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SSc panacea
Major Reports of Govt. of

India
By :- Sandeep Singh
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Major Reports of Govt. of India
➤ Sanitation Survey Report-2023 (8th Edition)
 Issuer - Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
 Cleanest City - Indore and Surat (jointly)
 Third cleanest City - Navi Mumbai (Patna's position - 77th)
 Cleanest Ganga City / Cantonment - Varanasi / Mhow
 Cleanest City (Population < 1 lakh) - Saswad (Maharashtra)
 Cleanest State - Maharashtra (2nd-MP, 3rd-Chhattisgarh) Bihar's rank -
15th
➤ State Energy Efficiency Index: 2021-22

 Issued by Union Energy Minister R K Singh
 Front Runner (>60 points)- Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala
 Achiever (50-60 marks) - Assam, Haryana, Maharashtra
 Telangana and Andhra Pradesh are best performing states.
➤ Public Affairs Index: 2022

 Issuer - Public Affairs Center, Bangalore
 1st place (in large/small states) - Haryana / Kerala
 Rank of Bihar - 15th (Score-0.461)
World Air Quality Report: 2022
 Issuer - IQ Air (Swiss organization)
 Most polluted country - Chad (2nd-Iraq, 3rd-Pakistan)
 India's Rank - 8th
➤ State Energy and Climate Index: 2022

 Issuer - NITI Aayog
 Top rank (in large / small states) - Gujarat / Goa
 Rank of Bihar (in large states) - 15th
5th State Food Security Index: 2022-23
 Issuer - FSSAI (7 June, 2023)
 1st place (in large states) - Kerala (2nd-Punjab, 3rd-Tamilnadu)
 1st place (in small states) - Goa (2nd-Manipur, 3rd-Sikkim)
➤ NFSA Ranking Index: 2022 (4th Edition)

 Issuer - Union Ministry of Food and Consumer Affairs
 NFSA (National Food Security Act)
 Top-3 States of General Category - Odisha (Score-0.836),
 U.P. (Score-0.797), Andhra Pradesh (Score-0.794)
 Worst Performing State - Goa (Score-0.631)
 Top Rank in Special Category - Tripura (Score-0.788)
➤ Health Index: 2020-21

 1st place (in large / small states) - Kerala / Tripura
 Rank of Bihar - 19th (Rank of UP-18th)
Logistics Performance Index: 2021
 Issuer - Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal
 1st place - Gujarat (2nd - Haryana)
Good Governance Index: 2021
 Issuer Home Minister Amit Shah
 First state - Gujarat (Bihar Rank in Group 'B' - 6th)
3rd India Innovation Index: 2021 (NITI Ayog)
 First place in the states - Karnataka (Last-Chhattisgarh)
 First among Union Territories - Chandigarh (Last-Ladakh)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index: 2020-21
 1st Rank - Kerala (2nd - Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu)
 Rank of Bihar - 28th (Last) (Score - 52)
National Multi-dimensional Poverty Index: 2023
 Issuer - NITI Ayog
 Most poor state - Bihar (33.76%)
 Least poor state - Kerala
3rd Export Readiness Index: 2022
 First - Tamil Nadu (Score-80.89) (2nd-Maharashtra)
 Rank of Bihar - 22nd
India Justice Report: 2022
 Issue Tata Trust
 1st place - Karnataka
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Ssc panacea
Important Articles of Indian

Constitution
Page- 2-10 (English)

Page- 11-19 (Hindi)
By- Sandeep Singh
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Parts of Indian Constitution
Parts Subjects Mentioned Articles in The

Constitution
Part I Union and its Territories Article 1 to 4
Part II Citizenship Article 5 to 11
Part III Fundamental Rights Article 12 to 35
Part IV Directive Principles Article 36 to 51
Part IV-A Fundamental Duties Article 51A
Part V The Union Article 52 to 151
Part VI The States Article 152 to 237
Part VII 7th Amendment Act(Repealed) —
Part VIII The Union Territories Article 293 to 242
Part IX The Panchayat Article 243 to 243O
Part IX-A The Municipalities Article 243P to
243ZG
Part IX-B Cooperative Societies Article 243 ZH to
243ZT
Part X Schedule and Tribal Areas Article 244 to 244A
Part XI Relation Between Union and Article 245 to 263
States
Part XII Finance Property Contracts And Article 264 to 300A
Suits
Part XIII Trade Commerce and Article 301 to 307
Intercourse Within The
Territory of India
Part XIV Services Under The Union And Article 308 to 323
States
Part XIV-A Tribunals Article 323A to
323B
Part XV Elections Article 324 to 329A
Part XVI Special Provisions Relating To Article 330 to 342
Certain Classes
Part XVII Official Languages Article 343 to 351
Part XVIII Emergency Provisions Article 352 to 360
Part XIX Miscellaneous Article 361 to 367
Part XX Amendment of the Constitution Article 368
Part XXI Temporary Transitional and Article 369 to 392
Special Powers
Part XXII Short Title Commencement Article 393 to 395
Authoritative Text in Hindi and
Repeals
Description of only Most Important Articles of Indian

Constitution
We have compiled all Important Articles in Exam point of view
and the red highlighted articles are V.V. Important.
PART- 1
Union & It’s Territories – Article 1 to 4
Article 1- Name and Territory of the union.
Article 3- Formation of new states and alteration of areas boundaries
and name of existing States.
Part- 3
Fundamental Rights- Article 12 to 35
Article 13- loss inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
right.
Articles of Indian Constitution on Fundamental Rights.
All the citizens of India are provided with 6 fundamental rights.
These 6 fundamental rights are:-
1. Right to Equality
Article 14- Equality before law
Article 15- Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of
religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
Article 16- Equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment
Article 17- Abolition of untouchability
Article 18- Abolition of titles
2. Right to Freedom
Article 19- Guarantees to all the citizens the six rights
(19a). Freedom of speech and expression
(19b). Freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms
(19c). Freedom to form associations or unions
(19d). Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India
(19e). Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of
India
(19f). Omitted
(19g). Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any
occupation trade or businesses
Article 20- Protection in respect of conviction for offenses
Article 21- Protection of life and personal liberty
Article 21(A) – Right to Education
Article 22- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
3. Right Against Exploitation

Article 23- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor
Article 24- Prohibition of employment of children under the age of
14 in factories and mines (Prohibition of Child Labour)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion

Article 25- Freedom of conscience and free professional practice and
propagation of religion
5. Cultural and Educational Right
Article 29- Protection of interest of minorities
Article 30- Right to minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Article 32- Remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights
Part- 4
Directive Principal of State Policy- Article 36 to Article 51
Article 37- Application of DPSP.
Article 39A- equal justice and free Legal Aid
Article 40- Organization of a village panchayat.
Article 41- Right to work, to education, and to public assistants in
certain cases.
Article 43- Living wages for workers.
Article 44- Uniform Civil Code.
Article 45- Provision of free and compulsory education for children.
Article 46- promotion of the educational and economic interest of
scheduled caste Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes.
Article 47- duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the
standards of living and two to improve public health.
Article 48- Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Article 49- Protection of monuments and places and objects of
natural importance.
Article 50- Separation of Judiciary from the executive.
Article 51- Promotion of international peace and security.
Part- 4A
Fundamental Duties- Article 51A
With the 42nd amendment act 1976, there were 10 fundamental
duties, later with the 86th amendment act 2002, one more duty was
added to it. After that, we have a total of 11 fundamental duties.
Part 5
Union- Article 52 to Article 151
Articles which define President (Article 52-62)
Article 52- The president of India.
Article 53- Executive power of the union.
Article 54- Election of the president.
Article 60- Oath of President
Article 61- Procedure for impeachment of the president.
Article 63- The vice president of India.

Article 64- The vice president to be ex officio chairman of the
Council of States.
Article 66- Election of vice president.
Article 72- Pardoning powers of President.
Article 74- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the president.
Article 76- Attorney General for India.
Article 79- Composition of parliament.
Article 80- Composition of Rajya Sabha.
Article 81- Composition of Lok Sabha.
Article 83- Duration of houses of parliament.
Article 93- The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house of people.
Article 105- Powers privileges etc. of the house of parliament.
Article 109- Special procedure and respect of money bills.
Article 110- definition of money bills.
Article 112- Annual fiscal budget.
Article 114- Appropriation bills.
Article 123- Powers of the President to promulgate ordinances during
Recess of parliament.
Article 124- Establishment of Supreme Court.
Article 125- Salaries of judges.
Article 126- Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
Article 127- Appointment of Ad Hoc judges.
Article 129- Supreme Court to be a court of record.
Article 130- The seat of the supreme court.
Article 137- Review of judgments or orders by the supreme court.
Article 141- Decision of Supreme Court of India binding on all the
codes.
Article 148- Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Article 149- Duties and powers of Comptroller and Auditor General
Part 6
State- Article 152 to Article 237
Article 153- Governors of States.
Article 154- Executive powers of Governors.
Article 155- Appointment of Governors
Article 161- Pardoning powers of the Governor.
Article 165- Advocate general of the state.
Article 167- Duties of Chief Minister
Article 213- The power of the Governor to promulgate ordinances.
Article 214- High courts for States.
Article 215- High courts to be a court of record.
Article 224- Appointment of Additional & Acting Judges in High
Courts.
Article 226- The power of high courts to issue certain writs.
Article 233- Appointment of district judges.
Article 235- Control over subordinate courts.
Part 9
Panchayats- Article 243 to Article 243
Article 243A- Gram Sabha.
Article 243B- Constitution of Panchayat.
Part 12
Finance, Properties, Contracts, Suits
Article 264 to Article 300A
Article 266- Consolidated fund and Public account fund.
Article 267- Contingency fund of India.
Article 280- Finance commission.
Article 300A- Right to property.
Part 14
Services under Centre and State- Article 308 to Article 323
Article 312- All India services.
Article 315- Public Service commissions for the Union and for the
states.
Article 320- Functions of public service commission.
Part 14A
Tribunals: Article 323A to Article 323B
Article 323A- Administrative tribunals
Part 15
Elections: Article 324 to Article 329
Article 324- Election commission.
Part 16
Special Provisions to SC, ST, OBC, Minorities, etc
Article 338 to Article 342
Article 338- National Commission for scheduled caste and
Scheduled Tribes.
Article 340- appointment of a Commission to investigate the
conditions of backward classes.
Part 17
Official Languages- Article 343 to Article 351
Article 343- Official languages of the union.
Article 348- Languages to be used in the supreme court and in the High
Court.
Article 351- Directive for development of Hindi languages
Part 18
Emergency- Article 352 to Article 360
Article 352- The proclamation of National Emergency.
Article 356- State emergency by president rule.
Article 360- Financial emergency.
Part 20
Amendment of Constitution- Article 368
Article 368- Powers of Parliament to amend the constitution.
Part 21
Special, Transitional, and Temporary Provisions
Article 370- Temporary provision for the erstwhile state of Jammu
and Kashmir.
Article 371A- Special provision with respect to the state of Nagaland.
Article 371J- Special status for Hyderabad in the Karnataka region.
Part 22
Short Text, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi
and Repeals- Article 392 to Article 395
Article 393- short title, this constitution may be called the
constitution of India.
भारतीय संविधान के भाग
भाग उल्लिल्लित विषय संविधान में िवणित आवटि कल

भाग I संघ और उसके क्षेत्र अनुच्छेद 1 से 4
भाग II नागररकता अनुच्छेद 5 से 11
भाग III मौलिक अलिकार अनुच्छेद 12 से 35

भाग IV लनदे शक लसद्ां त अनुच्छेद 36 से 51
भाग IV-ए मौलिक कततव्य अनुच्छेद 51A
भाग V संघ अनुच्छेद 52 से 151
भाग VI राज्य अनुच्छेद 152 से 237
भाग VII 7वााँ संशोिन अलिलनयम (लनरलसत) –
भाग VIII संघ राज्य क्षेत्र अनुच्छेद 293 से 242

भाग IX पंचायत अनुच्छेद 243 से 243O
भाग IX-A नगर पालिकाओं अनुच्छेद 243P से 243ZG

भाग IX-B सहकारी सलमलतयां अनुच्छेद 243 ZH से 243ZT
भाग X अनुसूची और जनजातीय क्षेत्र अनुच्छेद 244 से 244 A
भाग XI संघ और राज्यों के बीच संबंि अनुच्छेद 245 से 263
भाग XII लवत्त संपलत्त अनुबंि और वाद अनुच्छेद 264 से 300A
भाग XIII व्यापार वालिज्य और संभोग भीतर अनुच्छेद 301 से 307
भारत का क्षेत्र
भाग XIV संघ और राज्यों के के तहत सेवाएं अनुच्छेद 308 से 323
भाग XIV-A न्यायालिकरि अनुच्छेद 323A से 323B
भाग XV चुनाव अनुच्छेद 324 से 329A
भाग XVI कुछ वगों से संबंलित लवशेष प्राविान अनुच्छेद 330 से 342
भाग XVII राजभाषाएं अनुच्छेद 343 से 351
भाग XVIII आपातकािीन प्राविान अनुच्छेद 352 से 360
भाग XIX लवलवि अनुच्छेद 361 से 367
भाग XX संलविान में संशोिन अनुच्छेद 368
भाग XXI अस्थायी संक्रमिकािीन और लवशेष अनुच्छेद 369 से 392
शक्तियां
भाग XXII लहं दी में िघु शीषतक प्रारं भ अनुच्छेद 393 से 395
आलिकाररक पाठ और लनरसन
भारतीय संविधान के केिल सबसे महत्वपूणि लेि ं का वििरण

हमने परीक्षा के दृलिकोि से सभी महत्वपूित िेखों को संकलित लकया है
और िाि हाइिाइट लकए गए िेख बहुत महत्वपूित।
भाग 1
संघ और उसका क्षेत्र - अनुच्छे द 1 से 4
अनुच्छेद 1- संघ का नाम और क्षेत्र।

अनुच्छेद 3- नए राज्यों का गठन और क्षेत्रों की सीमाओं में पररवतत न और मौजूदा राज्यों के
नाम।
भाग - 3
मौवलक अवधकार- अनुच्छेद 12 से 35
अनुच्छेद 13- मौलिक अलिकार के साथ असंगत या उसके अल्पीकरि में हालन।
मौवलक अवधकार ं पर भारतीय संविधान के लेि।
भारत के सभी नागररकों को 6 मौलिक अलिकार प्रदान लकए गए हैं ।

ये 6 मौलिक अलिकार हैं :-
1. समानता का अवधकार
अनुच्छेद 14- कानून के समक्ष समानता
अनुच्छेद 15 - िमत, जालत, जालत, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आिार पर भेदभाव का
लनषेि
अनुच्छेद 16- सावत जलनक रोजगार के मामिों में अवसर की समानता
अनुच्छेद 17- अस्पृश्यता का उन्मूिन
अनुच्छेद 18- उपालियों का अंत
2. स्वतंत्रता का अवधकार
अनुच्छेद 19 - सभी नागररकों को 6 अलिकारों की गारं टी दे ता है
(19a). भाषि और अलभव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता
(19b). शां लतपूवतक और लबना हलथयारों के एकत्र होने की स्वतंत्रता
(19c). संघ या संघ बनाने की स्वतंत्रता
(19d). भारत के पूरे क्षेत्र में स्वतंत्र रूप से घूमने की स्वतंत्रता
(19e). भारत के राज्यक्षेत्र के लकसी भी भाग में लनवास करने और बसने की स्वतंत्रता
(19f). िोप
(19 g). कोई भी पेशा अपनाने या कोई व्यावसालयक व्यवसाय या व्यापार करने की
स्वतंत्रता
अनुच्छेद 20 - अपरािों के लिए सजा के सं बंि में संरक्षि
अनुच्छेद 21- जीवन और दै लहक स्वतंत्रता का संरक्षि
अनुच्छेद 21(A) – लशक्षा का अलिकार
अनुच्छेद 22 - कुछ मामिों में लगरफ्तारी और लनरोि से संरक्षि
3. श षण के विरुद्ध अवधकार
अनुच्छेद 23 - मानव के दु व्यात पार और बिात् श्रम का लनषेि
अनुच्छेद 24- कारखानों और खानों में 14 वषत से कम आयु के बच्ों के लनयोजन का
लनषेि (बाि श्रम का लनषेि)
4. धमि की स्वतंत्रता का अवधकार

अनुच्छेद 25- अंतरात्मा की स्वतंत्रता और िमत के स्वतंत्र पेशे, अभ्यास और प्रचार-
प्रसार की स्वतंत्रता
5. सांस्कृवतक और शैविक अवधकार

अनुच्छेद 29 - अल्पसं ख्यकों के लहतों का सं रक्षि
अनुच्छेद 30 - अल्पसं ख्यकों को शैक्षलिक संस्थानों की स्थापना और प्रशासन का
अलिकार।
6. संिैधावनक उपचार ं का अवधकार

अनुच्छेद 32- मौलिक अलिकारों के प्रवततन के लिए उपाय
भाग - 4
राज्य नीवत के वनदे शक वसद्धांत- अनुच्छेद 36 से अनुच्छेद 51
अनुच्छेद 37 - डीपीएसपी का िागू होना।

अनुच्छेद 39ए- समान न्याय और मुफ्त कानूनी सहायता
अनुच्छेद 40- ग्राम पं चायत का गठन।
अनुच्छेद 43 - श्रलमकों के लिए लनवात ह मजदू री।
अनुच्छेद 44 - समान नागररक सं लहता।
अनुच्छेद 45 - बच्ों के लिए मुफ्त और अलनवायत लशक्षा का प्राविान
अनुच्छेद 46- अनुसूलचत जालत, अनुसूलचत जनजालत एवं अन्य लपछडे वगों के शैलक्षक एवं
आलथतक लहतों की अलभवृक्तद्।
अनुच्छेद 47- पोषाहार के स्तर और जीवन स्तर को बढाने और सावतजलनक स्वास्थ्य में सुिार
करने का राज्य का कततव्य।
अनुच्छेद 48 - कृलष और पशुपािन का सं गठन।
अनुच्छेद 49 - स्मारकों और प्राकृलतक महत्व के स्थानों और वस्तुओं का संरक्षि।
अनुच्छेद 50- कायतपालिका से न्यायपालिका का पृथक्करि।
अनुच्छेद 51- अंतरात िरीय शां लत और सुरक्षा को बढावा दे ना।
भाग- 4ए
मौवलक कतिव्य- अनुच्छेद 51ए
42वें संशोिन अलिलनयम 1976 से 10 मौलिक कततव्य थे, बाद में 86वें संशोिन अलिलनयम
2002 के द्वारा इसमें एक और कतत व्य जोडा गया। उसके बाद, हमारे पास कुि 11 मौलिक
कततव्य हैं ।
भाग 5
संघ-अनुच्छेद 52 से अनुच्छेद 151 तक
लेि ज राष्ट्रपवत क पररभावषत करते हैं (अनुच्छेद 52-62)

