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Application To Incompressible Fluids

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10 views4 pages

Application To Incompressible Fluids

Uploaded by

Rïhem B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Application to incompressible fluids


Incompressible fluids have a constant density: roh= Cte. The acceleration of gravity is constant: g = Cte.

We integrate the fundamental equation of fluid statics:

dP
   g   dP     gdz the solution of the DE: P( z )    gz  C
dz
Consider a reference level located at altitude z0 for which the pressure is equal to P0, so C  P0 + gz0 .

finally : PA  P ( z )  P0   g ( z0  z ) or PA  P0   gh .
h

Generally, the reference level z0 = 0 is chosen at the free surface of the fluid where P0 = Patm Atmospheric
pressure, The numerical value of Patm = 1.013 105 Pa

It is important to note that: within continuous domain of the same stationary fluid, the pressure
is the same over a horizontal plane.

4. Absolute and Gauge Pressures


In a liquid with a free surface, the pressure at a depth h measured from the free surface (at
atmospheric pressure), is given by: PA  gh  patm.
The pressure PA, calculated by Eq.2.25, is the absolute pressure, measured from the absolute zero
pressure (the perfect vacuum). However, it is convenient to consider the atmospheric pressure as
the datum for the pressure measurements, Fig.2.6. Then, the pressure measured relative to the
atmospheric pressure is defined as the gauge pressure.
Gauge pressure PG=gh then Pabsolute = Pgauge +Patm

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5. Pressure Head
Based on the equation PG=gh , the gauge pressure can be expressed by the pressure head h, where
h g/P . It is defined as the vertical height of column fluid of density ρ, which exerts a pressure
P on its base. Generally, the term head is defined as the energy per unit weight of fluid.
6. Pressure Measuring Devices
The pressure can be measured by different methods
using mechanical, electrical, piezo-electrical, fluid
and other measuring devices. Barometers are used
to measure the absolute atmospheric pressure while
Manometers are used to measure the pressure
difference between two points. The manometers
function based on the fluid height measurement.
6.1. Mercury barometer
this figure shows a simple mercury barometer
invented by Torricelli, 1643. This barometer
measures the absolute atmospheric pressure (patm). It consists of a tube filled
with mercury and inverted while submerged in a reservoir. The atmospheric
pressure can be measured as:
Patm = Hg g h + Pvp
Where pvp is the vapor pressure of mercury, Pvp=0.17 Pa at 20 °C. The mercury
has an extremely small vapor pressure at room temperature (0.17 Pa) and can
be neglected, compared with the atmospheric pressure (105 Pa).
Consequently, the atmospheric pressure is: patm = Hg g h. For high
temperatures, the vapor pressure increases and the glass tube scale dilates.
Therefore corrections of measurements should be considered.

Patm = Hg gh
Généralement, h = 760 mm = 0,76m, g = 9,81 m/s², Hg = 13600 kg/m3.
D’où : Patm = (13600)(9,81)(0,76) = 1,013 105 Pa

6.2. Piezometer; Piezo-manometer


The simplest manometer is a tube, opened at its top and attached to the top of a vessel containing
a liquid at the point at which the pressure is to be measured, Fig.2.8. The measured pressure
should be higher than atmospheric pressure. This simple device is known as the Piezometer. As
the tube is opened to the atmosphere, the pressure measured is relative to atmospheric pressure
so it is a gauge pressure;
p=ρgh.
The simple piezometer can be used only for liquids (not for gases) and only for limited liquid
height. The height should not be too small or too large so that the pressure changes can be
detectable

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6.3 U-Tube Manometer
The U-Tube is a manometer, which enables measuring the pressure difference between two
points. If one end of the manometer is opened to the atmosphere, the manometer can read
directly the gauge pressure at a point. The U tube is connected as shown in Fig.2.9. It is filled
with a fluid called the manometric fluid. The fluid whose pressure is being measured should
have a mass density less than that of the manometric fluid. These two fluids should be
immiscible. For fluids of low density, as gases, inverted U-tube manometers are used.

Considering the U-tube manometer, the pressure in a continuous static fluid is the same at any
horizontal level so, the pressures at points B and C are equal; pB = pC.
For the left side arm, PB=PA gh1

For the right side arm, PC=PD mgh2


Where ρm is the density of the manometric fluid, kg/m3
Then; PA Patm g (m h2   h1) absolute pressure where, g (m h2   h1) is the gauge pressure.
If the fluid being measured is a gas, the density will be very small, compared with that of the
manometric fluid; ρm >> ρ. In this case, the term ρgh1 is negligible, and the measured gauge
pressure is given by: P = ρmgh2

Example 2.3 A U-tube manometer is used to measure the gauge pressure of a fluid of density ρ
= 700 kg/m3. The manometric fluid is mercury, with a specific gravity of 13.6. What is the gauge
pressure in each of the following cases?
a) h1 = 0.4m and h2 = 0.9m.
b) h1 = 0.4m and h2 = - 0.1m?

solution
For the U-tube, PB = PC
PA + ρ gh1 = PAtm + ρm gh2,
Then: PA = PAtm + ρm gh2 - ρ gh1 (Absolute Pressure)

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Or PG-A = g(ρm h2 - ρh1) (Gauge Pressure)
a) PA = (13.6 x 103x 9.81 x 0.9) – (700 x 9.81 x 0.4) =117.3 kPa
b) PA = (13.6 x 103 x 9.81 x (-0.1)) – (700 x 9.807 x 0.4) = -16 kPa
The negative sign indicates that the pressure is below atmospheric (vacuum pressure)
7. The Theorem of Pascal
‘Any variation in pressure at any point in a liquid at rest is transmitted in its entirety to the other
points in that liquid’.
Consider two connected containers filled with an incompressible liquid:
- In A and B, the pressure is equal, i.e. : PA=PB
- The pressure formula is: P=F/S so FA/SA=FB/SB

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