UNIT-2

OHS352-PROJECT REPORT WRITING

Prepared by
MOHAN RAJ VIJAYAN
M.E (CSE), (Ph.D.) M.B.A (PM), M.Music, M.Sc. (Psy), M.A (Philo), M.A (French), Dip.(Arch & Epi)
Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technology, MSEC
 UNIT-2
Project Report – Definition, Structure, Types of
Reports, Purpose – Intended Audience – Plagiarism
– Report Writing in STEM fields – Experiment –
Statistical Analysis.
 1. Project Report
◦ Definition
◦ A project report outlines the process, progress, and results of a
project.
◦ It serves to inform stakeholders about the project's
objectives,
methodologies,
outcomes, and
 implications.
◦ The primary goal of a project report is to provide a detailed account
of
what was done,
how it was done, and
what was achieved.
 2. Structure of a Project Report
◦ A typical project report includes the following sections:
◦ Title Page: Includes the title of the report, the author's name, the institution or organization,
and the date of submission.
◦ Abstract: A brief summary of the project, including the objectives, methods, results, and
conclusions. It should be concise and provide a quick overview of the report.
◦ Introduction: Introduces the project, provides background information, states the problem
or research question, and outlines the objectives and scope of the report.
◦ Literature Review: Reviews existing research related to the project topic. It helps to
establish the context and significance of the project.
◦ Methodology: Describes the methods and procedures used to conduct the project,
including data collection techniques and analysis methods.
◦ Results: Presents the findings of the project, often with the help of tables, figures, and
charts.
◦ Discussion: Interprets the results, explains their implications, and discusses any limitations or
unexpected findings.
◦ Conclusions: Summarizes the key findings and their significance. It may also offer
recommendations for future research or practical applications.
◦ References: Lists all the sources cited in the report, formatted according to a specific
citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).
◦ Appendices: Includes additional material that supports the report, such as raw data,
detailed calculations, or supplementary information.
Example: A project report on text classification using BERT models might be
structured as follows:
◦ Title Page: "Text Classification with BERT Models"
◦ Abstract: Summary of using BERT for classifying customer reviews into
positive or negative.
◦ Introduction: Background on text classification and the importance of
sentiment analysis.
◦ Methodology: Explanation of BERT model architecture, data preprocessing,
and training procedures.
◦ Results: Accuracy metrics of the BERT model on a test dataset.
◦ Analysis and Conclusions: Discussion of the model’s performance and its
implications for improving customer service.
◦ References: Research papers on BERT and previous studies on sentiment
analysis.
◦ Appendices: Additional data samples and code snippets.
 3. Types of Reports
•Technical Reports
•Research Reports
•Progress Reports
•Feasibility Reports
 3. Types of Reports
•Technical Reports:
Focus on technical aspects and details of a project.
Often used in engineering or IT projects to document
•methodologies, results, and technical issues.
Example: A technical report on developing a new software tool
might include detailed descriptions of
the coding process,
software architecture, and
performance benchmarks.
 3. Types of Reports
•Research Reports:
•Present findings from academic or scientific research, usually including
literature reviews
experimental methods
results, and
conclusions.
Example: A research report on the effectiveness of BERT models in sentiment
analysis would include a literature review on
text classification,
experimental setup,
results, and
academic implications.
 3. Types of Reports
•Progress Reports:
Provide updates on
the status of a project,
detailing completed tasks,
ongoing work, and
future plans.
Example: A progress report for a project on text classification might
include updates on
data collection,
model training progress, and
preliminary results.
 3. Types of Reports

•Feasibility Reports: Assess the viability of

•a proposed project or solution,
•considering factors such as costs, benefits, and potential
challenges.
Example: A feasibility report evaluating the integration of BERT into a
company’s customer feedback system would examine
the technical feasibility,
cost implications, and
expected benefits.
 4. Purpose – Intended Audience
◦ Purpose:
The purpose of a project report is to
communicate project outcomes,
provide evidence-based recommendations, or
contribute to academic knowledge.
◦ The intended audience determines
the report’s style,
content, and
level of detail.
 4. Purpose – Intended Audience
◦ Academic Audience:
◦ Typically includes professors, researchers, or students.
◦ Reports for this audience should focus on
methodology,
theoretical implications, and
detailed analysis.
◦ Example: An academic report on BERT models would include
detailed explanations of the
model's architecture,
theoretical background, and
contributions to the field of natural language processing.
 4. Purpose – Intended Audience
◦ Technical Audience:
Includes engineers, developers, or IT professionals.
Reports should emphasize
technical details,
implementation challenges, and
practical applications.
◦ Example: A technical report on implementing BERT for text classification
would focus on technical aspects like
model configuration,
code examples, and
integration challenges.
 4. Purpose – Intended Audience
◦ General Audience:
◦ Comprises stakeholders, business managers, or the general public.
◦ Reports should be accessible,
◦ avoiding overly technical jargon and
◦ focusing on broader implications and benefits.
◦ Example: For a general audience, a report on BERT might explain
◦ how the technology improves text classification in simple terms,
◦ highlighting its impact on customer satisfaction without diving into
complex technical details.
 5. Plagiarism
◦ Definition: Plagiarism is
the act of using someone else’s
work or ideas without proper
attribution, presenting them as your
own.
It is considered a serious academic
and professional offense.
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◦Types of Plagiarism:
1.Direct Plagiarism: Copying text verbatim from a source
without citation.
◦Example: Using a passage from a research paper on
BERT without quoting and citing the original source.
2.Self-Plagiarism: Reusing your own previously published
work without acknowledging it.
◦Example: Submitting a section from an earlier report on
text classification as part of a new report without citing
the original work.
3.Mosaic Plagiarism: Integrating phrases or ideas from
various sources without proper citation, making it
appear as if the ideas are original.
◦Example: Combining phrases from multiple articles on
BERT to create a new paragraph without proper
attribution to the original sources.
◦Accidental Plagiarism: Unintentionally failing to cite
sources correctly, often due to a lack of understanding
about citation practices.
◦Example: Forgetting to include a citation for an idea or
statistic from a source while writing the report.
◦Example of Correct Citation: If you use findings from a
study by Smith et al. (2020) on BERT, you would include
a citation in your report like this:
◦In-text: "Smith et al. (2020) found that BERT significantly
improves text classification accuracy."
◦Reference List: "Smith, J., Doe, A., & Brown, B. (2020).
Enhancing Text Classification with BERT. Journal of
Machine Learning Research, 21(3), 456-478."
 6. Why Plagiarism is Unethical

◦ Explanation: Plagiarism is considered unethical because

1. it involves taking credit for someone else’s work or ideas
without proper acknowledgment.
2. It undermines the integrity of the academic and professional
fields by misrepresenting the true source of ideas and
research.
3. It also deprives original creators of their due recognition and
can distort the academic and professional record.
 Reasons Why Plagiarism is Unethical:
◦ Misrepresentation of Originality: It falsely presents someone else's
work as your own, which can mislead readers about the true origin
of the ideas or findings.
◦ Unfair Advantage: It provides an unfair advantage to the plagiarist,
who benefits from the work of others without putting in the same
effort.
◦ Undermines Trust: It erodes trust in academic and professional
environments, as others rely on the honesty and integrity of reported
work.
◦ Example: A student submits a research paper that copies large
sections from a published journal article without citing it. This
misrepresents the student’s own research efforts and knowledge,
potentially leading to an unjust academic grade and undermining
the credibility of the educational institution.
 How to Avoid Plagiarism
◦ Explanation: Avoiding plagiarism involves
A. understanding and applying proper citation practices,
B. paraphrasing correctly, and maintaining academic integrity.
◦ Steps to Avoid Plagiarism:
◦ Understand Citation Rules: Learn the specific citation style required (e.g.,
APA, MLA, Chicago) and apply it consistently.
◦ Properly Cite Sources: Always provide
A. accurate citations for any sources you use,
B. including direct quotes,
C. paraphrased information, and ideas that are not your own.
 How to Avoid Plagiarism
◦ Paraphrase Effectively: When rephrasing someone else’s ideas,
1. ensure that the content is genuinely rewritten in your own words and
2. not just a minor modification of the original text.
◦ Use Plagiarism Detection Tools: Tools like Turnitin or Grammarly can help
detect unintentional plagiarism and ensure that your work is original.
◦ Keep Track of Sources: Maintain detailed notes of all sources used during
research to facilitate accurate citation.
https://yanazaza.wordpress.com/2016/12/01/how-to-interpret-a-turnitin-originality-report/
https://bloggerspassion.com/free-plagiarism-checker-websites/
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 Laws Against Plagiarism
◦ Explanation: Laws and regulations against plagiarism vary by country and
jurisdiction, but they generally focus on intellectual property rights and
copyright laws.
◦ Key Aspects of Plagiarism Laws:
◦ Copyright Infringement: Plagiarism often involves the unauthorized use of
copyrighted material, which can lead to legal consequences such as
fines or lawsuits.
◦ Academic and Professional Consequences: Institutions may have policies
that include academic penalties, such as failing grades, expulsion, or
revocation of degrees for plagiarism.
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 6. Report Writing in STEM Fields
◦ Detailed Explanation: In STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering,
Mathematics) fields, report writing involves presenting complex data and
technical information in a clear and structured manner. Key aspects
include:
◦ Clarity:
1. Use precise language and avoid ambiguity.
2. Clearly define technical terms and concepts.
◦ Example: When describing the BERT model, explain terms like "transformer
architecture" and "attention mechanism" in simple terms or provide
definitions.
 6. Report Writing in STEM Fields
•Data Presentation:
•Use tables, charts, and graphs to present data effectively.
•Ensure that visualizations are clearly labeled and easy to
interpret.
Example: Include a confusion matrix to show how well the
BERT model classifies different categories of text, with clear
labels and explanations of each element.