अनुच्छेद 52- भारत के रािरपलत।
अनुच्छेद 53- संघ की कायतपालिका शक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 54- रािरपलत का चुनाव।
अनुच्छेद 60- रािरपलत की शपथ
अनुच्छेद 61 - रािरपलत पर महालभयोग चिाने की प्रलक्रया।
अनुच्छेद 63- उपरािरपलत
अनुच्छेद 64 - उपरािरपलत का राज्य पररषद का पदे न अध्यक्ष होना।
अनुच्छेद 66- उपरािरपलत का चुनाव।
अनुच्छेद 72 - रािरपलत की क्षमादान शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 74 - रािरपलत को सहायता और सिाह दे ने के लिए मंलत्रपररषद।
अनुच्छेद 76 - भारत के महान्यायवादी।
अनुच्छेद 79 - संसद की संरचना।
अनुच्छेद 80- राज्य सभा की संरचना।
अनुच्छेद 81 - िोकसभा की संरचना।
अनुच्छेद 83 - संसद के सदनों की अवलि।
अनुच्छेद 93 - िोक सभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष।
अनुच्छेद 105 - संसद के सदन की शक्तियााँ , लवशेषालिकार आलद।
अनुच्छेद 109 - िन लविेयकों की लवशेष प्रलक्रया और सम्मान।
अनुच्छेद 110- िन लविेयक की पररभाषा।
अनुच्छेद 112- वालषत क राजकोषीय बजट।
अनुच्छेद 114 - लवलनयोग लविेयक।
अनुच्छेद 123 - संसद के अवकाश के दौरान अध्यादे श जारी करने की रािरपलत की शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 124- सवोच् न्यायािय की स्थापना।
अनुच्छेद 125- न्यायािीशों का वे तन।
अनुच्छेद 126 - कायत वाहक मुख्य न्यायािीश की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 127 - तदथत न्यायािीशों की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 129 - उच्तम न्यायािय का अलभिेख न्यायािय होना।
अनुच्छेद 130- सवोच् न्यायािय का स्थान।
अनुच्छेद 137- सवोच् न्यायािय द्वारा लनितयों या आदे शों की समीक्षा।
अनुच्छेद 141 - भारत के सवोच् न्यायािय का लनितय सभी सं लहताओं पर बाध्यकारी है ।
अनुच्छेद 148 - भारत के लनयंत्रक एवं महािेखा परीक्षक।
अनुच्छेद 149 - लनयंत्रक एवं महािेखा परीक्षक के कततव्य और शक्तियााँ !
भाग 6
राज्य- अनुच्छेद 152 से अनुच्छेद 237 तक
अनुच्छेद 153- राज्यों के राज्यपाि।

अनुच्छेद 154 - राज्यपािों की कायतकारी शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 155 - राज्यपािों की लनयुक्ति
अनुच्छेद 161 - राज्यपाि की क्षमादान शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 165- राज्य का महालिविा।
अनुच्छेद 167- मुख्यमंत्री के कतत व्य
अनुच्छेद 213 - अध्यादे श प्रख्यालपत करने की राज्यपाि की शक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 214- राज्यों के लिए उच् न्यायािय।
अनुच्छेद 215 - उच् न्यायाियों का अलभिे ख न्यायािय होना।
अनुच्छेद 224- उच् न्यायाियों में अपर एवं कायतवाहक न्यायािीशों की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 226 - कुछ ररट जारी करने के लिए उच् न्यायाियों की शक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 233 - लजिा न्यायािीशों की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 235- अिीनस्थ न्यायाियों पर लनयं त्रि।
भाग 9
पंचायतें- अनुच्छेद 243 से अनुच्छेद 243 तक
अनुच्छेद 243ए- ग्राम सभा।
अनुच्छेद 243B- पंचायत का गठन।
भाग 12
वित्त, गुण, अनुबंध - अनुच्छेद 264 से अनुच्छेद 300A
अनुच्छेद 266- संलचत लनलि और िोक िे खा लनलि।
अनुच्छेद 267- भारत की आकक्तस्मकता लनलि।
अनुच्छेद 280- लवत्त आयोग।
अनुच्छेद 300A- संपलत्त का अलिकार।
भाग 14
केंद्र और राज्य के तहत सेिाएं - अनुच्छेद 308 से अनुच्छेद 323 तक
अनुच्छेद 312- अक्तखि भारतीय सेवाएं ।

अनुच्छेद 315- संघ और राज्यों के लिए िोक सेवा आयोग।
अनुच्छेद 320 - िोक सेवा आयोग के कायत।
भाग 14ए
न्यायावधकरण: अनुच्छेद 323A से अनुच्छेद 323B
अनुच्छेद 323A- प्रशासलनक न्यायालिकरि
भाग 15
चुनाि: अनुच्छेद 324 से अनुच्छेद 329 तक
अनुच्छेद 324- चुनाव आयोग।
भाग 16
SC, ST, OBC , अल्पसंख्यक ं आवद के वलए विशेष प्रािधान
अनुच्छेद 338 से अनुच्छेद 342 तक
अनुच्छेद 338- अनु सूलचत जालत और अनु सूलचत जनजालत के लिए रािरीय आयोग।
अनुच्छेद 340- लपछडे वगों की क्तस्थलतयों की जां च के लिए आयोग की लनयुक्ति।
भाग 17
राजभाषा-अनुच्छेद 343 से अनुच्छेद 351 तक
अनुच्छेद 343 - संघ की राजभाषाएं ।
अनुच्छेद 348 - सवोच् न्यायािय और उच् न्यायािय में प्रयोग की जाने वािी भाषाएाँ
अदाित।
अनुच्छेद 351 - लहं दी भाषाओं के लवकास के लिए लनदे श !
भाग 18
आपातकाल- अनुच्छेद 352 से अनुच्छेद 360 तक
अनुच्छेद 352 - रािरीय आपातकाि की उद् घोषिा।

अनुच्छेद 356 - रािरपलत शासन द्वारा राज्य आपातकाि।
अनुच्छेद 360- लवत्तीय आपातकाि।
भाग 20
संविधान का सं श धन- अनुच्छेद 368
अनुच्छेद 368 - संलविान में संशोिन करने की संसद की शक्तियााँ ।
भाग 21
विशेष, संक्रमणकालीन और अस्थायी प्रािधान
अनुच्छेद 369 से अनुच्छेद 392
अनुच्छेद 370 - जम्मू के पूवतवती राज्य के लिए अस्थायी प्राविान

और कश्मीर।
अनुच्छेद 371A- नागािैंड राज्य के संबंि में लवशेष प्राविान।
अनुच्छेद 371 जे- कनात टक क्षेत्र में है दराबाद के लिए लवशेष दजात ।
भाग 22
वहंदी में लघु शीषिक प्रारं भ आवधकाररक पाठ और वनरसन
अनुच्छेद 393- िघु शीषतक, इस संलविान को भारत का सं लविान कहा जा सकता है ।

SSc panacea
Chronology of Important Event of

Indian History
By- Sandeep Singh
CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN INDIAN
HISTORY
ANCIENT INDIA
YEAR EVENT IMPORTANCE
2 Million BC to 10,00 BC Palaeolithic Period  Fire was discovered Tools
2 Million BC to 50,000 BC Lower Palaeolithic made of limestones were
50,000 BC to 40,000 BC Middle Palaeolithic used.
40,000 BC to 10,000 BC Upper Palaeolithic  They are found in Chota-
Nagpur plateau and
Kurnool district
10,000 BC to 7000 BC Mesolithic Age  Hunters and Herders
Microlith tools were used
7000 BC Neolithic age  Food producers
 Use of polished tools
Pre-Harappan Phase – 3000 Chalcolithic Age  Use of Copper – first
BC metal
2500 BC Harappan Phase  Bronze age civilization
 Development of Urban
culture
1500 BC-1000 BC Early Vedic period  Rig Veda period
1000BC-500BC Later Vedic period  Growth of 2nd Urban
phase with the
establishment of
Mahajanapadhas
600 BC – 325 BC Mahajanapadhas  16 kingdoms with certain
republics established
544 BC – 412 BC Haryanka Dynasty  Bimbisara, Ajatshatru and
Udayin
412 BC – 342 BC Shisunga Dynasty  Shisunga and Kalashoka
344BC – 323 BC Nanda Dynasty  Founder -
Mahapadmananda
563 BC Birth of Gautama Buddha  Buddhism established
540 BC Birth of Mahavira  24th Tirthankara of
Jainism
518 BC Persian Invasion  Darius
483 BC 1 st Buddhist council  Rajgir
326 BC Macedonian Invasion  Direct contact between
Greek and India
250 BC 3 rd Buddhist council  Pataliputra
322 BC – 185 BC Mauryan Period  Political unification of
322 BC – 298 BC Chandragupta Maurya India, Dhamma policy of
298 BC – 273 BC Bindusara Ashoka, the growth of Art
273 BC – 232 BC Ashoka and architecture
232 BC – 185 BC Later Mauryans
185 BC – 73 BC Sunga Dynasty  Pushyamitra Sunga
73 BC – 28 BC Kanva dynasty  Vasudeva founded the
dynasty
60 BC – 225 AD Sathavahana dynasty  Capital at Paithan,present
day Maharashtra.
2 nd BC Indo-Greeks  Menander(165-145AD)
1st BC – 4 th AD Shakas  Rudradaman (130 AD –
150 AD)
1st BC – 1 st AD Parthians  St Thomas arrived in
India during the reign of
Gondophernes
1st AD -4 th AD Kushans  Kanishka (78 AD – 101
AD)
72 AD 4 th Buddhist Council  Kashmir
3rd BC – 3 rd AD Sangam age  Convene of Sangam
Commune, Rule of
Cheras, Cholas and
Pandyas
319 AD – 540 AD The Gupta Age  319 AD – Gupta Age
319 – 334 AD Chandragupta I ( The golden age of India
335 – 380 AD Samudragupta Development of numerous art
380 – 414 AD Chandragupta II and literature. Nagara style of
415 – 455 AD Kumaragupta Temple Building)
455 – 467 AD Skandagupta
550 AD – 647 AD Vardhana Dynasty  Harsha (606-647 AD)
Kannauj assembly and
Prayag assembly held
 Huan-Tsang visited
Harsha’s assembly
543 – 755 AD Chalukyas of Vatapi  Development of Vesera
style
575 - 897 AD Pallavas of Kanch  Structural temples in
Dravida style started to
develo
Period of the Paleolithic (2 million BC – 10,000 BC):
• Limestone-based fire-starting tools
• Eggs from ostriches
• Bhimbetka (MP), Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, Narmada Valley (Hathnora, MP), Kaladgi are
all important Paleolithic sites.
Mesolithic Age (10,000–8,000 BC):
• Domestication of animals, i.e. cattle rearing, began as a result of a major climatic
change.
• Brahmagiri (Mysore), Narmada, Vindya, Gujarat microliths.
Neolithic Age (8000 BC – 4,000 BC):
• Agriculture began when the wheel was discovered.
• An early settlement called Inamgaon.
• Burzahom (Kashmir), Gufkral (Kashmir), Mehrgarh (Pakistan), Chirand (Bihar),
Daojali Hading (Tripura/Assam), Koldihwa (UP),
• Mahagara (UP), Hallur (AP), Paiyampalli (AP), Maski, Kodekal, Sangana Kaller,
Utnur, Takkala Kota) are important Neolithic sites.
• Brahmagiri and Adichanallur are megalithic sites.
Chalcolithic Age (4000 BC – 1500 BC):
• The Age of Copper.
• It's possible that it's from the Bronze Age. Indus Valley Civilization (BC 2700 – BC
1900) (Bronze = Copper + Tin)
• Brahmagiri, Navada Toli (Narmada region), Mahishadal (West Bengal), and Chirand
also have civilizations (Ganga region)
The Iron Age:
• Vedic Period (Aryan Arrival, BC 1600–BC 600) - Nearly 1000 years from the arrival of
the Aryans (Basic books of Hinduism, ie Vedas were composed, might have written down
later.)
• Buddhism and Jainism are two different religions.
• On the banks of the Ganga, the Mahajanapadas were a major civilisation after the Indus
Valley.
• Bimbisara of the Haryanka Kula Sisunga dynasty – Kalasoka – Magadha empire
(Kakavarnin)
• Mahapadma-nanda and Dhana-nanda were the rulers of the Nanda empire.
• Alexander the Great, Persian-Greek, 327 BC
Empire of the Mauryans (321-185 BC):
• Chandra Gupta was a powerful emperor in the Mauryan Empire. Asoka, Maurya,
Bindusara
• Sunga (181-71 BC), Kanva (71-27 BC), Satavahanas (235-100 BC), Indo-Greeks,
Parthians (19-45 AD), Sakas (90BC-150AD), Kushanas, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians,
Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians, Parthians,
Parthians, Parthians, Parthians (78AD) Chola, Chera, and Pandya kingdoms in South
India (BC 300)
• Classical Period: Gupta Kingdom (300 AD – 800 AD)
• Important ruler under the Gupta dynasty: Gupta, Samudra (Indian Napoleon)
Guptas of the Post-Gupta Era:
• Vakatakas, Pallavas, and Chalukyas. Harshvardana, Vakatakas, Pallavas, Chalukyas.
Hunas, Maitrakas, Rajputs, Senas, and Chauhans are also among them.
Free ai document translation Doclingo.ai
S Sc पैनाकेज
भारतीय इतिहास के महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं की क्रमवारी
द्वारा - सांदीप सिंह
जोड़ें - https://t.me/SscPanacea/2927
भारतीय इतिहास में महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं का कालक्रम
प्राचीन भारत
वर्ष घटना महत्वपूर्ण

2 मिलियन BC से 10,00 BC पैलियोलिथिक पीरियडलॉवर आग की खोज की गई थी कि
2 मिलियन BC से 50,000 BC पैलियोलिथिकमिडल लिमस्टोन से बने उपकरणों का
50,000 ईसा पूर्व से 40,000 ईसा पूर्व पैलियोलिथिकुपर उपयोग किया गया था।
40,000 ईसा पूर्व से 10,000 ईसा पूर्व पलायोलिथिक वे chota में पाए जाते हैं -
नागपुर पठार और
कुर्नूल जिला
10000 ई.पू. से 7000 ई.पू. मेसोलैटिक काल शिकारी और पशुपालक
माइक्रोलिथ टूल्स इस्तेमाल किये गए
7000 पूर्वांग्रेजी प्रागैतिहासिक युग खाद्य उत्पादक
सुसंगम उपकरणों का उपयोग
पूर्व - हड़प्पा चरण 3000 चटोलिथिक युग कॉपर फर्स्टमेटल का उपयोग
ईसा पूर्व
2500 ईसा पूर्व हड़प्पन चरण ब्रॉनज इज नस्लीयता
शहरी संस्कृति का विकास

1500 पू.श. - 1000 पू.श. प्रारंभिक वैदिक काल रिग वेद काल
1000 पूर्वी ईसा - 500 पूर्वी ईसा बाद में वैदिक अवधि द्वितीय शहरी की वृद्धि
के साथ चरण
स्थापना की
महाजनपदहैं
600 पूर्वांग्रेजी – 325 पूर्वांग्रेजी महाजनपदहैं 16 राज्य निश्चित के साथ
गणराज्य की स्थापना
544 ईसा पूर्व 412 ईसा पूर्व हर्यांक राजवंश बिम्बिसार, अजात्षत्रु और उदयीन
412 ई.पू. – 342 ई.पू. शिशुंग राजवंश शिशुंग और कालाशोक

344 पूर्वांग्रेजी ईसवी – 323 पूर्वांग्रेजी ईसवी
नंदा राजवंश संस्थापक -
महापदमानंद
563 ईसा पूर्व गौतम बुद्ध का जन्म बौद्ध धर्म की स्थापना
540 ईसा पूर्व जन्म का जन्म जैन धर्म के 24 वें तिरथंकर
518 ईसा पूर्व फारसी आक्रमण दारियस

483 ईसा पूर्व 1 सेंट बौद्ध परिषद राजगीर
326 ईसा पूर्व मासीडोनियन हमला सीधा संपर्क के बीच
ग्रीक और भारत
250 ईसा पूर्व 3 आरडी बौद्ध परिषद पाटालिपुत्र
ज्वाइन - https://t.me/sscpanacea/2927
322 बीसी 185 बीसी मौर्य अवधि भारत का राजनीतिक एकीकरण,

322 बीसी 298 बीसी अशोक की धम्म नीति, कला
298 बीसी 273 बीसी
और वास्तुकला का विकास
273 बीसी 232 बीसी अशोक
232 बीसी 185 बीसी बाद में मौर्यन

185 ईसा पूर्व 73 ईसा पूर्व सुंग राजवंश पुष्यमित्र सुंग
73 ईसा पूर्व 28 ईसा पूर्व कैनवास राजवंश वासुदेव ने थिदिन्टी की स्थापना
की
60 ईसा पूर्व 225 ई। सतवाहना राजवंश कैपिटल ात पैठण, प्रेसेंटदय
महाराष्ट्र.
2 एन डी ई.पू. इंडो - ग्रीक मेनेंडर (165 - 145AD)
1 सेंट बीसी 4 वें विज्ञापन शकस रुद्राधमन (130 ई.पू. –150 ई.पू.)
1 1 ई.पू. – 1 ई.पू. पार्थी

गोंडोफर्न के शासनकाल के
दौरान सेंट थॉमस भारत पहुंचे
1 सेंट और - 4 वें ईस्वी कुशान कनिष्क (78 ई.पू. – 101 ई.पू.)
72 ई.पू. 4 वें बौद्ध परिषद कश्मीर

3 आरडी बीसी 3 आरडी एडी संगम युग
Sangamcommune,
rualys ofcheras,
cholas andpandyas
319 ई. – 540 ई. गुप्त युगचन्द्रगुप्त 319 विज्ञापन गुप्ता युग (कई
319 – – 334 ई.
मुद्रगुप्तचन्द्रगुप् आर्टेंड साहित्य के भारत के
335 – – 380 ईसी
त स्वर्ण युग का स्वर्ण युग। नगरा
380 – – 414 ईसी
द्वितीयकुमारगुप्त
415 – – 455 ई शैली का भवन)
455 – – 467 ई संदागुप्त
550 ईस्वी 647 ई। वर्धना डायनेस्टी हर्ष (606 - 647 ईसवी)
कन्नौज सभा और प्रयाग सभा
आयोजित की
ऊआन-त्सांग ने हर्ष की सभा
का दौरा किया
543 755 ई। हमारी चैरिटी
Veserastyle का विकास
575 - - 897 ई। पल्लवस ऑफ़ कांच
संरचनात्मक मंदिरों इंद्रविदा
शैली ने टोडेवेलो शुरू किया
पैलियोलिथिक की अवधि (2 मिलियन ईसा पूर्व 10,000 ईसा पूर्व):
• चूना आधारित आग-जलाने के उपकरण
• ओस्ट्रीच के अंडे
•Bhimbetka (MP), हुनस्गी, कुरनूल गुफाएं, नर्मदा घाटी (हैथनोरा, एमपी), कलादगी एरियल महत्वपूर्ण पैलियोलिथिक साइटें।
मेसोलिथिक आयु (10,000 8,000 ईसा पूर्व):
• ओं का समाजीकरण, अर्थात् गायों का पालन, एक प्रमुख जलवायु परिवर्तन के परिणामस्वरूप शुरू हुआ।
पशु
• ब्रह्मगिरी (म्यूसोर), नर्मदा, विन्द्य, गुजरात माइक्रोलाइट्स।
प्रागृहस्थ युग (8000 ई.पू. – 4000 ई.पू.):
• जब पहली बार चक्की की खोज हुई, उस समय कृषि शुरू हुई।
• पहले समय का एक बसावट Inamgaon कहलाता था।
•Burecahom (कश्मीर), गुफाकल (कश्मीर), मेनहिन (पाकिस्तान), चिरंद (बिहार), कोल्डिहवा (यूपी),
•महागढ़
(उत्तर प्रदेश), हल्लुर (आंध्र प्रदेश), पाईयम्पल्ली (आंध्र प्रदेश), मास्की, कोडेकल, संगना कलेर, उत्नूर,
तक्कला कोटा) महत्वपूर्ण नवपाषाणिक स्थल हैं।
• ब्रह्मगिरी और अडिचनालुर एक मेगालिथिक साइट हैं.
चैल्कोलिथिक काल (4000 ईसा पूर्व – 1500 ईसा पूर्व):
• कांस्य का युग.
•ये
संभव है कि यह ब्रॉन्ज युग से आया है। इंदू घाटी सभ्यता (ईसा पूर्व 2700 – ईसा पूर्व 1900) (ब्रॉन्ज = कांस्य +
टिन)
•ब्रह्मग इरी, नवाद तोली (नर्मदा क्षेत्र), महिशादल (पश्चिम बंगाल) और चिरंदल भी सभ्यताएँ हैं (गंगा क्षेत्र)
आयरन एज:
•
वैदिक काल (आर्यों का आगमन, पूर्वकाल 1600 – पूर्वकाल 600) - आर्यों के आगमन से लगभग 1000
वर्षों में (हिंदू धर्म के मूल पुस्तक, अर्थात् वेद, लिखे गए हो सकते हैं, बाद में लिखे गए हो सकते हैं.)
• बौद्ध धर्म और जैन धर्म दो अलग -अलग धर्म हैं।
•
गंगा के तट पर, महाजनपद सिंधु घाटी के बाद एक प्रमुख सभ्यता थी।
•
हरयं का जाति के बच्चे के बिम्बिसारा डिनस्टिया के अलसोका मगध साम्राज्य (काकवर्णी)
• महापद्मनंद और धनानंद नंद साम्राज्य के शासक थे।
•
अलेक्जेंडर द ग्रेट, पर्शियन-ग्रीक, 327 ई.पू.
मौर्य साम्राज्य (321 - 185 ई.पू.):
•
चंद्र गुप्ता मौर्य साम्राज्य में एक शक्तिशाली सम्राट थे। अशोक, मौर्य, बिंदुसरा
•
सुनागा (181 - 71 ईसा पूर्व), कनवा (71 - 27 ईसा पूर्व), सातवाहन (235 - 100 ईसा पूर्व),
इंडो - यूनानियों, पार्थियन (19 - 45 ईस्वी), सकस (90BC - 150AD), कुशानस, पार्थियन,
पार्थियन, पार्थियन ।
• शास्त्रीय अवधि: गुप्ता किंगडम (300 ईस्वी 800 ई।)
•
गुप्ता राजवंश के तहत महत्वपूर्ण शासक: गुप्ता, समुद्रा (भारतीय नेपोलियन) गुप्टास
ओ एफ पोस्ट - गुप्ता युग:
• वकतकस, पल्लव, और चालुक्य। हर्षवर्धन, वकतकस, पल्लव, चालुक्य।
हुन, मैत्रक, राजपूत, सेन, और चौहान भी उसमें हैं।
एसएससी रामा कया
मह वपूण अं तररा ीय पयावरण समझौता
पयावरण स मे लना क सूची
एस नं । नाम थापना वष
1
2
रामसर क वशन टॉकहोम सं वहन 1971
3 .. सीआईटीईएस जै वक व वधता पर सं वहन 2001
4.
4 ..
1973
1992
5 बॉन क वशन वयना क वशन मॉ यल 1979

6 ोटोकॉल योटो ोटोकोल सं यु त रा परे खा 1985
7 स मे लन जलवायु प रवतन पर (UNFCCC) 1987
8 1997
9 1992
10 रयो शखर स मे लन Unccd बे सल 1992

..
11 , क वशन जै व सुर ा पर काटाजे ना 1994
12 ोटोकॉल 1989
, 2000
13
14। अनसुने नागोया ोटोकॉल 2008

15। कोप 24 Cop21 कगाली 2010
16। सं शोधन मनामाटा क वशन 2018
17। रॉटरडै म क वशन कॉप 25 2016
18। 2016
19। 2013
20। 2019
इ क स। 2019
वाइन - https://t.me/sscpanacea/2927
बाईस। कॉप 26 2021

ते ईस। कॉप 27 2022
चौबीस। कॉप 28 2023
25। पु लस 2024
26। 29 कॉप 2025
27। 30 कॉप 2026
31
पयावरण स मे लना के बारे म सं त
1. रामसर क वशन:
इसे वे टलड् स पर क वशन कहा जाता है इसे 1971 म ईरान शहर,

रामसर म अपनाया गया था।
यह 1975 म लागू आ।
2. टॉकहोम स मे लन:
यह लगातार काब नक षका (पीओपी) पर एक स मे लन है
इसे 2001 म जने वा, वट् जरलड म अपनाया गया था।
3. उ तृ :
यह जं गली जीवा क लु त ाय जा तया म अं तरा ीय ापार पर एक स मे लन है और वन प तया
इसे 1963 म अपनाया गया था।
4. जै वक व वधता पर क वशन (CBD):
यह जै वक व वधता के सं र ण के लए एक स मे लन है ।
इसे 1992 म अपनाया गया था
5. बॉन क वशन:
यह जं गली जानवरा क वासी जा तया के सं र ण पर एक स मे लन है ।
6. वयना क वशन
यह ओजोन परत क सुर ा के लए एक स मे लन है ।
7. मॉ यल ोटोकॉल
यह उन पदाथा पर एक अं तररा ीय पयावरण ोटोकॉल है जो इसे समा त कर दे ता है ओज़ोन क

परत।
8. योटो ोटोकॉल:
यह ीनहाउस गै स उ सजन को कम करने के लए एक अं तररा ीय ोटोकॉल है ।
इसे 1997 म अपनाया गया था। यह

2005 म लागू आ
9. जलवायु प रवतन पर सं यु त रा े मवक क वशन:
यह एक अं तररा ीय पयावरण सं ध है जो यु के लए कारवाई को नयं त करती है

नयं ण म नद शत अनुकूलन और शमन यासा के मा यम से जलवायु प रवतन ीन हाउस गै सा
(जीएचजी) का उ सजन जो लोबल वा मग का कारण बनता है ।
10. रयो शखर स मे लन:
यह पयावरण और वकास पर एक सं यु त रा स मे लन है ।
यह 1992 म ाजील के रयो ड जने रयो म आयो जत कया गया था।
11. यूएनसीसीड :
यह रे ग तान का मुकाबला करने के लए एक सं यु त रा स मे लन है ।
12. बे सल क वशन:
यह खतरनाक के ां सबाउं डर आं दोलना के नयं ण पर एक स मे लन है कचरे और उनके नपटान।
13. काटाजे ना ोटोकॉल:
यह एक अं तररा ीय पयावरण ोटोकॉल है जो जै व सुर ा पर क वशन पर है जै वक व वधता।
14. अन-बे ड:
यह वना क कटाई से उ सजन को कम करने पर एक सं यु त रा का काय म है और वन रण।
इसे 2008 म बनाया गया था।
15. नागोया ोटोकॉल:
यह आनुवं शक सं साधना तक प ं च पर एक अं तररा ीय पयावरण ोटोकॉल है और उनके उपयोग से

उ प न होने वाले लाभा का न प और यायसं गत साझाकरण (ABS) क वशन ऑन बायोलॉ जकल
डाइव सटी (CBD)
16. COP24:
यह सं यु त रा के लए पा टया (सीओपी) के स मे लन क 24 व बै ठक है
जलवायु प रवतन पर े मवक क वशन।
यह 2018 म आ।
17. COP21:
जलवायु प रवतन पर े मवक क वशन।
यह 2018 म आ।
18. कगाली समझौता:
यह मॉ यल ोटोकॉल म एक सं शोधन है । इसे 2016 म

अपनाया गया था। यह 2019 म लागू आ।
19. मनामाटा क वशन:
यह एक अं तररा ीय पयावरणीय सं ध है जसका उ े य वा य क र ा करना है और

पारा के तकूल भावा से पयावरण।
20. रॉटरडै म क वशन:
यह पूव सू चत सहम त (PIC) पर एक अं तरा ीय पयावरण स मे लन है अं तरा ीय ापार म कुछ खतरनाक

रसायना और क टनाशका के लए या।
21. COP25:
जलवायु प रवतन (UNFCCC) पर े मवक क वशन।
यह 2019 म आ।
2
2. पु लस 28:
यह यूएई म ए सपो सटी बई म आ
23. पु लस 29:
यह बाकू, अजरबै जान म आ।
SSC PANACEA
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

AGREEMENT
LIST OF ENVIRONMENT CONVECTIONS
S. No. Name Year of Establishment
1. Ramsar Convection 1971

2. Stockholm Convection 2001
3. CITES 1973
4. Convection on Biological Diversity 1992
5. Bonn Convection 1979

6. Vienna convection 1985
7. Montreal Protocol 1987
8. Kyoto Protocol 1997
9. United Nations Framework Convection 1992
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
10. Rio Summit 1992

11. UNCCD 1994
12. Basel Convection 1989
13. Cartagena Protocol on Bio safety 2000
14. UN-REDD 2008

15. Nagoya Protocol 2010
16. COP24 2018
17. COP21 2016
18. Kigali Amendment 2016
19. Minamata convention 2013
20. Rotterdam Convention 2019
21. COP 25 2019
22. COP 26 2021
23. COP 27 2022
24. COP 28 2023
25. COP 29 2024
26. COP 30 2025
27. COP 31 2026
Brief about Environmental Conventions

1. Ramsar Convention:
 It is called the Convention on Wetlands
 It was adopted in the city of Iran, Ramsar in 1971.
•It came into force in 1975.
2. Stockholm Convention:
• It is a convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• It was adopted in 2001 in Geneva, Switzerland.
• It came into force in 2004.
3. CITES:
• It is a convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora
 It was adopted in 1963.
4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
• It is a convention for the conservation of biological diversity.
• It was adopted in 1992
5. Bonn Convention:
• It is a convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
• It was adopted in 1979.
6. Vienna Convention
• It is a convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer.
•It was adopted in 1985.
7. Montreal Protocol
• It is an international environment protocol on substances that deplete the
Ozone Layer.
 It came into force in 1989.
8. Kyoto Protocol:
• It is an international protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 It came into force in 2005
9. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:
 It is an international environmental treaty governing actions to combat
climate change through adaptation and mitigation efforts directed at control
of emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) that cause global warming.
10. Rio Summit:
 It is a United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.
• It was held in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
11. UNCCD:
• It is a United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
12. Basel Convention:
• It is a convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal.
13. Cartagena Protocol:
•It is an international environmental protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity.
14. UN-REDD:
•It is a United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
and Forest Degradation.
• It was created in 2008.
15. Nagoya Protocol:
 .It is an international environment protocol on Access to Genetic Resources
and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization
(ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
16. COP24:
 It is the 24th meeting of the conference of parties (COP) to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change.
 It took place in 2018.
17. COP21:
 It is the 21st meeting of the conference of parties (COP) to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change.
18. Kigali Agreement:
 It is an amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
19. Minamata Convention:
 It is an international environmental treaty intended to protect health and the
environment from the adverse effects of mercury.
20. Rotterdam Convention:
• It is an international environmental convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC)
Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.
21. COP25:
 It is the 25th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
22. COP 28:

 It took place at Expo city Dubai, in the UAE
23. COP 29:

 It took place in Baku, Azerbaizan.
SSC PANACEA
Foreign Travellers in India
By – Sandeep Singh
Join :- https://t.me/SscPanacea/2927
Ssc panacea
Foreign Travellers in India
S. No. Travellers Description
1. Nearchus (326-324 BC)  Army head of Alexandar.
 Visited during the reign of Dhanaanda
of the Nanda Dynsaty.
 “The Voyage of Nearchus from Indus” -
book wrote by Arrian, which Describes
the attacks of Nearchus in India.
 Reference about Gymnosophists (Naked
Ascetics)
 No reference about Buddhism
2. Megasthenes (302- 298  Visited during the reign of Chandra
BC) gupta Maurya .
 Ambassador of Seleucus Nicator
 Wrote book “Indica”
 Called Chandra gupta as Sandro cottus
 Observed that there were no slavery in
India
3. Deimachos (320-273 BC)  Visited during the reign of Bindusara of
Mauryan Dynasty
 Greek Ambassador sent by Antiochus I
(son of Seleucus Nikator) .
 Called Bindusara as Amitraghata
4. Heliodorus (110 BC)  Ambassador sent by Greek king

Antialkidas.
 Visited during the reign of
Bhagabhadra -4" king of Sunga
Dynasty
 He erected Vidisha Pillar in Besnagar .
 Described himself as Param Bhagavata
5. Ptolemy (130 AD)  Geographer from Greece .
 Visited South India during Sangam era
 Wrote the book “the geography of
India”
 Lists six coastal places in Tamilnadu
6. Fa-Hien (405-411 AD)  Chinese Buddhist monk
 Visited during Chandra Gupta II/
Vikramaditya of Gupta Dynasty
 Wrote book Fo-kwo-ki (Travels of
Fahien)
 Spent 6 years in the Gupta empire
 Wrote about the economic prosperity of
Pataliputra
7. Huien Tsang (630 - 645  Chinese Buddhist traveller.
AD)  Visited during the reign of
HarshaVardhana of Pushyanhuti
Dynasty
 Also visited courts of Narsimha Varman
of Pallava dynasty and Pulkesin II of
chalukya dynasty.
 Studied Yogashastra in Nalanda
 Wrote book “si-yu-ki”
8. Wang Xuance (648-664  Chinese Ambassador sent by Tang
AD) dynasty
 Visited during reign of HarshaVardhana
 Stayed 16 years in India
 He observed that Jainism was
flourishing in bengal
9. I -Xing (671-695 AD)  Student of Huien Tsang .
 Visited during the reign of
HarshaVardhana
 Book - ‘A record of Buddhist Religion’
10. Sulaiman (850 AD)  Arab Muslim merchant .

 Visited Pala Empire during the reign of
Devapala
 Called the Pala kingdom as Ruhma
 He also visited the court of
Amoghavarsha I of Rashtrakuta dynasty
11. Al-Masudi (957 AD)  An Arab traveller
 Visited Pratihara kingdom.
 Pratihara kingdom as “al Juzr”
 Wrote book “Muruj-al-Zahab”
 Hailed as ‘Herodotus of the Arabs’
 Compared India and Italy and called
Rome as ‘Benares’
12. Alberuni (1024-1030 AD)  Persian scholar accompanied Mahmud
of Ghazni
 Known as father of Indology
 Wrote book titled ‘Tahqiq-i-hind’ .
 Other books -Qanun-i-masudi
(astronomy) and Jawahir-fil-Jawahir (on
mineralogy)
13. Marco Polo (1292-1294  Italian traveller
AD)  Visited Southern India during the reign
of Rudramma Devi of the Kakatiyas
 He also visited Mongol leader of China,
Kublai Khan .
 He visted Pandyan kingdom during the
reign of Madverman Kulasekhara
Monuments & their Builders
Monument Built b~
1 Shish Mahal Shahjahan
2 Hawa Mahal Maharaja Pratap Sing
3 Char- Minar Quli Qutub Shah
4 Ellora Caves Rashtral-<uta rulers

5 Ajanta Caves Gupta rulers
6 Outub Minar Qutubuddin Aibal-<
7 Red Fort Shahjahan
8 Sun Temple Narsimhadeva I

International Boundaries
Bounda~ Countries
Red Cliff India - Pakistan
McMohan India - China
Maginot Germany - France
Blue Line Lebanon - Israel
Green Line / Attila line Cyprus - Turkey
Mannehirem Russia - Finland
Durand Pakistan -Af~hanistan
Hindenburg Poland - Germany
17 th Parallel N. Vietnam - S. Vietnam
20th Parallel Sudan - Libya
22nd Parallel Sudan - Egypt
25th Parallel Mauritania - Mali
31st Parallel Iran - Iraq
38th Parallel S. Korea - N. Korea
49th Parallel U.S. - Canada
24th Parallel India - Pakistan (Gujarat)
Seizefired Line France - Germany
GANGA RIVE R SYSTEM
GANGA
LEFT BANK TRIBUTARIES RIGHT BANK TRIBUTARIES
RAMGANGA RIVER YAMUNA RIVER
GHAGHRA RIVER CHAMBAL RIVER
KOSIRIVER BETWARIVER
GOMTIRIVER SON RIVER
GANDAK RIVER DAMOOAR RIVER

TIME
SEASON CROPS STATES
PERIOD
Punjab,
RABI Haryana,
Sown Wheat,
r•~1,l October-
December
Barley,
Peas,
Himachal
Pradesh,
Jammu &
\ J ,~:, ' Harvested Gram,
l ·:, I~
April-June Kashmir,
'I •. \ Mustard. Uttarakhand,
Uttar Pradesh
Rice, Assam.West
KHARIF Sown Bengal.Coastal
Maize, Regions Of
June-July
\ Harvested
Jower.Urad, Odlsha,Andhra
Pradesh
I~ (li}I,,! '1
1!
!i~ September-
Cotton,
Groundnut,
Telangana
Tamil Nadu,
,
l / , October Kerala &
I I .fj Soybean. Maharashtra
I 1)
ZAID
t \L
Sown &
Harvested
Seasonal
Most Of The
I
I
Fruits,
Northern And
··.• ~,.'!, March-July
{Between
Vegetables,
Fodder
North-Western
,J;;,,,<
i1 RabhiAnd States
I Crops.
Kharif
Ssc panacea
Landmark Acts in India
S.No. Act Year Key Points
1. The Representation of 1951 • Rules for election for Parliament
the People Act and State Legislature
( Amended many times)
2. Protection of Civil 1955 To implement article 17 ( abolition of
Rights Act untouchability) and protect rights of
SC/ST
3. Essential Commodities 1955 • Uninterrupted supply of essential
Act goods; to stop hoarding or black
marketing
• In 2020, the Act was modified
along with 2 Farm Acts
4. The Citizenship Act 1955 Rules for acquiring Indian citizenship
5. States Reorganization 1956 Reorganization of States on linguistic
Act basis-14 State, 6 UTs
6. Unlawful Activities 1967 Give powers to Govt to deal with
(Prevention) Act people for protecting integrity and
(UAPA) sovereignty of India
7. The Water (Prevention 1974 Control and prevent water pollution
and Control of
Pollution) Act
8. The Air (Prevention and 1981 Control and prevent air pollution
Control of Pollution)
Act.
9. The Forest 1980
(Conservation) Act
10. The Muslim Women 1986 This Act was brought by Govt. to
(Protection of Rights on nullify the SC judgement on Shah
Divorce) Act Bano case
11. Prevention of 1988 To minimize corruption in
Corruption Act government agencies and public
sector
12. Scheduled Caste and 1989 • To prevent discrimination, atrocities
Scheduled Tribe and hate crimes against SC/ST
(Prevention of • It was felt that Protection of Civil
Atrocities) Act Rights Act 1955 was not adequate for
SC/ST.
13. The Wildlife Protection 1972 Protection of wild animals, birds and
Act plants
14. Energy Conservation 2001 To conserve energy and promote
Act clean energy.
15. The National Green 2010 • NGT was set up quick disposal of
Tribunal Act the cases pertaining to environmental
issues
• To implement Right to Clean
environment under article 21
16. Maintenance of Internal 1971 • Govt. might arrest anyone on
Security Act (MISA) suspicion of threats to national
security.
• MISA was used during Emergency
(1975- 77) to arrest opposition
leaders, journalists. etc
• Janata Govt. abolished MJSA in
1977
17. Persons With 1995 • Special provisions, special quota for
Disabilities (Equal disable persons.
Opportunities. • Was amended in 2016- 'Rights of
Protection of Rights and Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016'
Full Participation) Act
18. Foreign Exchange 1999 • Orderly development and
Management Act, maintenance of foreign exchange
(FEMA) market in India • Replaces Foreign
Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)
19. Information 2000 • To regulate ICT in India
Technology Act • Also called cyber Act
20. The Competition Act 2002 • Competition Commission of lndia
(CCI) was set up under this Act •
Replaced MRTP Act
21. Right to Information Act 2005 Landmark Act to implement 'Right to
Information
22. National Rural 2005 MG NAREGA is implemented under
Employment Guarantee this Act
Act
23. Protection of Women 2005 The Act provides a definition of
from Domestic Violence "domestic violence" for the first time
Act in Indian law
24. Disaster Management 2005 Corona Pandemic was dealt in under
Act this Act
25. Commission for 2006 Constitution of a National
Protection of Child Commission and State Commissions
Rights Act for Protection of Child Rights and
Children's Courts for providing
speedy trial of offences against
children
26. Right of Children to 2009 • Also called RTE Act • Right to
Free and Compulsory Education (under article 21) is
Education Act implemented under the Act
27. Sexual Harassment of 2013 'Visakha Guidelines' came out of this
Women at Workplace Act
(Prevention, Prohibition
and Redressal) Act
28. National Food Security 2013 National Food Security Mission is
Act implemented under this Act
29. The Lokpal and 2013 Lokpal and Lokayuktas were
Lokayuktas Act appointed under the Act
30. Whistle Blowers 2014 To protect those who disclose
Protection Act 2011 corruption in Govt. organization
31. Goods and Services Tax 2017 GST was implemented under this Act
(Compensation to
States) Act
32. Jammu and Kashmir 2019 State of J&K was made 2 UTs- J&K
Reorganization Act and Ladakh
33. Consumer Protection 2019 New and more stronger Consumer
Act protection Act in which many new
services added
34. Muslim Women 2019 • Made triple talaq unlawful
(Protection of Rights on • Called anti- triple talaq Act
Marriage) Act
35. Transgender Persons 2019 To protect the rights of Transgender
(Protection of Rights) Persons
Act.
36. Citizenship 2019 Provide Indian citizenship for
(Amendment) Act persecuted religious minorities from
Afghanistan, Bangladesh and
Pakistan who are Hindus, Sikhs.
Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or Christians,
and arrived in India before the end of
December 2014
37. The farmers' produce 2020 These are 3 Farm laws which provide
trade and commerce for market reforms in Indian Farming
(promotion and sector. contract farming, and
facilitation) act, 2020. liberalisation of trade in farm
produce
T20 world cup 2024 important facts
Organised – From 1st to 29th June Winner – India

Administrator – ICC ( International Cricket Council) V/s
Hosts – West Indies & United States Runner Up- South Africa
Total Matches – 55 Participants – 20 India Won by 7 runs (176/7 & 169/8)
Edition – 9th
Important Facts :-
Player of the Final Match – Virat Kohli
ICC Men’s T20 World Cup takes
Player of the Series – Jasprit Bumrah place in every two years.
It Started in 2007 in Africa
T20 World Cup Winners List Year wise

Till Date ICC Men’s T20 World Cup
Upcoming Tournament Co-
Year Country Captain Hosts
2007 India MS Dhoni 2026 – India & Sri Lanka

2009 Pakistan Younis Khan
2028 – Australia & New Zealand
2010 England Paul Collingwood
2012 West Indies Darren Sammy 2030– United Kingdom & Ireland
2014 Sri Lanka Lasith Malinga
2016 West Indies Darren Sammy
2020 Australia Aaron Finch
2022 England Jos Butler
2024 India Rohit Sharma
ICC Men’s T20 World Cup Upcoming
Tournament Co-Hosts
Ssc panacea
Important Articles of Indian

Constitution
Page- 2-10 (English)

Page- 11-19 (Hindi)
By- Sandeep Singh
App Download - https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.jones.culkc
Parts of Indian Constitution
Parts Subjects Mentioned Articles in The

Constitution
Part I Union and its Territories Article 1 to 4
Part II Citizenship Article 5 to 11
Part III Fundamental Rights Article 12 to 35
Part IV Directive Principles Article 36 to 51
Part IV-A Fundamental Duties Article 51A
Part V The Union Article 52 to 151
Part VI The States Article 152 to 237
Part VII 7th Amendment Act(Repealed) —
Part VIII The Union Territories Article 293 to 242
Part IX The Panchayat Article 243 to 243O
Part IX-A The Municipalities Article 243P to
243ZG
Part IX-B Cooperative Societies Article 243 ZH to
243ZT
Part X Schedule and Tribal Areas Article 244 to 244A
Part XI Relation Between Union and Article 245 to 263
States
Part XII Finance Property Contracts And Article 264 to 300A
Suits
Part XIII Trade Commerce and Article 301 to 307
Intercourse Within The
Territory of India
Part XIV Services Under The Union And Article 308 to 323
States
Part XIV-A Tribunals Article 323A to
323B
Part XV Elections Article 324 to 329A
Part XVI Special Provisions Relating To Article 330 to 342
Certain Classes
Part XVII Official Languages Article 343 to 351
Part XVIII Emergency Provisions Article 352 to 360
Part XIX Miscellaneous Article 361 to 367
Part XX Amendment of the Constitution Article 368
Part XXI Temporary Transitional and Article 369 to 392
Special Powers
Part XXII Short Title Commencement Article 393 to 395
Authoritative Text in Hindi and
Repeals
Description of only Most Important Articles of Indian

Constitution
We have compiled all Important Articles in Exam point of view
and the red highlighted articles are V.V. Important.
PART- 1
Union & It’s Territories – Article 1 to 4
Article 1- Name and Territory of the union.
Article 3- Formation of new states and alteration of areas boundaries
and name of existing States.
Part- 3
Fundamental Rights- Article 12 to 35
Article 13- loss inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
right.
Articles of Indian Constitution on Fundamental Rights.
All the citizens of India are provided with 6 fundamental rights.
These 6 fundamental rights are:-
1. Right to Equality
Article 14- Equality before law
Article 15- Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of
religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
Article 16- Equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment
Article 17- Abolition of untouchability
Article 18- Abolition of titles
2. Right to Freedom
Article 19- Guarantees to all the citizens the six rights
(19a). Freedom of speech and expression
(19b). Freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms
(19c). Freedom to form associations or unions
(19d). Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India
(19e). Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of
India
(19f). Omitted
(19g). Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any
occupation trade or businesses
Article 20- Protection in respect of conviction for offenses
Article 21- Protection of life and personal liberty
Article 21(A) – Right to Education
Article 22- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases
3. Right Against Exploitation

Article 23- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor
Article 24- Prohibition of employment of children under the age of
14 in factories and mines (Prohibition of Child Labour)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion

Article 25- Freedom of conscience and free professional practice and
propagation of religion
5. Cultural and Educational Right
Article 29- Protection of interest of minorities
Article 30- Right to minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Article 32- Remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights
Part- 4
Directive Principal of State Policy- Article 36 to Article 51
Article 37- Application of DPSP.
Article 39A- equal justice and free Legal Aid
Article 40- Organization of a village panchayat.
Article 41- Right to work, to education, and to public assistants in
certain cases.
Article 43- Living wages for workers.
Article 44- Uniform Civil Code.
Article 45- Provision of free and compulsory education for children.
Article 46- promotion of the educational and economic interest of
scheduled caste Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes.
Article 47- duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the
standards of living and two to improve public health.
Article 48- Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry.
Article 49- Protection of monuments and places and objects of
natural importance.
Article 50- Separation of Judiciary from the executive.
Article 51- Promotion of international peace and security.
Part- 4A
Fundamental Duties- Article 51A
With the 42nd amendment act 1976, there were 10 fundamental
duties, later with the 86th amendment act 2002, one more duty was
added to it. After that, we have a total of 11 fundamental duties.
Part 5
Union- Article 52 to Article 151
Articles which define President (Article 52-62)
Article 52- The president of India.
Article 53- Executive power of the union.
Article 54- Election of the president.
Article 60- Oath of President
Article 61- Procedure for impeachment of the president.
Article 63- The vice president of India.

Article 64- The vice president to be ex officio chairman of the
Council of States.
Article 66- Election of vice president.
Article 72- Pardoning powers of President.
Article 74- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the president.
Article 76- Attorney General for India.
Article 79- Composition of parliament.
Article 80- Composition of Rajya Sabha.
Article 81- Composition of Lok Sabha.
Article 83- Duration of houses of parliament.
Article 93- The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house of people.
Article 105- Powers privileges etc. of the house of parliament.
Article 109- Special procedure and respect of money bills.
Article 110- definition of money bills.
Article 112- Annual fiscal budget.
Article 114- Appropriation bills.
Article 123- Powers of the President to promulgate ordinances during
Recess of parliament.
Article 124- Establishment of Supreme Court.
Article 125- Salaries of judges.
Article 126- Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
Article 127- Appointment of Ad Hoc judges.
Article 129- Supreme Court to be a court of record.
Article 130- The seat of the supreme court.
Article 137- Review of judgments or orders by the supreme court.
Article 141- Decision of Supreme Court of India binding on all the
codes.
Article 148- Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Article 149- Duties and powers of Comptroller and Auditor General
Part 6
State- Article 152 to Article 237
Article 153- Governors of States.
Article 154- Executive powers of Governors.
Article 155- Appointment of Governors
Article 161- Pardoning powers of the Governor.
Article 165- Advocate general of the state.
Article 167- Duties of Chief Minister
Article 213- The power of the Governor to promulgate ordinances.
Article 214- High courts for States.
Article 215- High courts to be a court of record.
Article 224- Appointment of Additional & Acting Judges in High
Courts.
Article 226- The power of high courts to issue certain writs.
Article 233- Appointment of district judges.
Article 235- Control over subordinate courts.
Part 9
Panchayats- Article 243 to Article 243
Article 243A- Gram Sabha.
Article 243B- Constitution of Panchayat.
Part 12
Finance, Properties, Contracts, Suits
Article 264 to Article 300A
Article 266- Consolidated fund and Public account fund.
Article 267- Contingency fund of India.
Article 280- Finance commission.
Article 300A- Right to property.
Part 14
Services under Centre and State- Article 308 to Article 323
Article 312- All India services.
Article 315- Public Service commissions for the Union and for the
states.
Article 320- Functions of public service commission.
Part 14A
Tribunals: Article 323A to Article 323B
Article 323A- Administrative tribunals
Part 15
Elections: Article 324 to Article 329
Article 324- Election commission.
Part 16
Special Provisions to SC, ST, OBC, Minorities, etc
Article 338- National Commission for scheduled caste and
Scheduled Tribes.
Article 340- appointment of a Commission to investigate the
conditions of backward classes.
Part 17
Official Languages- Article 343 to Article 351
Article 343- Official languages of the union.
Article 348- Languages to be used in the supreme court and in the High
Court.
Article 351- Directive for development of Hindi languages
Part 18
Emergency- Article 352 to Article 360
Article 352- The proclamation of National Emergency.
Article 356- State emergency by president rule.
Article 360- Financial emergency.
Part 20
Amendment of Constitution- Article 368
Article 368- Powers of Parliament to amend the constitution.
Part 21
Special, Transitional, and Temporary Provisions
Article 370- Temporary provision for the erstwhile state of Jammu
and Kashmir.
Article 371A- Special provision with respect to the state of Nagaland.
Article 371J- Special status for Hyderabad in the Karnataka region.
Part 22
Short Text, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi
and Repeals- Article 392 to Article 395
Article 393- short title, this constitution may be called the
constitution of India.
भारतीय संविधान के भाग
भाग उल्लिल्लित विषय संविधान में िवणित आवटि कल

भाग I संघ और उसके क्षेत्र अनुच्छेद 1 से 4
भाग II नागररकता अनुच्छेद 5 से 11
भाग III मौलिक अलिकार अनुच्छेद 12 से 35

भाग IV लनदे शक लसद्ां त अनुच्छेद 36 से 51
भाग IV-ए मौलिक कततव्य अनुच्छेद 51A
भाग V संघ अनुच्छेद 52 से 151
भाग VI राज्य अनुच्छेद 152 से 237
भाग VII 7वााँ संशोिन अलिलनयम (लनरलसत) –
भाग VIII संघ राज्य क्षेत्र अनुच्छेद 293 से 242

भाग IX पंचायत अनुच्छेद 243 से 243O
भाग IX-A नगर पालिकाओं अनुच्छेद 243P से 243ZG

भाग IX-B सहकारी सलमलतयां अनुच्छेद 243 ZH से 243ZT
भाग X अनुसूची और जनजातीय क्षेत्र अनुच्छेद 244 से 244 A
भाग XI संघ और राज्यों के बीच संबंि अनुच्छेद 245 से 263
भाग XII लवत्त संपलत्त अनुबंि और वाद अनुच्छेद 264 से 300A
भाग XIII व्यापार वालिज्य और संभोग भीतर अनुच्छेद 301 से 307
भारत का क्षेत्र
भाग XIV संघ और राज्यों के के तहत सेवाएं अनुच्छेद 308 से 323
भाग XIV-A न्यायालिकरि अनुच्छेद 323A से 323B
भाग XV चुनाव अनुच्छेद 324 से 329A
भाग XVI कुछ वगों से संबंलित लवशेष प्राविान अनुच्छेद 330 से 342
भाग XVII राजभाषाएं अनुच्छेद 343 से 351
भाग XVIII आपातकािीन प्राविान अनुच्छेद 352 से 360
भाग XIX लवलवि अनुच्छेद 361 से 367
भाग XX संलविान में संशोिन अनुच्छेद 368
भाग XXI अस्थायी संक्रमिकािीन और लवशेष अनुच्छेद 369 से 392
शक्तियां
भाग XXII लहं दी में िघु शीषतक प्रारं भ अनुच्छेद 393 से 395
आलिकाररक पाठ और लनरसन
भारतीय संविधान के केिल सबसे महत्वपूणि लेि ं का वििरण

हमने परीक्षा के दृलिकोि से सभी महत्वपूित िेखों को संकलित लकया है
और िाि हाइिाइट लकए गए िेख बहुत महत्वपूित।
भाग 1
संघ और उसका क्षेत्र - अनुच्छे द 1 से 4
अनुच्छेद 1- संघ का नाम और क्षेत्र।

अनुच्छेद 3- नए राज्यों का गठन और क्षेत्रों की सीमाओं में पररवतत न और मौजूदा राज्यों के
नाम।
भाग - 3
मौवलक अवधकार- अनुच्छेद 12 से 35
अनुच्छेद 13- मौलिक अलिकार के साथ असंगत या उसके अल्पीकरि में हालन।
मौवलक अवधकार ं पर भारतीय संविधान के लेि।
भारत के सभी नागररकों को 6 मौलिक अलिकार प्रदान लकए गए हैं ।

ये 6 मौलिक अलिकार हैं :-
1. समानता का अवधकार
अनुच्छेद 14- कानून के समक्ष समानता
अनुच्छेद 15 - िमत, जालत, जालत, लिंग या जन्म स्थान के आिार पर भेदभाव का
लनषेि
अनुच्छेद 16- सावत जलनक रोजगार के मामिों में अवसर की समानता
अनुच्छेद 17- अस्पृश्यता का उन्मूिन
अनुच्छेद 18- उपालियों का अंत
2. स्वतंत्रता का अवधकार
अनुच्छेद 19 - सभी नागररकों को 6 अलिकारों की गारं टी दे ता है
(19a). भाषि और अलभव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता
(19b). शां लतपूवतक और लबना हलथयारों के एकत्र होने की स्वतंत्रता
(19c). संघ या संघ बनाने की स्वतंत्रता
(19d). भारत के पूरे क्षेत्र में स्वतंत्र रूप से घूमने की स्वतंत्रता
(19e). भारत के राज्यक्षेत्र के लकसी भी भाग में लनवास करने और बसने की स्वतंत्रता
(19f). िोप
(19 g). कोई भी पेशा अपनाने या कोई व्यावसालयक व्यवसाय या व्यापार करने की
स्वतंत्रता
अनुच्छेद 20 - अपरािों के लिए सजा के सं बंि में संरक्षि
अनुच्छेद 21- जीवन और दै लहक स्वतंत्रता का संरक्षि
अनुच्छेद 21(A) – लशक्षा का अलिकार
अनुच्छेद 22 - कुछ मामिों में लगरफ्तारी और लनरोि से संरक्षि
3. श षण के विरुद्ध अवधकार
अनुच्छेद 23 - मानव के दु व्यात पार और बिात् श्रम का लनषेि
अनुच्छेद 24- कारखानों और खानों में 14 वषत से कम आयु के बच्ों के लनयोजन का
लनषेि (बाि श्रम का लनषेि)
4. धमि की स्वतंत्रता का अवधकार

अनुच्छेद 25- अंतरात्मा की स्वतंत्रता और िमत के स्वतंत्र पेशे, अभ्यास और प्रचार-
प्रसार की स्वतंत्रता
5. सांस्कृवतक और शैविक अवधकार

अनुच्छेद 29 - अल्पसं ख्यकों के लहतों का सं रक्षि
अनुच्छेद 30 - अल्पसं ख्यकों को शैक्षलिक संस्थानों की स्थापना और प्रशासन का
अलिकार।
6. संिैधावनक उपचार ं का अवधकार

अनुच्छेद 32- मौलिक अलिकारों के प्रवततन के लिए उपाय
भाग - 4
राज्य नीवत के वनदे शक वसद्धांत- अनुच्छेद 36 से अनुच्छेद 51
अनुच्छेद 37 - डीपीएसपी का िागू होना।

अनुच्छेद 39ए- समान न्याय और मुफ्त कानूनी सहायता
अनुच्छेद 40- ग्राम पं चायत का गठन।
अनुच्छेद 43 - श्रलमकों के लिए लनवात ह मजदू री।
अनुच्छेद 44 - समान नागररक सं लहता।
अनुच्छेद 45 - बच्ों के लिए मुफ्त और अलनवायत लशक्षा का प्राविान
अनुच्छेद 46- अनुसूलचत जालत, अनुसूलचत जनजालत एवं अन्य लपछडे वगों के शैलक्षक एवं
आलथतक लहतों की अलभवृक्तद्।
अनुच्छेद 47- पोषाहार के स्तर और जीवन स्तर को बढाने और सावतजलनक स्वास्थ्य में सुिार
करने का राज्य का कततव्य।
अनुच्छेद 48 - कृलष और पशुपािन का सं गठन।
अनुच्छेद 49 - स्मारकों और प्राकृलतक महत्व के स्थानों और वस्तुओं का संरक्षि।
अनुच्छेद 50- कायतपालिका से न्यायपालिका का पृथक्करि।
अनुच्छेद 51- अंतरात िरीय शां लत और सुरक्षा को बढावा दे ना।
भाग- 4ए
मौवलक कतिव्य- अनुच्छेद 51ए
42वें संशोिन अलिलनयम 1976 से 10 मौलिक कततव्य थे, बाद में 86वें संशोिन अलिलनयम
2002 के द्वारा इसमें एक और कतत व्य जोडा गया। उसके बाद, हमारे पास कुि 11 मौलिक
कततव्य हैं ।
भाग 5
संघ-अनुच्छेद 52 से अनुच्छेद 151 तक
लेि ज राष्ट्रपवत क पररभावषत करते हैं (अनुच्छेद 52-62)

अनुच्छेद 52- भारत के रािरपलत।
अनुच्छेद 53- संघ की कायतपालिका शक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 54- रािरपलत का चुनाव।
अनुच्छेद 60- रािरपलत की शपथ
अनुच्छेद 61 - रािरपलत पर महालभयोग चिाने की प्रलक्रया।
अनुच्छेद 63- उपरािरपलत
अनुच्छेद 64 - उपरािरपलत का राज्य पररषद का पदे न अध्यक्ष होना।
अनुच्छेद 66- उपरािरपलत का चुनाव।
अनुच्छेद 72 - रािरपलत की क्षमादान शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 74 - रािरपलत को सहायता और सिाह दे ने के लिए मंलत्रपररषद।
अनुच्छेद 76 - भारत के महान्यायवादी।
अनुच्छेद 79 - संसद की संरचना।
अनुच्छेद 80- राज्य सभा की संरचना।
अनुच्छेद 81 - िोकसभा की संरचना।
अनुच्छेद 83 - संसद के सदनों की अवलि।
अनुच्छेद 93 - िोक सभा के अध्यक्ष और उपाध्यक्ष।
अनुच्छेद 105 - संसद के सदन की शक्तियााँ , लवशेषालिकार आलद।
अनुच्छेद 109 - िन लविेयकों की लवशेष प्रलक्रया और सम्मान।
अनुच्छेद 110- िन लविेयक की पररभाषा।
अनुच्छेद 112- वालषत क राजकोषीय बजट।
अनुच्छेद 114 - लवलनयोग लविेयक।
अनुच्छेद 123 - संसद के अवकाश के दौरान अध्यादे श जारी करने की रािरपलत की शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 124- सवोच् न्यायािय की स्थापना।
अनुच्छेद 125- न्यायािीशों का वे तन।
अनुच्छेद 126 - कायत वाहक मुख्य न्यायािीश की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 127 - तदथत न्यायािीशों की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 129 - उच्तम न्यायािय का अलभिेख न्यायािय होना।
अनुच्छेद 130- सवोच् न्यायािय का स्थान।
अनुच्छेद 137- सवोच् न्यायािय द्वारा लनितयों या आदे शों की समीक्षा।
अनुच्छेद 141 - भारत के सवोच् न्यायािय का लनितय सभी सं लहताओं पर बाध्यकारी है ।
अनुच्छेद 148 - भारत के लनयंत्रक एवं महािेखा परीक्षक।
अनुच्छेद 149 - लनयंत्रक एवं महािेखा परीक्षक के कततव्य और शक्तियााँ !
भाग 6
राज्य- अनुच्छेद 152 से अनुच्छेद 237 तक
अनुच्छेद 153- राज्यों के राज्यपाि।

अनुच्छेद 154 - राज्यपािों की कायतकारी शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 155 - राज्यपािों की लनयुक्ति
अनुच्छेद 161 - राज्यपाि की क्षमादान शक्तियााँ ।
अनुच्छेद 165- राज्य का महालिविा।
अनुच्छेद 167- मुख्यमंत्री के कतत व्य
अनुच्छेद 213 - अध्यादे श प्रख्यालपत करने की राज्यपाि की शक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 214- राज्यों के लिए उच् न्यायािय।
अनुच्छेद 215 - उच् न्यायाियों का अलभिे ख न्यायािय होना।
अनुच्छेद 224- उच् न्यायाियों में अपर एवं कायतवाहक न्यायािीशों की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 226 - कुछ ररट जारी करने के लिए उच् न्यायाियों की शक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 233 - लजिा न्यायािीशों की लनयुक्ति।
अनुच्छेद 235- अिीनस्थ न्यायाियों पर लनयं त्रि।
भाग 9
पंचायतें- अनुच्छेद 243 से अनुच्छेद 243 तक
अनुच्छेद 243ए- ग्राम सभा।
अनुच्छेद 243B- पंचायत का गठन।
भाग 12
वित्त, गुण, अनुबंध - अनुच्छेद 264 से अनुच्छेद 300A
अनुच्छेद 266- संलचत लनलि और िोक िे खा लनलि।
अनुच्छेद 267- भारत की आकक्तस्मकता लनलि।
अनुच्छेद 280- लवत्त आयोग।
अनुच्छेद 300A- संपलत्त का अलिकार।
भाग 14
केंद्र और राज्य के तहत सेिाएं - अनुच्छेद 308 से अनुच्छेद 323 तक
अनुच्छेद 312- अक्तखि भारतीय सेवाएं ।

अनुच्छेद 315- संघ और राज्यों के लिए िोक सेवा आयोग।
अनुच्छेद 320 - िोक सेवा आयोग के कायत।
भाग 14ए
न्यायावधकरण: अनुच्छेद 323A से अनुच्छेद 323B
अनुच्छेद 323A- प्रशासलनक न्यायालिकरि
भाग 15
चुनाि: अनुच्छेद 324 से अनुच्छेद 329 तक
अनुच्छेद 324- चुनाव आयोग।
भाग 16
SC, ST, OBC , अल्पसंख्यक ं आवद के वलए विशेष प्रािधान
अनुच्छेद 338 से अनुच्छेद 342 तक
अनुच्छेद 338- अनु सूलचत जालत और अनु सूलचत जनजालत के लिए रािरीय आयोग।
अनुच्छेद 340- लपछडे वगों की क्तस्थलतयों की जां च के लिए आयोग की लनयुक्ति।
भाग 17
राजभाषा-अनुच्छेद 343 से अनुच्छेद 351 तक
अनुच्छेद 343 - संघ की राजभाषाएं ।
अनुच्छेद 348 - सवोच् न्यायािय और उच् न्यायािय में प्रयोग की जाने वािी भाषाएाँ
अदाित।
अनुच्छेद 351 - लहं दी भाषाओं के लवकास के लिए लनदे श !
भाग 18
आपातकाल- अनुच्छेद 352 से अनुच्छेद 360 तक
अनुच्छेद 352 - रािरीय आपातकाि की उद् घोषिा।

अनुच्छेद 356 - रािरपलत शासन द्वारा राज्य आपातकाि।
अनुच्छेद 360- लवत्तीय आपातकाि।
भाग 20
संविधान का सं श धन- अनुच्छेद 368
अनुच्छेद 368 - संलविान में संशोिन करने की संसद की शक्तियााँ ।
भाग 21
विशेष, संक्रमणकालीन और अस्थायी प्रािधान
अनुच्छेद 370 - जम्मू के पूवतवती राज्य के लिए अस्थायी प्राविान

और कश्मीर।
अनुच्छेद 371A- नागािैंड राज्य के संबंि में लवशेष प्राविान।
अनुच्छेद 371 जे- कनात टक क्षेत्र में है दराबाद के लिए लवशेष दजात ।
भाग 22
वहंदी में लघु शीषिक प्रारं भ आवधकाररक पाठ और वनरसन
अनुच्छेद 393- िघु शीषतक, इस संलविान को भारत का सं लविान कहा जा सकता है ।

14-07-2019
Imp. Economic Curves

• Phillip’s Curve • J Curve
• Lorenz Curve • Kuznets Curve
• Gini Coefficient • Lafer Curve
PAPER 3
• Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of

resources, growth, development and employment.
1
14-07-2019
1. Phillips curve
• The Phillips curve, named after William Phillips, describes an inverse

relationship between rates of unemployment and corresponding
rates of rises in wages that result within an economy.
• Decreased unemployment in an economy will correlate with higher
rates of wage rises.
Rate of Inflation
Unemployment
Application
• Phillips curve remains the primary framework for understanding

and forecasting inflation used in central banks.
• Help in timely intervention by Government to inject money supply
in market
• Projection of Demand Supply in economy
2
14-07-2019
2. Lorenz curve
• Lorenz curve is a graphical

representation of the
distribution of income or of
wealth. It was developed by
Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for
representing inequality of the
wealth distribution.
• It can also be used to show
distribution of assets and
hence social inequality.
Concept
• Example - "the bottom 20% of all households have 10% of the total
income."
• A perfectly equal income distribution would be one in which every

person has the same income. In this case, the bottom N% of society
would always have N% of the income. This can be depicted by the
straight line y = x; called the "line of perfect equality."
• By contrast, a perfectly unequal distribution would be one in which

one person has all the income and everyone else has none. In that
case, the curve would be at y = 0% for all x < 100%, and y = 100%
when x = 100%. This curve is called the "line of perfect inequality."
3
14-07-2019
Gini coefficient
• The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area between the line of
perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve to the area between
the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality.
• The higher the coefficient, the more unequal the distribution is.
• In the diagram, this is given by the ratio A/(A+B), where A and B are
the areas of regions as marked in the diagram.
• The Gini Coefficient can vary from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect
inequality).
• A Gini Coefficient of zero means that everyone has the same
income, while a Coefficient of 1 represents a single individual
receiving all the income
3. J Curve
• 'J curve' is the time path of a country’s trade balance following a

devaluation or depreciation of its currency, under a certain set of
assumptions.
4
14-07-2019
J Curve
• A devalued currency means imports are more expensive, and on the

assumption that the volumes of imports and exports change little at
first, this causes a fall in the current account (a bigger deficit or
smaller surplus).
• After some time, though, the volume of exports may start to rise
because of their lower and hence more competitive prices to foreign
buyers, and domestic consumers may buy fewer of the costlier
imports.
J Curve
• Eventually, if this happens, the trade balance should move to a

smaller deficit or larger surplus compared to what it was before the
devaluation.
• Likewise, if there is a currency revaluation or appreciation the same
reasoning may be applied and will lead to an inverted J curve.
5
14-07-2019
4. Kuznets curve
• Kuznets curve graphs the hypothesis that as an economy develops,

market forces first increase and then decrease economic inequality.
• The hypothesis was first advanced by economist Simon Kuznets in
the 1950s and '60s.
Kuznets curve
• The Kuznets curve implies that as a nation undergoes

industrialization – and especially the mechanization of agriculture –
the center of the nation’s economy will shift to the cities.
• As internal migration by farmers looking for better-paying jobs in
urban hubs causes a significant rural-urban inequality gap (the
owners of firms would be profiting, while laborers from those
industries would see their incomes rise at a much slower rate and
agricultural workers would possibly see their incomes decrease),
rural populations decrease as urban populations increase.
6
14-07-2019
Criticism
• The East Asian miracle has been used to criticize the validity of the
Kuznets curve theory.
• The rapid economic growth of eight East Asian countries—Japan,
South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore (Four Asian Tigers),
Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia—between 1965 and 1990, was
called the East Asian miracle (EAM).
• Manufacturing and export grew quickly and powerfully. Yet
simultaneously, life expectancy was found to increase and
population levels living in absolute poverty decreased.
5. Laffer curve
• Laffer curve illustrates a

theoretical relationship
between rates of taxation
and the resulting levels of
government revenue.
• It illustrates the concept of
taxable income elasticity—
i.e., taxable income changes
in response to changes in the
rate of taxation.
7
14-07-2019
Implications
• One implication of the Laffer curve is that reducing or increasing tax

rates beyond a certain point is counter-productive for raising further
tax revenue.
Quick Revision
Kuznets
Phillip Curve
Lorenz Curve Curve
J Curve
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14-07-2019
Q. The Laffer curve is the graphical representation of :

a) The relationship between tax rates and absolute revenue these
rates generate for the government.
b) The inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and
the rate of inflation in an economy.
c) The inequality in income distribution
d) The relationship between environmental quality and economic
development.
Q. “There has been a trend in India with respect to populist driven

policies for the personal gain of few.” In this regard analyse the
statement that how Income Inequality fuels the populist politics?
[15 Marks, 250 Words]
Q. Comment on the important changes introduced in respect of the

Long-term Capital Gains Tax (LCGT) and Dividend Distribution Tax
(DDT) in the Union Budget for 2018-2019.
[10 Marks, 150 Words, UPSC 2018]
9
SSC PANACEA
TOPIC - CLIMATE CHANGE
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other important updates :-
SSC PANACEA
CLIMATE CHANGE
Green House Gases (GHGs)

These are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effects by
absorbing and emitting radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
 Water Vapor- Largest amount among GHGs by Volume and by Weight (Humans are NOT
directly responsible for it)
 Contributors: 1. China= 26% 2.USA= 14.75% 3. EU= 9.33 + 7.45 India=6.43%
 Some common greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, CFCs &
Ozone.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Sources :
 Natural
1. Ocean-atm exchange 2. Plant and animal respiration 3. Soil respiration and
decomposition 4. Volcanic eruptions
 Highest emitting industry- 1. Electricity and energy
 Top emitters: 1. China 2. USA 4. India (5 times less than china)
 Emission per capita: china= 7.5, India= 1.7
METHANE
Natural
 Wetlands
 Termites, ocean, sediments, volcanoes and wildfires Human
 Agriculture: CATTLE (Agri- primary source of CH4 emission)
 Landfills
 Crude oil and gas production
 Aluminium Carbide when treated with water gives Methane gas.
SSC PANACEA
NITROUS OXIDE
Natural
 Bacteria in soils and oceans Human
 Agriculture- synthetic fertilizers + livestock urine and manure
 Transportation
 Industry: 1. Byproduct in prod of commercial fertilizer 2. Byproduct in prod. of adipic acid
(production of fibers like nylon).
FLURINATED GASES- HFC, PFC, SF6
 Very high GWP
 Most potent and longest lasting GHGs
 Removed only when destroyed by sunlight in far upper atmosphere
HFC- refrigerants, aerosol propellants, solvents, fire retardants
PFC- Aluminum production, Manf of semiconductors
SF6- Used in: Magnesium processing, semiconductor manufacturing, tracer gas (leak
detection), electrical transmission equipment.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

 Saturation horizons- levels below which calcium carbonate minerals undergo dissolution
 Ocean acidification causes SH to rise vertically pH of ocean falls>>>shallowing of
SH>>>more shells dissolves>>>buffers ocean acidification
 Lysocline- depth at which dissolution strongly increases
 Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) - depth @ which ALL carbonate dissolves
 Upwelling>>>cold water with more CO2 and nutrients>>undersaturated in calcium
carbonate>>>harms corals.
OZONE DEPLETION
 Major Ozone depleting Substances1. CFC 2. N2O 3. Carbon tetrachloride 4. HCFC 5.
Methyl chloroform 6. Bromine
SSC PANACEA
 NOTE- HFC= NOT ozone depleting, but GHG.
CHLOROFLUROCARBON (CFC)
 Uses- refrigerants, propellants in aerosol sprays, foaming agents in plastic manufacturing,
fire extinguishers, solvents for cleaning electronics and metallic components, food freezing
 CFC + UV light= Cl, Cl + O3= ClO + O2, ClO + O= Cl + O2
NITROUS OXIDE
 Thermonuclear weapons, industrial emissions, agricultural fertilizers
 Photolytically destroyed in stratosphere to form Nitric oxide which destroys Ozone.
 Ozone Hole- in lower stratosphere.
CARBON CREDIT
 Under KYOTO protocol, 1997
One Credit Permits the emission of a mass equal to one ton of carbon dioxide.
 Tradeable certificate or permit representing right to emit one ton of carbon dioxide
 How it is obtained? >>>Org which produces One ton less Carbon, then obtains 1 Carbon
credit>>>can sell to company emitting more than its limit>>thus org can get finance + limit
breacher can achieve target
 Traded in stock exchanges.
 Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX)- first in Asia to allow carbon credit trading
CARBON OFFSETTING
 Credits for REDUCTION in GHG made at ANOTHER location

 Carbon offsets are quantified and sold
 Not only reduces carbon footprint, but also gives added benefits Diff between carbon
credit & carbon offset
 Offset- permit to emit only when actual realization of result at another place (i.e. actual
reduction in GHG)
 Credit- Transfers techno or finance and earns credit (irrespective of benefits/ reduction
realized).
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Important facts related to COP (Conference Of Parties)
 The first UNFCCC conference of the parties took place from 28 March to 7 April 1995 in
Berlin Germany. Delegates from 117 Parties and 53 Observer States attended the
conference.
 COP3 – 1997, Held :- Kyoto, Japan, (Outlined the greenhouse gas emissions reduction)
 COP8 – 2002, Held:- New Delhi , India
 COP11/CMP1- 2005, Held :- Montreal Canada( to protect Ozone layer).
 2021: COP 26/CMP 16/CMA 3, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
 2022: COP 27/CMP 17/CMA 4, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.
 2023: COP 28/CMP 18/CMA 5, Dubai, UAE
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MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
RIVER ORIGIN TRIBUTARIES STATES END DAMS
GANGA Gangotri Glacier, 1. Ramganga Uttrakhand>>> UP>>> Farakka

Eastern 2. Yamuna Bihar>>> Jharkhand>> Barrage @
Himalayas, 3. Tamsa West Bengal Murshidabad
Uttarakhand 4. Gomti (WB):
5. Ghaghara 1.Hooghly
6. Son
Basin: above 5 + HP + 2.Padma
7. Gandak
8. Burhi Gandak RJ + HR + MP + CH +
9. Kosi Delhi (Total 11)
10. Mahananda
YAMUNA Yamunotri 1. Chambal (longest) Uttarakhand>>Himachal Joins Ganga Makes Border betn:
Glacier, S.W. 2. Sindh >>Haryana>>Delhi>> near 1. UP and Haryana
slope of 3. Betwa UP Allahabad 2. UP and Delhi
Banderpooch 4. Ken
peaks of Lower Forms border:
Himalayas, Tons (largest), Rind, 1. UK and HP
Uttarakhand Sengar, Varuna, Hindon 2. Harayana + Delhi and
UP
CHAMBAL Janapav hills, Left: Banas, Mej Joins Yamuna Forms Boundary betn:
Vindhya Range, at Jalaun Dist, 1. MP and rajasthan
MP Right: Parbati, Kali UP 2. MP and UP
Sindh, Shipra
Dams: Rana Pratap Sagar dam,
Gandhi Sagar dam, Kota barrage
SIND Malwa Plateau Left: Kwari Joins Y at Manikheda Dam

(Not Aravallis) Right: Pahuj Jaluan Dist
(just after
Chambal)
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
BETWA Vindhya Range Left: Sindhu Projects: 1. Ken-Betwa link

Right: Bina, Dhansaan 2. Matatila Dam, Rajghat dam,
Parichha dam, Dhurwara dam
KEN Kaimur Range Sonar Joins Yamuna 1. Raneh falls

(Not vindhya) near Fatehpur 2. pass thr Panna NP
LUNI Pushkar valley, 1. Origin as sagarmati>> then meets its

Aravalli Range tributary Saraswati>> Luni
(near Ajmer) 2. inspite of salinity>> major source of
irri
INDUS Near Mansarovar Left: 5 + Zanskar + J&K 1. flows betn Ladakh and Zaskar ranges
lake, Tibetian Suru + Soan + Panjnad 2. Zaskar joins Induas @ Leh
plateau, Northen + Ghaggar* (note- Zaskar origins near Bara Lacha
slope of Kailash La in Greater Himalaya)
mountain Range Right: Shyok + Hunza +
Gilgit + Swat + Kunar +
Kabul + Kurram
JHELUM Spring @ Verinag Joins Chenab 1. Makes boundary Betn Ind and
in S.E. Kashmir in pak @ Pakistan
Valley Trimmu 2. drains Wular>>then changes direction
southwards
3. drains DAL lake
4. Dams: Mangla dam, Rasul barrage,
Trimmu barrage (Confluence of Chenab
and Jhelum), Uri dam, Kisanganaga
plant
CHENAB Bara Lacha pass Marusadar river (Pakal Drains in Dams: 1. Salal dam
Aka Chandrabhaga in Lehul- spiti Dul Dam) SUTLUJ 2. baglihar dam 3. Dul Hasti plant
(part of Zaskar) 4. Pakul Dul dam 5. Ratle Plant
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
Chadra + Bhaga
RAVI Near Rohtang Pass Drains in 1. Ranjit sagar dam aka Thein dam
CHENAB 2. Shahpurkandi dam (Pathankot)
3. makes border betn India and
Pakistan
BEAS Near southern end Meet Sutluj 1. ONLY in India

of Rohtang pass, @ Harrike 2. Dams: Pong dam (Maharana Pratap
Kullu dam Sagar), pandoh dam
SUTLUJ Mansarovar-Rakas Basin: HP>>>PN>>> 1. flows thr Shipki la pass

Lakes in W. Tibet J&K>>> RJ>> HR 3. Dams: Bhakra-Nangal, Nathpa Jhakri,
(Near indus orgin) Karcham
4. Sutluj- Yamuna Link: freight and
irrigational canal
NARMADA Narmada Kund, Shakkar + Dudhi + MP>>> MH>>> GJ Gulf of 1. flows in rift valley
Amarkantak hill, Tawa (longest) + Ganjal Khambat 2. projects: Indira sagar, Sardar sarovar,
Maikal Range + Hiran + Barna + Omkareshwar, Bargi
(not Vindhya) Choral + Karam + 3. waterfall: Dhuandhar falls bnear
Lohar Jabalpur
TAPI Multai Forest in Girna, Purna, Panzara, MP>>>MH>>>GJ Gulg of 1. Ukai dam (GJ)
Satpura Range Bori, Waghur, Aner Khanbat 2. Hathnur Dam (MH)
(MP) (Betul 3. Girna Dam (MH)
Plateau)
SABARMATI Aravalli RJ>>>GJ Confluence of Sabar and Hathmati (RJ)
MAHANADI Various streams @ Seonath, Jonk, Mand, CH>>>Odissha False point 1. Hirakud
Sihawa Mountain, Ib, Ong Tel, near Paradeep
Chattisgarh Drain: JH, MH, MP Distributaries:
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
Brahmani- NOT a 1.Kathjori

tributary (joins BoB)
2. Birupa
(join
Brahmani)
SUBARNAREKHA Piska, Chota Kharkai, roro, Kanchi, JH>>>WB>>>Odisha BoB 1. Hundru falls
Nagpur Plateau Harmu Nadi, etc 2. Makes boundary betn West Bengal
(Near Ranchi), JH and Odisha
3. makes Estuary (NOT delta)
4. GoOdisha to create Kirtana Port on
Subarnarekha’s mouth
BRAHMANI Confluence of Odisha Along with 1. 2nd longest of Odisha

Sankh and South Baitarani 2. Rengali dam
Koel rivers near Basin: JH. CH, OD >>forms delta 3. Samal Barrage
Rourkela (Odisha) Famous for
Nesting of
olive ridley
BAITARNI Hill near Keonjhar Catchment: JH, OD, 1. Variation in elevation + prone to flood
district, Odisha
NOTE: North to South: Subarnarekha>>> Baitarni>>> Brahmani>>> Mahanadi
DAMODAR Chota Nagpur Barakar, Konar, JH>>>WB Joins Hugli 1. Flows thr rift valley having large
Tenughat mineral>>thus large scale mining
2. Valley: ‘Ruhr of India’
3. 1st dam: Barakar river
GODAVARI Trimbakeshwar Left- Banganga, kadva, MH>> Telangana>> @ Rajmudry: 1. Polavaram
(only 80 km from shivna, purna, Pranhita CH>> AP>> Yanam divides- 1. 2. forms boundary betn MH and
arabian sea) (Wardha+ Penganga (Puducherry) Gautami Telangana for short distance
+Waiganga), Indravati, Basin: MP + KR + Godavari 3. NOTE- Pranhita (W+ P+ W) also
Sabari, Kadam, Taliperu Puducherry (flows to east) form boundary betn MH and Telangana
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
Right- Nasardi, Darna, 2. Vashistha 4. Nizam Sagar dam- Manjira river

Sindaphana, Godavari
Kinnerasani, Pravara, (Flows to
Manjra, Manair west)
KRISHNA Western ghtas Right: Tungbhadra, MH>>>AP>>>KR 1. 2nd largest east flowing of peninsula
(Satara), just north Malaprabha, 2. Nagarjun sagar
of Mahabaleshwar Ghataprabha 3. makes border betn Telangana and
Left: Bhima, Musi, Andhra Pradesh
Muneri
(Bhima= Matheran)
CAUVERY Left: Harangi reservoir, KR>>TN 1. Perrenial river: NE and NW

Hemavati, Shimsha, mansoon
Arkavathy (SHAH) Basin: Kerala + 2. Mettur Dam
Right: Lakshaman Puducherry 3. Sivasamudram waterfalls- entry of
Tirtha, Kabini, Bhavani, Cauvery from KR to TN plains
Noyyal, Amaravati, 4. Hogennekal falls
Moyar (AB KLMN) 5. Krishnasagar project
RUSIKULYA Daringbadi hills, 1. NO delta

Odisha (aka 2. Olive ridley turtles: @ Ganjam hills
Kashmir of
Odisha)
PERIYAR Sivagiri hills, 1. Idukki dam

Sundermala, TN 2. Periyar lake: periyar WS
PAMBA Pulachimalai hills, Flows in 1. SABARIMALA temple

Western ghats Vembnad 2. Kuttanad rice growing rice
lake 3. aka Dakshin Bhagirathi
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
MAHADAYI KR KR>>>Goa Joins with 1. Dudhsagar Falls + Varapoha falls

Aka Mandovi Zuari @
Basin: MH Cabo Aguada
forming
Mormugao
harbor
BARAK RIVER Lots of streams Jiri, Dhaleshwari, Manipur>>>Mizoram>>

aka Surma River amalgate in Longai, Madhura, Sonai Assam>> Bangladesh 2. Barak river crocodile, Susu Dolphin,
Manipur Smooth coated otter
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
NHRC CIC CVC CBI LOKPAL

ACT Protection of Human RTI,2005 1. exe. resol.1964 1.No statutory base Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act,
Rights Act,2003 2. CVC act, 2003 2.resolution of HM 2013
HOME MINISTRY MINISTRY OF PERSONNEL INDEPENDENT BODY MINISTRY OF PERSONNEL
Complaints only Responsible only to Derives power from

against central and PARLIAMENT DPSE act,1946
UT offices, insti, psu
PANEL PM+ Speaker+ Depty PM+ LoO+ UM PM+ LoO+ HM 1. DIRECTOR- 1. selection comm:
Chairman+ LoO+ LoO PM+LoO+CJI PM + Speaker + LoO + CJI
+ HM (as per L&LA,2013) + eminent j
Sitting judge of SC or CJ of HC- 2. DoProsecution
only on consult with CJI
Recomm by CVC
SHRC: CM + HM + (as per L&LA,2013)
LoO + Speaker + 3. SP and above-
Chairman (if LC) + CVC+2VC+SoHM+
LoO (if LC) SoDoPT
STRENGTH NHRC-1+5 (2+3) 1+10max 1+2 Max- 8

1. atleast 50% judicial- S or
R judge of SC or CJ of HC
SHRC- 1+2 2. 50% Non judicial- More
than 25 years exp in anti-
corruptn policy, pub Ad,
vigilance, finance (including
insurance and banking)
3. atleast 50% reserve for
woman, SC, ST
QUALIFICATION NHRC 1.Person of eminence NOTE- CBI under Qualification for chairman:
1. chair- retired CJI/ J in public life with administrative control 1. s or r CJI or s or r Judge of
2. members wide knowledge and of DoPT, Ministry of SC or non judicial member
-s or r Judge of SC exp in law, sci-tech, Personnel only if (eminent + 25 yr exp
-s or r CJ of HC social service, mana, in anticorruption, Pub Ad,
-3 member: knowledge journalism, mass Vigilance, finance including
or practical exp wrt HR media or admini and insurance and banking, law,
governance Management)
2. not MP or MLA NOTE- min Age of chair= 45 yrs
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
3.ex officio- SC, ST, 3. Not conn with Pol
BC, Minorities, party
Woman, PwD, Child 4. no business or
pursuing any
profession
APPOINTMENT President President President (H&S) Central Govt Prsident
TENURE 3 or 70 years Prescribed by 4 or 65 years Director- 2 year 5 or 70 yrs

Central Govt or 65
yrs (2019 Amend)
REAPPOINTMENT HR (Amend) Act, Not eligible Not eligible Both not eligible for any
2019- Chair and IC- as CIC, no other constitutional or statutory
Members of N & post + cannot contest
SHRC Eligible for election + gupchup ghari bas
reappoint in same
office
SALARIES/ ALLO Central Govt 1.CIC- CEC Same as UPSC Chairman= CJI
SHRC- State govt 2. IC- ECs Members= Judge of SC
ANNUAL REPORT NHRC- report to Central Govt- both President-both President

BOTH Central and houses houses
State govt
NHRC should be
informed of action
taken on its report in 1
month
Armed force-3 month
REMOVAL 1. insolvent 1. insolvent Same as CIC SC: Only by Selection 1. Misbehaviour or incapacity
2. paid employ 2. paid employ committee - Petition signed by 100
3. unfit- infirmity of 3. unfit- infirmity of members of
body or mind body or mind Parliament (thus
4.unsound mind 4. moral turpitude mixed LS and RS)
5. convicted and 5. acquired financial and inquiry by SC
sentenced for offence or other interest 2. IIP
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
6. misbeh or incapacity- which likely to affect
SC enquiry his official function
6.misbeh or incap-SC
MISCELLANEOUS 1. only 1 year window 1. suo motu powers 1. Nodal agency for 1. under CVC act,2003 1. L&L Act- Applicable to
of crimes + Suo Motu (if reasonable PoCA,1988, – superintendence rest whole country (Including
grounds) PMLA, with Central govt J&K + public servents
2. power of civil court Whistleblowers (except when PoCA- outside India)
Power to regulate own 2. can impose penalty - Investigate cases CVC)
procedure- proceedings on PIO refered by central 1.Juridiction of lokpal:
have Judicial against authorities 2.Directorate of - Anyone who is or has been:
character 3. power of civil under central in prosecution -for PM + Ministers + MPs
court PoCA conducting (except Art 105)+ Group A,
3. have own prosecution under B, C, D official of Central
investigation staff 4. Removal: 2.ONLY agency lokpal act,2013 govt.
CIC- Prez against motivated + Institutions financed Fully
3. Amendment in 2006- SIC- Gov or false complaints 3.PoCA investigation or Partially (but Not aided
1)SHRC – from 5 to 3 for employees of insti) by centre or estd by Act
2)NHRC- visit jail NOTE- 3. own secretariat central govt and UTs of parliament,
w/o intimation of Salaries of SIC: and their public sector + Entities receiving FCRA
state govt 1. SCIC- Election 4. consulted by undertakings above 10 Lakh
Commissioner centre on
4. HR courts- By state 2. SIC- Chief disciplinary matters 4. infringement of 2. Confiscation of property
govt with concurrence Secretary of state of AIS and CS fiscal/economic laws, even if prosecution is pending
of CJ of HC govt serious crimes, taking
5.Jurisdiction- AIS, up request of state 3. Clear timelines
SHRC- 5. CIC- only PSB, RBI, SIDBI govt, any case of public Preliminary 2 2
1. only wrt state and appellate authority NABARD, PSU, importance. Inquiry m m
Investigation 6 6
concurrent list, 1+2 which can declare GIC, LIC, local Maintaining crime
m m
members, removed only body as public authorities statistics and Trial 1yr 1yr
by President (BUT authority if &socities controlled disseminating criminal
resignation- Gov) convinced that body by central govt info 4. Investigation Wing and
fits into criteria for Prosecution Wing: IW-
2. SHRC qualification being under RTI act 6. Lokpal>>Group 5.’national central conduct preliminary inquiry
Chair- retired CJ or J A,B,C,D>>CVC>> bureau’ of Interpol in PW- prosecute public servent
of HC enquire>>send india.
Member- report about A and 5. NO suo motu + within 7
I. S or r judge of HC or yrs to file complaint + legal
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
district judge with 7 yr B to lokpal>> do 6.role of CBI- assistance to public servent+
exp investi on C and D Supplementary to that no anonymous complaints
II. Person with practical of state police forces
exp in HR 7. powers of Civil 6. Direct. of prosecution:
Court 7. organized crime, HR, From law ministry>>CBI
3. Committee- CM+ Cyber & high-tech director
LoO+LoO+Speaker+ 8. NO suo motu 8.Suo motu
HM + chairman (Not 7. public servents>> not
depty as in NHRC) 9. Advise govt for 9. General Consent : represent in preliminary
proper action As CBI has juri wrt inquiry if case requires
against employee only central govt surprise Raids and searches
(thus no employees>> thus
prosecution) perimission from states 8. CBI>> panel of advocate
with lokpal permission>> not
- Central Govt can depend on govt advocate
authorize CBI to
investigate crime in 9. Lokpal shall NOT enquire
state only with states into Complaints against its
consent own chairperson or
- BUT, SC and HC can members
do it w/o state’s
consent 10. Chair or members are
deemed to be public servent
11. Complaint against PM-

cannot be taken of External
relations, public order, ext or
int security, atomic energy
and space
for other cases against PM:
1.FULL members need to
consider initiation of inquiry
+ 2/3rd approve such inquiry
OTE- Two Commisions: NHRC and CAG>>> submits report to BOTH Central and State Govt (CAG- Prez and Gov)
Two Commisions: NCSC and NCST>>>Submits report to President>> forwards to Gov
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
ELECTION UPSC FINANCE NCSC SPECIAL CAG ATTORNE
COMMISION COMMISSIO OFFICER Y
N LM GENERAL
ARTICLE Article 324 Article 315-324 Article 280 Article 338 and Article Article 148 Article 76
Art 338 A 350 B
Hand and seal Oath, Hand and seal
STREGTH 1. By President 1. Discretion of 1. 1+4 1+1+3
2. 1+2 President Ranks: CaM,
(SPSC-Discretion of MoS, Secre
GOVERNOR)
2. 9-11
CONDITION 1. President 1. President president in his 1.President Not 1. Parliament Not

OF SERVICE + 2. 6 or 65 years (SPSC-Governor) order 2. 3 years specified 2. 6 or 65 years specified
TENURE 2. Tenure-
Constitution: 6 or 65
years (SPSC- 62)
JSPSC- Statutory-Appoint:
Prez- 62 yrs -Report: governr
QUALIFICATI No qualification 1. Not specified 1. By For NCST: Not Same as
ON 2. ½- held office for parliament (FC specified Judge of SC
10 yrs under C or S Act, 1951) Rules, 1990:
Chair- Exp in 1. Chair-
public affairs eminent socio-
Members- pol worker
1. Judge of HC belonging to
2. Finance and ST
a/c of govt 2. Others:
3. Exp in fin Atleast 2 from
matters and ST, 1 Woman
admini
4. Economics
SALARY AND Similar to SC judge Charged on: - as per Same as Not 1. Parliament
ALLOWANCE 1. UPSC- CFI provisions by Secretary of specified 2. Judge of SC
2. SPSC- CFoS Central Govt GoI 3. Charged on
(FC Act, 1951)
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
ANNUAL President - To President: 1.President To 1. President and
REPORT TO - place before BOTH he laid before 2. Annual + President Governor
houses with both houses when deems thr Union 2. 3 audit reports –
memorandum with memo of necessary minority appropriation,
- Cases of non acc: action taken 3.President- minister finance, public
must be approved by both houses undertaking
Appoint. Committee 4.Prez>>Gove Prez>>eac 3. Prez- both houses-
rnor if report h house + then PAC examines
SPSC & JPSC- pertaining to State govt them and reports
Govornor state govt- SL findings to parliament
REMOVAL 1. CEC- as SC 1. No role of FC Act, 1951: Inquiry by SC Same as ground of 1.Not

judge parliament 1. mentally 1. Chair- SC judges specified
2.Other EC and 2. By president if unsound By president if 2. pleasure
RC- Recomm of insolvent, paid 2. insolvent insolvent, paid of president
CEC (thus no employ, infirmity of 3. convict for employ,
security of tenure to mind or body, (IIP) immoral infirmity of
them) 3. Misbeh- enquiry by offence mind or body
SC (SC even in 2. Members:
SPSC) +3 absentee
w/o permission
NOTE- SPSC: resignation to
Governor (NOT Prez)
REAPPOINTM Not debarred 1.chair- Not eligible Eligible of Not eligible for Not eligible
ENT 2. members- as chair reappointment more than 2
of SPSC or UPSC, not terms
eligible for reapp in
that office
MANDATORY 1.Directory, not Advisory

/ ADVISORY mandatory
ADDITIONAL Parliament-
FUNCTION Jurisdiction of UPSC
BY can be extended by
Parliament
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
MISCELLENO 1. Expenses: NOT 1. president wrt AIS 1. FC= 1. Central and 1.recomm 1. Centre- Audit only 1. NOT a
US charged on CFI & central service may autonomous State govt of State State- Audit and govt servent
notify matters in body governed required to reorg Account
2. Determines which not necessary to by GoI consult Comm 2. Consulted
territorial AREA of consult UPSC (but commission on 2. 7th 2. CAG act, 1971- with
electoral placed before parlia 2. ALL powers ALL major amend Duties, power and approval of
constituencies for 14 days>> parlia of Civil Court policy matters 1956 function law
based on can amend or repeal as per CrPC affecting SCs (amend in 1976- Ministry
delimitation comm this) 3. HQ @ separate Audit and
Act of parliament 3. depends on 2. 338(10)- Allahabad A/c function) 3. Right to
2. Govt may make data supplied OBC and audience
4. If disqualified rules regulating scope by states Anglo Indians 3.Agent of parliament ALL courts
candidate>>elected of advisory function within india
>> then Consti has of UPSC 65th amen 4. condition of person
no provision>> thus 1990- serving in IAAS and 4. Accept
dealt under 3. Consulted: Method NCSCST administrative appointment
RPA,1951>>HC of recruitment, powers of CAG- as director
declares election promotion and 89th amen determined by of ANY
void (not EC) transfers, disciplinary 2003- bifurcate President in company
matters consultation with with
5. State Election 3. ANNUAL CAG approval of
Commissoner- 4. NOT consult: report GoI
Removed as on Reservation, chair of regarding 5. CAG can disallow
grounds and tribunals, temporary Constituional any expenditure 5.NOTE-
procedure of Judge appointments safegurads violating Consti or Solicitor
of HC any law general is
5. NOTE- President 4. NCST- appointed
6. Advice for DO NOT constitute Measures to be 6. SC judgement by Cabinet
disqualification- JPSC>>its statutory taken for Full 2014: he can audit Committe
BINDING on prez implementatio Private firms in
&gov 6. UPSC- Exams for n of PESA, revenue Share deals
7. Depty ECs- AIS, Central services, 1996 with govt
Appointed by ECI UT services (Exploitation of
(NOT Prez) natural resources)
NOTE- UPSC: advice
8. ECI can not GoI (NOT state) 7. External auditor
deregister party, to 11 UN agencies
but can de-list it or 7. Earlier: UPSC
derecognize it members equated with
MANDAR PATKI
AIR 22 CSE 2019
9. RPA: NO suo SC judges>> but in
motu of ECI on 2018: change in rules
disqualification to equate with Central
cases govt Secretaries
Ssc panacea
Musical Intruments& Related

Personalities
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Types of Instruments
There are following types of Musical Instruments :-
1. Wind Instruments - Wind or brass instruments are instruments
that make sound through a tubular sound resonator.
Examples :-Flute, Clarinet, Shehnai (MangalVadhya),
Saxophone, Trumpet, Piano, Harmonica.
2. Percussion Instruments - A percussion instrument is a musical
instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by
a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped
or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument.
Examples :-Tabla, Mridungam, Drum, Dholak, Xylophone,
Ghatam, Pakhawaj, Bells, Tambourine
3. String Instruments - String instruments or chordophones are
musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the
performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.
Examples :-Guitar, Violin, Sitar, Sarod, Saarangi, Veena,
Surbahar, Mandolin,Banjo, Harp, Piano.
Important Point 🔴 – Numbers of Strings

 Sarod – 17 to 25 Strings
 Sitar – 18, 19, 20 or 21 Strings
 Violin – 4 Strings
 Guitar – 6 Strings
4. Keyboard Instruments - These kinds of instruments make use
of keys to give out sounds.
Examples :-Harmonium, Celeste, Piano, Claviola,
Harmonica.
Personalities Associated with Musical

Instruments
S. Instrument Related Personalities

No.
1. Sitar  UstadVilayat Khan
 Pt Ravi Shankar
 Shujaat Hussain Khan
 ShahidParvez Khan
 Anushka Shankar
 Nikhil Banerjee
 Mustaq Ali Khan
 Budhaditya Mukherjee
2. Sarod  UstadAmjad Ali Khan
 Allaudin Khan
 Bahadur Khan
 Zarin S Sharma
 Sharan Rani
 Ustad Ali Akbar Khan
3. Sarangi  Abdul Latif Khan
 Ustad Binda Khan
 Ramesh Mishra
 Sultan Khan
 Pt Ram Narayan
 Shakoor Khan
4. Santoor  Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma
 PanditTarun Bhattacharya
 PanditUlhasBapat
 AbhaySopori
 BhajanSopori
 Rahul Sharma
5. Veena  DoraiswamiIyengar
 SundaramBalachander
 JayanthiKumaresh
 ChittiBabu
6. Violin  LalgudiJayaram
 VG Jog
 M Chandrasekharan
 NR Murlidharan
 MS Gopalakrishnan
7. Shehnai  Bismillah Khan
(MangalVadhya)  Daya Shankar
 Ali Ahmad Hussain
8. Flute  TR Mahalingam
 HariprasadChaurasiya
 N. Ramani
 Pannalal Ghosh
 Anokhelal Mishra
9. Tabla  Zakir Hussain
 Sabir Khan
 Allah Rakha khan
 Pt KishanMaharaj
 Sandeep Das
 UstaadShafaat Ahmad Khan
 Pt Jnan Prakash Ghosh
10. Ghatam  TH Vinayakram
 EM Subramaniam
11. Pakhawaj  Totaram Sharma
 Gopaldas
 RamshankarPagaldas
 Pt Ayodhya Prasad
12. Mridungam  Palghat Raghu
 Karaikudi R Mani
 SV Rajarao
 KV Prasad
 Palghat Mani Iyer
13. Nadhaswaram  Rajaratanam Pillai
 Sheikh Chinnamaula
 Neeruswami Pillai
14. RudraVeena  Asad Ali Khan
 Zia MohiuddinDagar
 BahauddinDagar
 Asit Kumar Benerjee
15. VichitraVeena  Pt Gopal Krishna
 Ahmed Raja Khan
16. Mohan Veena Pt Vishwa Mohan Bhatt
17. Guitar BrijBhushanKabra
18. Surbahar Annapurna Devi
19. Mandolin U Srinivas
20. Harmonium  Shri PurushottamWalawalkar
 AppaJalgaonkar
 Jnan Prakash Ghosh
 Pt. Bhimshen Joshi
Important Points :-
Some Common Personalities of Instruments.
 UstadEnayat Khan – Surbahar & Sitar

 RaghunathPrasanna – Shehnai& Flute Player
 Imrat Khan – Surbahar & Sitar
 Pt Jnan Prakash Gosh – Tabla& Harmonium
 KelucharanMohapatra – Tabla, Mridungam&Pakhawaj
(Odissi Dancer)
Famous Awardees Related to

Musical Instruments :-
All Personalities are not important but some of them are the
most important and frequently asked by SSC.
Bharat Ratna Recipients
1. M.S. Subbulakshmi Veena Player 1998

{Vocalist (Carnatic)}
2. Pt. Ravi Shankar Sitar Player 1999
3. Bismillah Khan Shehnai Player 2001
4. Pt. Bhimshen Joshi Harmonium Tanpura 2009
{Vocalist (Hindustani)}
Other Awardees :-
 M.S Subbulakshmi - ▪️First Indian to Win RamonMagsasay
Award in 1974
 Pt. Bhimshen Joshi - ▪️Padma Shri in 1972
▪️ Padma Bhushan in 1985
▪️ Padma Vibhushan in 1999
▪️ Bharat Ratna in 2008
▪️ SangeetNatak Academy Award Fellowship in 1998.
 Allah Rakha Khan -▪️Padma Shri in 1977
▪️SangeetNatakAkademi Award in 1982.
 Zakir Hussain(Son of Allah Rakha) - ▪️ Padma Shri in 1988
▪️ SangeetNatakAkademi Award in 1990
 Alauddin Khan– ▪️ Padma Bhushan in 1958
 Ali Akbar Khan (Son of Alauddin) - ▪️ Padma Bhushan in 1967
 Ravi Shankar – ▪️ 1st Indian Grammy Winner in 1968
(His Album – “West Meets East”)
▪️Bharat Ratna in 1999
▪️SangeetNatakAkademi Award in 1962
▪️SangeetNatakAkademi Fellowship in 1975.
▪️ Ramon Magsasay in 1992
▪️ KalidasSamman of MP Govt (1987-88)
 Bismillah Khan - ▪️ Bharat Ratna in 2001
▪️ Padma Shri in 1961
 LalgudiJayaraman - ▪️ Padma Shri in 1972
 HariprasadChaurasiya - ▪️ Padma Bhushan in 1992
 KishanMaharaj - ▪️Padma Shri in 1973
 Amjad Ali Khan - ▪️ Padma Vibhushan in 2001
 Ram Narayan Sarangi - ▪️ Padma Vibhushan in 2005
 BhajanSopori - ▪️ Padma Shri in 2004
▪️ Sangeet Natak Akademy Award in 1992
 Annapurna Devi - ▪️ Padma Bhushan in 1977
 Asad Ali Khan - ▪️ Padma Bhushan in 2008
 Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt - ▪️ Grammy Award in 1993
▪️Padma Shri in 2002
 Pt. Shiv Kumar Sharma - ▪️ Padma Shri in 1991
Brothers Associated with Music –
 Rajan and SajanMishra:- They were brothers and singers of the

khyal style of Indian classical music. They were awarded the
Padma Bhushan in 2007 and the SangeetNatakAkademi Award,
jointly in 1998.
 Nasir MoinuddinDagar and Nasir AminuddinDagar: They
were Hindustani classical dhrupad singers. Nasir Aminuddin
was awarded the Padma Bhushan in in 1986 and
SangeetNatakAkademi award in 1985.
 RamakantGundecha and UmakantGundecha: The Gundecha
brothers were Indian classical singers of the dhrupad genre of
the Dagarvani from 1985 to 2019. They were awarded the Padma
Shri 2012 and the SangeetNatakAkademi award in 2017.
 SubhanKasim and SubhanBabu: The Kasim-Babu brothers
from Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh are well-known
players of Nadaswaram, a traditional classical instrument of
South India. They were awarded the SangeetNatakAkademi
Award in 2018.
Previous Year Questions

1. Pudukkottai Dakshinamurthy Pillai associated with which musical
instruments? – Mridungam
2. Which is a large, narrow-mouthed earthenware pot used as a
percussion instrument ? – Ghatam
3. N.R. Muralidharan is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
Violin
4. Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhat is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
Mohan Veena
{He is inventor of Mohan Veena}
5. PonuYoksi, a sword like instrument, used during ceremonial dances
performed by priests?- Arunachal Pradesh
6. Which of the following musical instruments is an example of the
stringed instruments played by the Manganiars of West Rajasthan? –
Kamaicha
7. RamnadRaghavan is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
Mridungam
8. KishanMaharaj is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? – Tabla
9. Ali Akbar Khan is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? – Sarod
10. Ram Narayan is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
Sarangi
11. BhajanSopori is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
Santoor
12. M. S. Subbulakshmi is Related To Which Musical Instrument ?
– Tanpura
13. Amjad Ali Khan is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
Sarod
14. Ali Ahmad Hussain is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
Shehnai
15. Asad Ali Khan is Related To Which Musical Instrument ? –
RudraVeena
Ssc panacea
संगीत वाद्ययंत्र एवं संबंधित व्यक्तित्व
Join Telegram Channel - https://t.me/SscPanacea/1953
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उपकरणों के प्रकार
संगीत वाद्ययंत्र धिम्िधिखित प्रकार के होते हैं :-
1. पवि उपकरण- पवि या पीति के उपकरण ऐसे उपकरण हैं जो एक
ट्यूबिर ध्वधि अिुिादक के माध्यम से ध्वधि उत्पन्ि करते हैं ।
उदाहरण: बांसुरी, शहिाई, शहिाई (मंगिवाद्य), सैक्सोफोि, तुरही, क्तपयािो,

हारमोधिका
2. ताल वाद्य - एक पककशि उपकरण एक संगीत वाद्ययंत्र है खजसे ककसी

बीटर द्वारा मारकर या िुरचकर बजाया जाता है , खजसमें जुडे हुए या संिग्ि
बीटर या झुिझुिे शाधमि होते हैं , खजन्हें हाथ से मारा, िुरचा या रगडा जाता
है , या ककसी अन्य समाि उपकरण के खििाफ मारा जाता है ।
उदाहरण:-तबिा, मृदं ग
ु म, ड्रम, ढोिक, जाइिोफोि, घटम, पिावज, घंकटयााँ
3. ख्रं ग वाद्ययंत्र- ख्रं ग वाद्ययंत्र या कॉर्डोफोि संगीत वाद्ययंत्र हैं जो वादक
द्वारा तारों को बजािे या ककसी तरीके से बजािे पर कंपि करिे वािे तारों से
ध्वधि उत्पन्ि करते हैं ।
उदाहरण:-धगटार, वायधिि, धसतार, सरोद, सारं गी, वीणा, सुरबहार, मैंर्डोधिि,

बैंजो, हापक, क्तपयािो।
महत्वपूणक क्तबंद ु 🔴 – ख्रं ग्स की संख्या
 सरोद - 17 से 25 तार
 धसतार - 18, 19, 20 या 21 तार
 वायधिि - 4 तार
 धगटार - 6 तारें
4. कीबोर्डक उपकरण - इस प्रकार के उपकरण ध्वधि धिकाििे के धिए
कुंखजयों का उपयोग करते हैं ।
उदाहरण:-हारमोधियम, सेिे्टे , क्तपयािो, क्िैक्तवओिा, हारमोधिका।
संगीत वाद्ययंत्रों से जुडे व्यक्तित्व

क्रम वाद्ययंत्र संबंिी व्यक्तित्व
1. धसतार  उ्ताद क्तविायत िाि
 पं. रक्तवशंकर
 शुजात हुसैि िाि
 शाकहद परवेज़ िाि
 अिुष्का शंकर
 धिखिि बिजी
 मु्ताक अिी िाि
 बुिाकदत्य मुिजी
2. सरोद  उ्ताद अमजद अिी
िाि
 अिाउद्दीि िाि
 बहादरु िाि
 जरीि एस शमाक
 शरण रािी
 उ्ताद अिी अकबर
िाि
3. सारं गी  अब्दि
ु ितीफ िाि
 उ्ताद क्तबंदा िाि
 रमेश धमश्रा
 सुल्ताि िाि
 पं. राम िारायण
 शकूर िाि
4. संतूर  पंकर्डत धशव कुमार शमाक
 पंकर्डततरुण भट्टाचायक
 पंकर्डतउल्हासबापत
 अभय सोपोरी
 भजिसोपोरी
 राहुि शमाक
5. वीणा  दोरई्वामीअयंगर
 सुंदरम बािाचंदर
 जयंतीकुमारे श
 धचत्तीबाबू
6. वायोधिि  िािगुर्डीजयराम
 वीजी जोग
 एम चन्रशेिरि
 एिआर मुरिीिरि
 एमएस गोपािकृ ष्णि
7. शहिाई (मंगिवध्या)  क्तबख्मल्िाह िाि

 दया शंकर
 अिी अहमद हुसैि
8. बांसुरी  टीआर महाधिंगम
 हररप्रसाद चौरधसया
 एि रमािी
 पन्िािाि घोष
 अिोिेिाि धमश्र
9. तबिा  जाककर हुसैि
 साक्तबर िाि
 अल्िाह रक्िा िाि
 पं. ककशि महाराज
 संदीप दास
 उ्ताद शफाअत अहमद
िाि
 पं. ज्ञाि प्रकाश घोष
10. घातम  टीएच क्तविायकराम
 ईएम सुब्रमण्यम
11. पिावज  तोताराम शमाक
 गोपािदास
 रामशंकरपागिदास
 पं. अयोध्या प्रसाद
12. मृदं ग
ु म  पािघाट रघु
 कराईकुर्डी आर मखण
 एसवी राजाराव
 केवी प्रसाद
 पािघाट मखण अय्यर
13. िाद्वरम  राजरतिम क्तपल्िई
 शेि धचन्िामौिा
 िीरू्वामी क्तपल्िई
14. रुरवीणा  असद अिी िाि
 खज़या मोकहउद्दीि र्डागर
 बहाउद्दीिर्डागर
 अधसत कुमार बेिजी
15. क्तवधचत्रवीणा  पं. गोपाि कृ ष्ण
 अहमद राजा िाि
16. मोहि वीणा  पं. क्तवश्वमोहि भट्ट
17. धगटार  बृजभूषण काबरा

18. सुरबहार  अन्िपूणाक दे वी
19. मैंर्डोधिि  यू श्रीधिवास
20. हरमोधियम बाजा  श्री पुरूषोत्तम वािाविकर

 अप्पा जिगांवकर
 ज्ञाि प्रकाश घोष
 पं. भीमशेि जोशी
महत्वपूणक क्तबंद ु :-:-
वाद्ययंत्रों की कुछ सामान्य क्तवशेषताएाँ:
 उ्तादइिायत िाि - सुरबहार और धसतार
 रघुिाथप्रसन्िा - शहिाई और बांसुरी वादक
 इमरत िाि - सुरबहार और धसतार
 पं. ज्ञाि प्रकाश घोष - तबिा एवं हारमोधियम
 केिुचरण महापात्र - तबिा, मृदं ग
ु म और पिावज
(ओकर्डसी ितकक)
संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित प्रधसद्ध पुर्कार क्तवजेता :-

सभी व्यक्तित्व महत्वपूणक िहीं हैं , िेककि उिमें से कुछ सबसे महत्वपूणक हैं
और एसएससी द्वारा अक्सर पूछे जाते हैं ।
भारत रत्न प्राप्तकताक
 एम.एस. सुब्बुिक्ष्मी - वीणा वादक (गायक किाकटक) 1998

 पं. रक्तवशंकर - धसतार वादक 1999
 क्तबख्मल्िाह िाि - शहिाई वादक 2001
 पं. भीमशेि जोशी - हारमोधियम तािपुरा गायक 2009
(कहन्द्
ु तािी)
अन्य पुर्कार क्तवजेता:-
 एम.एस सुब्बुिक्ष्मी- ▪️ रे मिमैग्सेसे जीतिे वािे पहिे भारतीय 1974
में पुर्कार
पं. भीमसेि जोशी –

 1972 में पद्मश्री
 1985 में पद्म भूषण
 1999 में पद्म क्तवभूषण
 2008 में भारत रत्न
 1998 में संगीत िाटक अकादमी पुर्कार फेिोधशप।
अल्िाह रक्िा िाि –

 1982 में संगीत िाटक अकादमी पुर्कार।
 जाककर हुसैि (अल्िाह रक्िा के बेटे) –

 1990 में संगीत िाटक अकादमी पुर्कार
 अिाउद्दीि िाि –
 अिी अकबर िाि (अिाउद्दीि का पुत्र)-

 पं. रक्तवशंकर -
 1968 में प्रथम भारतीय ग्रैमी क्तवजेता (उिका एल्बम -
"वे्ट मीट्स ई्ट")
 1975 में संगीत िाटक अकादमी फेिोधशप।
 1992 में रे मि मैगसेसे
 मप्र सरकार का काधिदास सम्माि (1987-88)
 क्तबख्मल्िाह िाि -
 िािगुर्डी जयारमि-
 हररप्रसाद चौरधसया -
ककशिमहाराज –
 1973 में पद्म श्री
 अमजद अिी िाि –

 राम िारायण सारं गी –

भजिसोपोरी –
अन्िपूणाक दे वी –
 असद अिी िाि-

पं. क्तवश्व मोहि भट्ट –
 1993 में ग्रैमी पुर्कार
पं. धशव कुमार शमाक –

संगीत से जुडे भाई –
 राजि और साजि धमश्रा:- वे भारतीय शास्त्रीय संगीत की ख्याि शैिी

के भाई और गायक थे। उन्हें 2007 में पद्म भूषण और 1998 में संयुि
रूप से संगीत िाटक अकादमी पुर्कार से सम्माधित ककया गया।
 िाधसर मोइिुद्दीि र्डागर और िाधसर अमीिुद्दीि र्डागर: वे कहं द्
ु तािी
शास्त्रीय ध्रुपद गायक थे। िाधसर अमीिुद्दीि को 1986 में पद्म भूषण
और 1985 में संगीत िाटक अकादमी पुर्कार से सम्माधित ककया
गया था।
 रमाकांत गुंर्डेचा और उमाकांत गुंर्डेचा: गुंदेचा बंिु 1985 से 2019 तक
र्डागरवािी की ध्रुपद शैिी के भारतीय शास्त्रीय गायक थे। उन्हें 2012
में पद्म श्री और 2017 में संगीत िाटक अकादमी पुर्कार से
सम्माधित ककया गया था।
 सुभाि काधसम और सुभाि बाबू: आंध्र प्रदे श के प्रकाशम खजिे के
काधसम-बाबू भाई दखिण भारत के पारं पररक शास्त्रीय वाद्ययंत्र
िाद्वरम के प्रधसद्ध वादक हैं । उन्हें 2018 में संगीत िाटक अकादमी
पुर्कार से सम्माधित ककया गया।
क्तपछिे वषक के प्रश्न

1. पुदक्
ु कोट्टई दखिणमूधतक क्तपल्िई ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – मृदं ग
ु म
2. कौि सा एक बडा, संकीणक मुंह वािा धमट्टी का बतकि है खजसका उपयोग ताि
वाद्य यंत्र के रूप में ककया जाता है ? – घाटम
3. एि.आर. मुरिीिरि का संबंि ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से है ? - वायोधिि
4. पं. क्तवश्व मोहि भट्ट ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – मोहि वीणा{वह
मोहि वीणा के आक्तवष्कारक हैं }
5. पोिुयोकसी, एक तिवार जैसा वाद्य यंत्र, खजसका उपयोग पुजाररयों द्वारा ककए
जािे वािे औपचाररक िृत्यों के दौराि ककया जाता है ? - अरुणाचि प्रदे श
6. धिम्िधिखित में से कौि सा संगीत वाद्ययंत्र पखिमी राज्थाि के मंगधियारों
द्वारा बजाए जािे वािे तार वािे वाद्ययंत्रों का उदाहरण है ? - कमैचा
7. रामिारघवि का संबंि ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से है ? – मृदं ग
ु म
8. ककशिमहाराज ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – तबिा
9. अिी अकबर िाि ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – सरोद
10. राम िारायण ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – सारं गी
11. भजिसोपोरी ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित है ? – संतूर
12. एम. एस. सुब्बुिक्ष्मी का संबंि ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से है ? तािपुरा
13. अमजद अिी िाि ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – सरोद
14. अिी अहमद हुसैि ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – शहिाई
15. असद अिी िाि ककस संगीत वाद्ययंत्र से संबंधित हैं ? – रूरवीणा
For More Such PDFs
SSC PANACEA
Shri Ram Temple Ayodhya
Features of the main Temple
Total area :- 2.7 acres

Total built up area – 57,400 sq. ft.
Total length of the temple – 380 feet (E-W)
Total width of the temple – 250 feet
Total height including peak -161 feet
Total number of floors -3
Height of each floor - 20 feet
Pillars in the ground floor of the temple – 166
Pillar-136 in the first floor of the temple
Pillar in the second floor of the temple - 90
Total pillars in the temple -392
Number of platforms and pavilions in the
temple – 5 (Dance Pavilion, Color Pavilion, Sabha
Pavilion, Prayer Pavilion, Kirtan Pavilion)
Total number of gates in the temple – 44
Temple complex total area -70 acres
SSC PANACEA
Temple builder
 Management - Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust

 Construction company - Larsen & Turbo (L&T)
 Temple construction style - Nagara style
 Architect – Chandrakant B Sompura & (2 sons-Nikhil, Ashish
Sompura)
 Construction cost – Rs 1400-1800 crore (est.)
SSC PANACEA
Features of Ram Temple
 Ghanta made of Ashtadhatu (gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, tin, iron,
mercury)
 Hour weight - 2100 kg
 Sound of bells - 15 kilometers away
 Sculpture making - made from 6 crore years old Shaligram
Rocks from Gandak River (Nepal)
 Circumference (Parikota) - Length: 732 meters, Width: 14 feet.
 Four temples - Dedicated to Suryadev, Maa Bhagwati, Lord
Ganesha and Lord Shiva will be built on its four corners.
 Main entrance - Singhdwar (32 stairs))
 In the northern direction - Temple of Goddess Annapurna.
 In the southern direction - Temple of Lord Hanuman.
 Holy pond in the temple complex - Sita Kund
 Other temples within the temple complex will be - Temples of
Maharishi Valmiki, Maharishi Vashishtha, Maharishi Vishwamitra,
Maharishi Agastya, Raja Nishad, Mata Shabari and Devi Ahilya
Construction material used in Temple

 Rolled Compacted Concrete
 Pink Sand Stone

 Granite Stone
 Shaligram Rock
 Copper Plates
 Gold and Ashtdhatu
 Teakwood
SSC PANACEA
Chronology from 1528-2024
 1528 - Babar's commander Mir Baqi built Babri Masjid.

 1855-First communal riot took place
 1858 – Havan (Nihang Sikhs) was performed in Babri Masjid.
 1859 - The British built a wall on the disputed land.
 1885 - For the first time the temple dispute reached the court (the petition of
Raghuvir Das (Nirmohi Akhara) was rejected by the court)
 1934 – Riots took place in Ayodhya
 1936 - Mutual dispute regarding the mosque (Shia-Sunni rights).
 1946 - Demonstration regarding the disputed site.
 1949 - It was claimed to have found Ram idol.
 1950-2 case filed in Faizabad court (permission sought for worship).
 1959 - Nirmohi Akhara filed the third case (demanded land rights on Babri).
 1961 - Muslim Sunni side filed a case (demanded rights on Babri).
 1984 - Ram Mandir controversy heated up (led by Lal Krishna Advani)
 1986 - The gate inside Babri was opened on the orders of Rajiv Gandhi
government.
 1989- PM Rajiv Gandhi allows VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad) to lay the
foundation stone
 1989 - The case reached Allahabad High Court for the first time.
 1990 - Lal Krishna Advani did Rath Yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya.
 1992-Babri Masjid was demolished on 6 December.
 1992- 16 December Justice M.S. Liberhan Commission formed
 1994 - Ismail Faruqui Judgment came (SC reserved by 3:2
 2002 – Hearing started in Lucknow bench of Allahabad High Court.
 2003 - ASI found evidence of 10th century temple at the site of the mosque.
2009 - Liberhan Commission presented its report.
 2010- On December 30, Allahabad High Court gave 13 shares to Nirmohi
Akhara, 1/3 share to Sunni Waqf Board, 1/3 share to Ram Lala.)
 2011 - Supreme Court stayed the ruling of Allahabad High Court.
 2018 – Supreme Court gave its decision (not made public)
SSC PANACEA
Supreme Court Judgment 2019
Chief Justice Gogoi formed a bench of 5 judges in 2019 and rejected the old
2018 decision
On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ruled in the interest of the Hindu
side and ordered the Ram Temple to be built through a trust.
Gave 5 acres of land to Sunni Waqf Board to build a mosque at a separate
place in Ayodhya.
February 2020 - Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth

Kshetra Trust established
15 August 2020 - Temple Bhoomi Pujan
22 January 2024 - Ramlala Pran Pratishth
Important facts related to Ram!
 Clan - Ikshvaku, Raghu dynasty, Suryavanshi

 Kulguru - Maharishi Vashishtha
 Capital of Kosala – Ayodhya
 Ram - 7th incarnation of Vishnu
 Creation of Ramayan - Maharishi Valmiki
 Ramayan - 7 7 kands, 645 cantos, 24000+
verses
 Name of Ramayana - Adikavya
 Ramcharit Manas - By Tulsidas
SSC PANACEA
SSC PANACEA
श्री राम मंनिर अय ध्या

मुख्य मंनिर की नविेषताएं
कुल क्षेत्रफल :- 2.7 एकड़

कुल निनमित क्षेत्र - 57,400 वर्ि फीट
मंनिर की कुल लंबाई - 380 फीट (E-W)
मंनिर की कुल चौड़ाई - 250 फीट
निखर सनित कुल ऊंचाई -161 फीट
मंनिल ं की कुल संख्या -3
प्रत्येक मंनिल की ऊंचाई - 20 फीट
मंनिर के भूतल में स्तंभ – 166
मंनिर के प्रथम तल में स्तंभ -136
मंनिर की िू सरी मंनिल में स्तंभ - 90
मंनिर में कुल स्तंभ -392
मंनिर में चबूतरे एवं मंडप ं की संख्या - 5 (िृत्य मंडप, रं र् मंडप, सभा
मंडप, प्राथििा मंडप, कीतिि मंडप)
मंनिर में कुल द्वार ं की संख्या - 44 SSC PANACEA
मंनिर पररसर कुल क्षेत्रफल -70 एकड़
मंनिर निमािणकताि
 प्रबंधि - श्री राम िन्मभूनम तीथि क्षेत्र टर स्ट
 निमािण कंपिी - लासिि एं ड टबो (L&T)
 मंनिर निमािण िैली - िार्र िैली
 वास्तुकार - चंद्रकांत बी स मपुरा और (2 बेटे-निखखल, आिीष स मपुरा)
 निमािण लार्त - 1400-1800 कर ड़ (अिु)
SSC PANACEA
राम मंनिर की नविेषताएँ
 घंटा अष्टधातु (स िा, चांिी, तांबा, िस्ता, सीसा, नटि, ल िा, पारा) से निनमित
 घंटे का विि - 2100 किलोग्राम
 घंटे की आवाि - 15 किलोमीटर दू र
 मूनतियां निमािण - 6 िरोड़ वर्ष पुरानी शाकलग्राम कशलाओं से बनी, गंडि नदी
(नेपाल) से
 पररनध (पररक टा) - लंबाई :732 मीटर, चौड़ाई :14 फीट, इसिे चारों िोनों पर
सूर्षदेव, मााँ भगवती, भगवान गणेश और भगवान कशव िो समकपषत
चार मंकदरों िा कनमाष ण होगा
 मुख्य प्रवेि द्वार - कसंहद्वार (32 सीक़िर्ों से)
 उत्तरी नििा में - िे वी अन्नपूणाि का मंनिर
 िनक्षणी नििा में -भर्वाि ििुमाि का मंनिर
 मंनिर पररसर में पनवत्र कंु ड - सीता कंु ड
 मंनिर पररसर के भीतर अन्य मंनिर - मिनषि वाखिकी,
मिनषि वनिष्ठ, मिनषि नवश्वानमत्र, मिनषि अर्स्त्य, रािा नििाि, माता िबरी और
िे वी अनिल्या के मंनिर ि र्
ं े।
मंनिर में प्रयुक्त निमाि ण सामग्री
 स्टील के नबिा उच्च ग्रेड "र ल्ड कॉम्पैक्टेड

कंक्रीट" (Rolled Compacted Concrete)
 र्ुलाबी बलुआ पत्थर (Pink Sand Stone)
 ग्रेिाइट पत्थर (Granite Stone)
 िानलग्राम निला (Shaligram Rock)
 तांबे की प्लेटें (Copper Plates)
 स िा और अष्टधातु (Gold and Ashtdhatu)
 सार्ौि की लकड़ी (Teakwood)
SSC PANACEA
1528-2024 तक कालक्रम
 1528 -बाबर िे सेनापकत मीर बािी ने बाबरी मस्जिद बनाई

 1855 -पहला साम्प्रदाकर्ि दं गा हुआ
 1885 -पहली बार मंकदर कववाद िोटष पहुं चा (रघुवीर दास
(कनमोही अखाड़ा) िी र्ाकचिा िोटष ने खाररज िी)
 1858 -बाबरी मस्जिद में हवन (कनहं ग कसखों) किर्ा गर्ा
 1859 - अंग्रेजों ने कववाकदत भूकम पर दीवार बनाई
 1934 -अर्ोध्या में दं गे हुए
 1936 -मस्जिद िो लेिर आपसी कववाद (कशर्ा-सुन्नी हि)
 1946 - कववाकदत स्थल िो लेिर प्रदशषन
 1949 -राम मूकतष कमलने िा दावा किर्ा गर्ा
 1950- 2 िेस फैजाबाद िोटष में दास्जखल (पूजा िी आज्ञा मां गी)
 1959 -कनमोही अखाड़े ने तीसरा िेस फाइल किर्ा(बाबरी पर ज़मीन िा अकििार मांगा)
 1961 - मुस्जिम सुन्नी पक्ष ने िेस फाइल किर्ा (बाबरी पर हि मांगा )
 1984 - राम मंकदर कववाद गरमार्ा (नेतृत्व लाल िृष्ण आडवाणी)
 1986 - राजीव गां िी सरिार िे आदे श पर बाबरी िे अंदर िा गेट खोला
 1989 - PM राजीव गां िी ने VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad) िो कशलान्यास िी
अनुमकत दी
 1989 - पहली बार िेस इलाहाबाद हाइिोटष पहुं चा
 1990 - लालिृष्ण आडवाणी ने सोमनाथ से अर्ोध्या रथर्ात्रा िी
 1992- 6 कदसंबर िो बाबरी मस्जिद कगरार्ी गर्ी
 1992- 16 कदसंबर जस्जिस एम. एस. कलब्राहन आर्ोग बना
 1994 - इस्माइल फारुखी जजमेंट आर्ा (SC ने 3:2 से सुरकक्षत रखा)
 2002 - इलाहाबाद हाई िोटष िी लखनऊ बेंच में कहर्ररं ग शु रू
 2003 - ASI िो मस्जिद िी जगह पर 10वीं सदी िे मंकदर साक्ष्य कमले 2009 - कलब्राहन
िमीशन अपनी ने ररपोटष पेश िी
 2010- 30 कदसंबर िो इलाहाबाद हाइिोटष ने 13 कहस्सा कनमोही अखाड़ा, 1/3 कहस्सा
सु न्नी वक्फ बोडष , 1/3 कहस्सा राम लला, िो कदर्ा)
SSC PANACEA
 2011 - सुप्रीम िोटष ने इलाहाबाद हाई िोटष िी रूकलंग पर रोि लगाई
 2018 - सुप्रीम िोटष ने अपना फैसला कदर्ा (जगजाकहर नही किर्ा)
Supreme Court ििमेंट 2019
चीफ जस्जिस गोगोई ने 2019 में 5 जजों िी बेंच बनाई और पुराने 2018 वाले फैसले िो
खाररज िर कदर्ा
9 नवंबर 2019 में सु प्रीम िोटष ने कहं दू पक्ष िे कहत में फैसला सुनार्ा और राम मंकदर
िो एि टर ि िे जररए बनवाने िा आदे श कदर्ा।
सुन्नी वक्फ बोडष िो 5 एिड़ जमीन दी, अर्ोध्या में अलग जगह मस्जिद बनाने िे
कलए।
फरवरी 2020 - राम जन्मभूकम तीथष क्षेत्र टर ि स्थापना

15 अर्स्त 2020 - मंकदर भूकमपूजन
22 ििवरी 2024 - रामलला प्राण प्रकतष्ठा
राम से संबंनधत प्रमुख तथ्य !
 कुल - इक्ष्वािु, रघुिुल, सूर्षवंशी

 कुलर्ुरु -महकर्ष वकशष्ठ
 क सल की रािधािी –अर्ोध्या
 राम - कवष्णु िा 7वां अवतार
 रामायण की रचिा - मिनषि वािीनक
 रामायण -7 कांड, 645 सर्ि, 24000+ श्ल क
 रामायण का िाम - आनिकाव्य
 रामचररत मािस -तुलसीिास िे
SSC PANACEA
Ssc panacea
Classical, Folk & Tribal Dances
By - Sandeep Singh
Indian dances can be categorised into three segments, namely classical,
folk and tribal. There are eight distinct classical dance style of India but
there are several folk and tribal dances. Every state has folk and tribal
dances.
We have compiled all important dances from Exam Point of View in
the Best Way, After this pdf you will not have to read this topic from
any other source.
Learn & Revise Again & Again
Classical Dances
1. Bharatanatyam - Tamil Nadu

2. Kathak - Uttar Pradesh
3. Kathakali - Kerala
4. Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh
5. Manipuri - Manipur
6. Mohiniyattam - Kerala
7. Odissi - Odisha
8. Sattriya – Assam
9. Chhau – Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal
Saraikella Mayurbhanj Purulia
(In 2010, Chhau Dance was included in the UNESCO's

Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.)
Related Dancers
 Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu) :- 🔸Rukmini Devi Arundel, 🔸 E.

Krishna Swami Iyer, 🔸 Yamini Krishnamurti, 🔸 Padma
Subrahmanyam, 🔸 Mrinalini Sarabhai, 🔸Mallika Sarabhai, 🔸Alarmel
Velli, 🔸Tanjore Balasaraswati, 🔸Narthaki Natraj, 🔸Meenakshi
Srinivasan.
Kathak (Uttar Pradesh) :- 🔸Pt Birju Maharaj, 🔸Lacchu
Maharaja, 🔸Shambhu Maharaj, 🔸Sonal Mansingh, 🔸Sitara Devi,
🔸Shovana Narayan, 🔸Aditi Mangaldas, 🔸Roshan Kumari, 🔸Rajshree
Shirke, 🔸Saraswati Sen.
 Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh) - 🔸Balasaraswati, 🔸Raja Reddy &

Radha Reddy, 🔸Padmaja Reddy, 🔸Yamini Krishnamurti, 🔸Vempati
Chinna Satyam, 🔸Aparna Satheesan 🔸 V. Satyanarayan Sharma.
 Mohiniattam (Kerala) - Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma,

🔸Kanak Rele, 🔸 Sunanda Nair, 🔸Jayaprabha Menon.
 Kathakali (Kerala) - 🔸P.V Balakrishnan, 🔸V.N Menon, 🔸Kottakal
Shivaraman, 🔸Milena Salvini, 🔸Kunchu Kurup, 🔸Gopinath
Manipuri (Manipur) - 🔸Darshana Jhaveri (Jhaveri Sisters),
🔸Bimbavati Devi, 🔸Guru Bipin Singh, 🔸Gambhini Devi
Odissi (Odisha) - 🔸Kelucharan Mohapatra, 🔸Ileana Citaristi,
🔸Sonal Mansingh, 🔸Madhavi Mudgal, 🔸Sujata Mohapatra.
Sattriya (Assam)- 🔸Guru Jatin Goswami, 🔸Sharodi Saikia,
🔸Indrani Rehman(Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali).
 Chhau Dance - 🔸Makar Dhwaja Daroga, 🔸Ileana Citaristi (odissi &

Chhau), 🔸Shashadhar Acharya
Dancers & their Awards

Bharatnatyam Dancers
1. Yamini Krishnamurthi – Padma Shree (1968)
Padma Bhushan (2001)
Padma Vibhushan (2016)
2. Alarmel Velli - Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2001)
Padma Bhushan award (2004)
Padma Shri (1991)
3. Rukmini Devi Arundale - Padma Bhushan (1956)
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (1967)
Kalidas Samman (1984)
4. Padma Subrahmanyam :- Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1983)
Padma Shri (1981)
5. E.Krishna Iyer - Padma Shri (1966)
6. Narthaki Nataraj - Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2011)
Padma Shri (2019)
7. Meenakshi Srinivasan - Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar
(2011)
Kathak Dancers
1. Shambhu Maharaj - Sangeet Natak Akademi (1967)
Padma shri (1958).
2. Birju Maharaj - Sangeet Natak Akademi Award(1964)
Padma Vibhushan(1986)
Lata Mangeshkar Puraskar (2002)
3. Sitara Devi - Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1969)
Padma Shree (1973)
4. Shovana Narayan- Padma Shri (1992)
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1999–2000)
Dadabhai Naoroji Award (1993)
Bihar Gaurav Puraskar (1985)
5. Saraswati Sen- Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2004).
6. Roshan Kumari- