial support was a key facilitator of
research utilization. In a practical view, managerial support could provide
material support to decrease setting-related barriers, such as lack of
authority, time, and facilities. In addition, according to Chinese traditional
culture, the managerial support is likely to be more valued than other
facilitator. Educational background influenced the nurse-related barriers.
Researchers suggested that nurses with higher academic levels usually
possess a higher level need for achievement desiring challenges.
Research utilization remains a challenge for many nurses in practice,
therefore, nurses with a higher educational background tend to show a
positive attitude towards research and research utilization as Thompson C
et al (2005).

Subtopic 3:
 Explanation: Detailed discussion of concepts of the first subtopic.
 Examples: Provide examples to illustrate the concepts.
 Activities: Include activities or exercises to engage students.

Subtopic 4:
 Explanation: Detailed discussion of concepts of the first subtopic.
 Examples: Provide examples to illustrate the concepts.
 Activities: Include activities or exercises to engage students.

The most critical phase of implementing the evidence-based practice

(EBP) entails the dissemination of information. According to Polit and Beck
(2008), the purpose of the EBP is to incorporate scientific evidence into clinical
practice. It is imperative to ensure the continuous flow of information after the
successful implementation of the EBP project (Oman, Duran, & Fink, 2008).
There is universal acknowledgement that the clinical care provided to
individuals should be based on the best available evidence, knowledge and
evidence derived from robust research methods should drive our clinical
practice, decisions and change to improve the way we deliver care. Despite its
importance, translating research into clinical practice is challenging, leadership
in nursing academia and all stakeholders must work diligently to address this
gap.
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN NURSING ADMINISTRAT
ION

Dudley-Brown., Sharon., (2019). Translation Into Nursing and Healthcare, Third

Edition: he Interprofessional Approach to Implement Science.
https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-4737-0/part/part03/
chapter/ch12

Raffaela Ravinetto., Jerome Amir Singh., (2023) Responsible dissemination of

health and medical research: some guidance points.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10313982/

Thompson C, McCaughan D, Cullum N, Sheldon TA, Mulhall A et al. (2001)

Research information in nurses' clinical decision making; what is useful?
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01985.x

American Nurses Association (2023). ANA Nursing Resource Hub.

https://www.nursingworld.org/content-hub/resources/ workplace/evidence-
based-practice-in-nursing/