•Reproducibility: Provide enough detail for others to replicate

your work. Include descriptions of the experimental setup,
data sources, and analysis methods.
Example: In a report on BERT, include code snippets, data
preparation steps, and model parameters so that others can
replicate your experiments.
 6. Report Writing in STEM Fields
◦ Example: A STEM report on BERT might include
sections like:
◦ Introduction: Background on NLP and the BERT model.
◦ Methodology: Details on
data preprocessing,
model training, and
evaluation metrics.
◦ Results: Tables and graphs showing performance
metrics like
accuracy, precision, and recall.
◦ Discussion: Analysis of results and implications for
future research.
 7. Experiment
◦ Various Types of Experiments:
◦ Controlled Experiments: Involves manipulating one variable while keeping
others constant to observe effects.
◦ Example: Testing the performance of BERT with different hyperparameters
(e.g., learning rate) while keeping the dataset and training conditions
constant.
◦ Field Experiments: Conducted in a real-world setting to observe the effect
of an intervention.
◦ Example: Implementing BERT-based text classification in an actual
customer feedback system to evaluate its impact on customer
satisfaction in a live environment.
 7. Experiment
◦ Laboratory Experiments: Conducted in a controlled environment to isolate
and test specific variables.
◦ Example: Training BERT models in a controlled computing environment to
evaluate their performance on benchmark datasets like GLUE or SQuAD.
◦ Example in Project Report: A project report might describe an experiment
where different pre-trained BERT models (e.g., BERT-base, BERT-large) are
tested on a dataset of product reviews to compare their performance in
classifying sentiment.
 8. Statistical Analysis
◦ Definition:
1.Statistical analysis involves applying statistical methods to data
◦ to identify patterns,
◦ relationships, and
◦ trends.
2. It helps in drawing conclusions and making informed decisions based on
data.
 Types of Statistical Analysis
◦ Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes and describes the features of a dataset using measures
such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation.
◦ Example: Calculating the average accuracy of different BERT models on a text
classification task and presenting the results in a table.

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◦ Inferential Statistics: Draws conclusions about a population based on a sample, often
using hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.
◦ Example: Performing a t-test to determine if the performance improvement of BERT over
other models is statistically significant.

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test/
◦ Predictive Statistics: Uses statistical models to make predictions about future data based
on historical data.
◦ Example: Using a trained BERT model to predict the sentiment of future customer reviews
based on past data.

https://www.slingshotapp.io/blog/predictive-analytics
https://www.slingshotapp.io/blog/predictive-analytics
◦ Detailed Example: In a project report on BERT models, statistical analysis
might involve:
◦ Descriptive Analysis: Presenting a summary of the BERT model’s
performance metrics, such as accuracy and F1 score, using tables and
graphs.
◦ Inferential Analysis: Conducting hypothesis tests to compare BERT’s
performance with other models and determine if the observed
differences are statistically significant.
◦ Predictive Analysis: Using the BERT model to make predictions on new text
data and evaluating its performance using metrics such as precision,
recall, and F1 score.