2022 International Electronics Symposium (IES)

Adaptive Beamforming Based on Linear Array

Antenna for 2.3 GHz 5G Communication using
LMS Algorithm
Budi Aswoyo*), Muhamad Milchan*), Anang Budikarso*)
*)
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya, Surabaya City, East Java 60111
2022 International Electronics Symposium (IES) | 978-1-6654-8971-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IES55876.2022.9888682

Indonesia
[email protected]; [email protected]; anang_bk@ pens.ac.id

Abstract—In this paper, the results of the adaptive beam- (3G) to 4th Generation (4G) is intended to enable the function
forming with beam pattern synthesis on a linear array antenna of data transmission over the internet network on a mobile
applied to 5G communication with operating frequency is 2.3 station (MS) device. Nowadays, some of the telecommuni-
GHz, specifically at 2.330 GHz using the Least Mean Square cation service subscribers already have more than one
(LMS) algorithm are presented. What is meant by adaptive
beamforming here is the form of the result of beam pattern
communication device connected to the network. So, of
synthesis, capable of adapting by directing the main beam course, we need a data transmission technology system that is
towards the desired channel (we call Signal of Interest or SOI), capable and capable of handling every communication process
and at the same time suppressing as low as possible of from the user to the central network without any obstacles. To
interference channel (we call Signal of Not Interest or SNOI) answer this challenge, 5th Generation (5G) technology has
directions. The comparison between the signal levels of SOI and been implemented.
SNOI from the synthesis of the pattern, will produce a parameter In December 2020, the Government of Indonesia has
that represents the performance of the system, and is called the determined the 2.3 GHz frequency spectrum which is the S-
Signal of Interference Ratio (SIR). Simulations were carried out band as the spectrum for the application of 5G technology in
to evaluate the performance of the system on the effect of the
number of element arrays, with SOI directions varying from 0 o,
Indonesia in the frequency range 2.360 – 2.390 GHz or MHz
20o, 40o, and 50o with SNOI=60o, with a convergence constant 2,360 - 2,390 MHz with a bandwidth of 30 MHz. This 2.3
value of the LMS algorithm 0.001, and a minimum threshold GHz frequency was previously used by Broadband Wireless
value of 40 dB SIR. From the simulation results, it is concluded, Access (BWA) telecommunication operators, and the Ministry
if the angle difference between SOI and SNOI is relatively far of Communication and Information has revoked the BWA
(60o, 40o and 20o), then the adaptive beamforming successfully operator frequency license in December 2018 [7][8].
places these signals in the predetermined SOI and SNOI Talking about 5G technology, one of the techniques used
directions, with relatively high SIR, at above the threshold value to enhance system reliability is to apply beamforming
of 40 dB. The smaller the difference between SOI and SNOI techniques. With this smart technique, the antenna system will
anther angles, the smaller the resulting SIR value. When the
angle between SOI and SNOI is 10o, the adaptive beamforming
focus its beam on the targeted mobile target, without
formation does not succeed in placing the signal at the specified physically rotating the antenna, which is called adaptive
angle, and the SIR threshold value is smaller than the 40 dB beamforming.
threshold value. Adaptive beamforming is defined as finding or assigning a
weighting value to each element array input, so that the main
Keywords— linear array antenna; beamforming; LMS beam (look direction or main beam, which is another term for
algorithm; 5G communication SOI) leads to the desired signal direction [1]. Thus, beam
directing can be done electronically, without the need for
mechanical rotation of the elements. Generally, the system can
I. INTRODUCTION
be built from a series of sensors (microphone, speaker, or
The development of telecommunication technology has antenna) arranged in an array, where each element is
been growing rapidly accompanied by the needs of customers connected to an amplifier unit and or a phase shifter which is
who increasingly demand a reliable communication system to regulated by a signal processor, thus requiring a signal
support the smooth running of daily activities and in terms of processing algorithm to locate appropriate weighting values. It
work. The development and transition between one network is intended that the system performance is in optimum
technology from one generation to the next is intended with condition.
the aim of covering up shortcomings and developing
technology from its predecessor generations, for example the
transition from the 2nd Generation (2G) to 3rd Generation

978-1-6654-8971-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE 436

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal. Downloaded on October 24,2024 at 09:50:40 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 To set the element array alignment, there are several n = number of array elements
parameters that can be changed. Jethva C S [2] describes the  = wavelength
array optimization method for maximizing the directivity  = angle of observation
value, by changing the technical parameters, including:
ecstasy amplitude, phase settings, configuration and spacing of
the elements and illustrates the estimation of direction of B. LMS Algorithm
arrival (DOA) by adjusting the relative phase difference In the LMS algorithm, the adaptation process will change
between elements. the vector weight w in line with the direction of the estimated
Many adaptation algorithms can be used in the adaptation gradient based on the negative derivative method. One
process for optimal antennas, including: Griffith Algorithm, implementation of the adaptive system is a transverse structure
Frost Algorithm, and Blind Adaptive Algorithm [2][3]. that uses adaptive linear coupling. The output signal of the
In adaptive systems, the LMS algorithm is the most widely order N adaptive system for a single input and output is [4]
used adaptive algorithm, due to its relatively low
computational complexity. This algorithm converts the weight (2)
vector in line with the direction of the gradient estimate based where:
on the negative derivative method, and is suitable for = the output of system
implementation in an adaptive system by merging on an =[ … ] is the vector weight
adaptive linear system [4]. =[ … is the input of system
This paper describes the results of the adaptive T = transpose matrix
beamforming on linear array antenna, using the LMS k = index of iteration
algorithm to obtain the optimal system SIR (greater than 40
dB), for certain conditions. In the adaptive control system, the weighting of wk is
always fixed so that the value of yk = dk, where dk is the
II. ARRAY FACTOR OF ANTENA ARRAY LINEAR expected value, while the value of xk is obtained from
sampling. The weighting improvements according to the LMS
In this section, we present the formulation of the array algorithm are [9]:
factor of a linear array antenna, and the LSM algorithm that
forms the basis of the simulation in the next section. (3)
A. Linear Array Antenna Where:
μ = convergence constant > 0, dan
Fig.1 shows a linear array antenna with N elements (from
element 0 to N-1), where all elements are assumed to be (4)
isotropic sources. The distance between elements is assumed with
to be the same length d (with units of wavelength). W(n)
represents the amplitude of the excitation current of the n-th
element. The angle represents the angle of observation in the
far field, which is viewed from the normal array, and o
represents the direction of the main beam. III. BLOCK DIAGRAM SYSTEM AND SIMULATION
A. Block Diagram System
Fig.2 is a block diagram of system simulation. This system
consists of N elements antenna arranged linearly, with a
distance of d = 0.5 (where is a signal wavelength). For 2.3
GHz 5G communication with centre frequency is 2.33 GHz or
2,330 MHz, or  = 12.88 cm, we find that d = 0.5 = 6.44
cm. Each of the n-th elements (n = 0,1, … , N-1) will be
Fig.1. Configuration of a linear array antenna with N elements associated with a weighted Wn (W0, W1, … , WN-1), and the sum
of a combiner becomes yk. Where yk is the pattern generated
The array factor of such a linear array antenna is from the system output with a certain SIR value. Next, the
represented by [1]: system output yk is compared with the reference signal dk, and
the error k is calculated. With the LMS algorithm, this
weighting value will be updated and the SIR calculated from
(1) the yk pattern, up to a certain iteration.

Where:
Wn = amplitude
d = distance of each element

437

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal. Downloaded on October 24,2024 at 09:50:40 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig.3(a) and 3(b) show the results of adaptive beam-
forming pattern for SOI=0o and SNOI=60o, with 5 and 8
elements respectively, corresponding to the weight (amplitude
and phase) in Table I. In both patterns, it can be seen that the
SOI and SNOI directions are right in the specified directions.
A pattern with an SIR of 56 dB (above the minimum threshold
value of 40 dB) was successfully achieved, with 5 elements
achieved in the 382nd iteration (Fig.4(a)), and an SIR of 62 dB
with 8 elements being achieved in the 38th iteration (Fig.
4(b)).

TABLE I. AMPLITUDE AND PHASE OF ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING FOR SOI=0O

AND SNOI=60O FOR 5 AND 8 ELEMENTS

Fig.2. Block diagram of system

Notes:
w : the vector weight
d : distance of element
dk : signal reference
yk : output of the adaptive system
εk : error of iteration
DSP : digital signal processing

B. Simulation and Results

This adaptive beamforming simulation was carried out for
the number of 5 and 8 elements array antenna, by varying the
direction of SOI (SOI = 0o, 20o, 40o, and 50o), while the
direction of SNOI was kept constant (SNOI = 60o), with a
convergence constant of 0.001 and the minimum SIR
threshold value of 40 dB. Fig.3(a) and 3(b), 5(a) and (5(b),
7(a) and 7(b), 9(a) and 9(b) below are the results of the
formation of an adaptive pattern for the above conditions,
along with the distribution of the amplitude and phase for each
element.

Fig.4. MSE process of adaptive beamforming for SOI=0 o dan SNOI=60o

(a) 5 elements; (b) 8 elements

Fig.3. Adaptive beamforming for SOI=0o dan SNOI=60o (a) 5 elements;

(b) 8 elements

438

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal. Downloaded on October 24,2024 at 09:50:40 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Fig.5(a) and 5(b) show the results of adaptive beam-
forming pattern for SOI=20o and SNOI=60o, with 5 and 8
elements respectively, corresponding to the weight (amplitude
and phase) in Table II. In both patterns, it can be seen that the
SOI and SNOI directions are also right in the specified
directions. A pattern with an SIR value of 48 dB, a pattern
with 5 elements was achieved in the 376th iteration (Fig. 6(a)),
while a pattern with 8 elements of a 52 dB SIR was achieved
in the 176th iteration (Fig. 6(b)).

Fig.6. MSE process of adaptive beamforming for SOI=20o dan SNOI=60o

(a) 5 elements; (b) 8 elements

Furthermore, Fig.7(a) and 7(b) show the results of

adaptive beamforming pattern for SOI=40o and SNOI=60o,
with 5 and 8 elements respectively, corresponding to the
weight (amplitude and phase) in Table III. In both patterns, it
can be seen that the SOI and SNOI directions are still in the
right direction. The pattern with an SIR value of 38 dB, the
pattern for 5 elements is achieved at a maximum iteration of
500 (Fig. 8(a)), while for 8 SIR elements it is 46 dB in the
242nd iteration (Fig.8(b)).

Fig.5. Adaptive beamforming for SOI=20o dan SNOI=60o (a) 5 elements;

(b) 8 elements

TABLE II. AMPLITUDE AND PHASE OF ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING FOR

SOI=20O AND SNOI=60O FOR 5 AND 8 ELEMENTS

Fig.7. Adaptive beamforming for SOI=40o dan SNOI=60o (a) 5 elements;

(b) 8 elements

TABLE III. AMPLITUDE AND PHASE OF ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING FOR

SOI=40O AND SNOI=60O FOR 5 AND 8 ELEMENTS

439

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal. Downloaded on October 24,2024 at 09:50:40 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 TABLE IV. AMPLITUDE AND PHASE OF ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING FOR
SOI=50O AND SNOI=60O FOR 5 AND 8 ELEMENTS

Fig.8. MSE process of adaptive beamforming for SOI=40o dan SNOI=60o

(a) 5 elements; (b) 8 elements

Meanwhile, Fig.9(a) and 9(b) show the results of

adaptive beam-forming pattern for SOI=50o and SNOI=60o,
with 5 and 8 elements respectively, corresponding to the
weight (amplitude and phase) in Table IV. At a maximum
iteration of 500, the pattern for 5 elements produces an SIR
value of 18 dB, (Fig.10(a)), for 8 elements it produces an SIR
of 36 dB (Fig.10(b)).

Fig.10. MSE process of adaptive beamforming for SOI=50o dan SNOI=60o (a)
5 elements; (b) 8 elements

IV. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION

Furthermore, the results of the calculation of the signal to
interference ratio (SIR) of each resulting adaptive pattern are
summarized in Table V. For patterns with 5 and 8 elements,
for SOI=0o and SNOI=60o dB the SIR is 56 dB respectively,
and 62 dB. For SOI=20o and SNOI=60o, it produces SIR of 48
dB and 52 dB, while for SOI=40o and SNOI=60o, it produces
SIR of 38 dB and 46 dB, respectively. Furthermore, for
SOI=50o and SNOI=60o, the SIR is 18 dB and 36 dB,
respectively.

Fig.9. Adaptive beamforming for SOI=50o dan SNOI=60o (a) 5 elements;

(b) 8 elements

440

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal. Downloaded on October 24,2024 at 09:50:40 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 TABLE V. SIGNAL TO INTERFERENCE RATIO (SIR) VALUE OF ADAPTIVE 5 and 8 elements. Simulations were carried out to obtain a
BEAMFORMING CORRESPONDING TO DIRECTIONS OF SOI AND SNOI FOR 5
AND 8 ELEMENTS minimum SIR threshold of 40 dB.
2. If the angle difference between SOI and SNOI is relatively
n-th Directions Signal to Interference Ratio far (60o, 40o, and 20o) for 5 and 8 elements, then the
Simulation of SOI (SIR)
and SNOI
adaptive pattern formed successfully places these signals in
5 elements 8 elements
SOI=0o;
the predetermined SOI and SNOI directions, with relatively
1 SNOI=60o 56 dB 62 dB SIR high above the threshold value of 40 dB. At SOI=0o
SOI=20o; and SNOI=60o, SIR=56 dB for 5 elements, and SIR=62 dB
2 SNOI=60o 48 dB 52 dB for 8 elements. At SOI=20o and SNOI=60o, SIR=48 dB for
SOI=40o; 5 elements, and SIR=22 dB for 8 elements, and when
3 SNOI=60o 38 dB 46 dB SOI=0o and SNOI=60o, SIR=62 dB for 8 elements. Except
SOI=50o; when SOI=40o and SNOI=60o (20o angle difference) with 5
4 SNOI=60o 18 dB 36 dB
elements, it produces 38 dB SIR (below the 40 dB
threshold). The smaller the angle difference between SOI
Based on the initial conditions of the simulation, that the and SNOI, the smaller the resulting SIR value.
minimum SIR threshold value that must be achieved is 40 dB, 3. When the angle difference is relatively small (SOI=50o and
then from Table V it can be seen that this threshold value was SNOI=60o, where the angle difference, between SOI and
achieved by the 1st simulation with SOI = 0o and SNOI = 60o SNOI is 10o), the adaptive pattern formation is not
for both 5 elements (56 dB), and 8 elements (62 dB). This successful in placing the signal at the specified angles, and
threshold value was also achieved by the second simulation the SIR threshold value cannot be achieved using 5
with SOI=20o and SNOI=60o for both 5 elements (48 dB) and elements (18 dB) and 8 elements (36 dB).
8 elements (52 dB). For the 3rd simulation, this value was
achieved by SOI=40o and SNOI=60o with 8 elements (46 dB),
but could not be achieved with 5 elements (38 dB). And for References
the 4th simulation, for SOI=50o and SNOI=60o, the SIR [1] Ballanis CA, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th Edition. John
threshold value was not achieved with 5 elements (18 dB) or 8 Willey and Son’s Inc, New York, ISBN: 978-1-118-64206-1 February
elements (36 dB). 2016.
From the simulation results above, it can be seen that the [2] Jethva CS and Karandikar RG, “Algorithms of Adaptive Beam Forming
for Smart Antenna”, A Comparative Study. IOSR J. Electron Commun
formation of an adaptive pattern for SOI=0o and SNOI=60o Eng. 8(1), 2013, pp 27–30.
with 5 and 8 elements succeeded in placing the SOI and SNOI [3] Jeripotula PR and Naik BR, “Performance Analysis of Adaptive
signals in place, with SIR of 56 dB and 62 dB, respectively. Beamforming Algorithms”, Int Conf Circuits Syst Digit Enterp Technol.
This is because the angle difference between SOI and SNOI is (ICCSDET), 2018, pp 1–4.
[4] Mane SV and Bombale UL, “Performance Analysis of LMS, RLS, CMA
still relatively far, which is 60o. Likewise for SOI=20o and Algorithms for Beamforming in Smart Antenna Systems”, Int J Recent
SNOI=60o with 5 and 8 elements, they still managed to put the Technol Eng. 8(4), 2019, pp 10515–23.
signal patterns in place with SIR of 48 dB and 52 dB, and the [5] Nosrati H, Aboutanios E and Smith D 2020, “Multi-Stage Antenna
difference between the angles of SOI and SNOI was still 40o. Selection for Adaptive Beamforming in MIMO Radar”, IEEE Trans
Signal Process. 68 pp 1374–89.
Meanwhile, for SOI=40o and SNOI=60o with 5 and 8 [6] Patra RK and Nayak CK, “A comparison between different adaptive
elements, the signal patterns were found to be in place, with beamforming techniques,“1st Int Conf Range Technol. (ICORT ), 2019,
SIR of 38 dB (below the threshold) and 46 dB. In this case for pp 1–4.
5 elements, the SIR threshold was not achieved, because the [7] Yudha Pratomo (Kompas.com-23/11/2020), "Persiapan 5G di Indonesia,
Kominfo Lelang Frekuensi 2,3 Ghz", https://tekno. kompas.com/read/
angle difference between SOI and SNOI was already relatively 2020/11/23/10410087/persiapan-5g-di-indonesia-kominfo-lelang-
small (20o). But this condition was achieved with 8 elements. frekuensi-2-3-ghz, 2020.
Finally, for SOI=50o and SNOI=60o, the adaptive pattern [8] Wahyunanda Kusuma Pertiwi (Kompas.com-18/12/2020), "Ini Tiga
formation did not succeed in placing the signal at the specified Operator Seluler yang Dapat Frekuensi 5G di Indonesia", https://
tekno.kompas.com/read/2020/12/18/09280057/ini-tiga-operator-seluler-
angles, and the SIR threshold value was not achieved with 5 yang-dapat-frekuensi-5g-di-indonesia?page=all, 2020.
elements (18 dB) and 8 elements (36 dB). Because the angle
difference between SOI and SNOI is relatively small, which is
10o.

V. CONCLUSION
From this research, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
1. Simulation of adaptive beamforming based on linear array
antenna for 2.3 GHz 5G communication has been carried
out using the LMS algorithm with a convergence constant
of 0.001 using a with a linear configuration, with a total of

441

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal. Downloaded on October 24,2024 at 09:50:40 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.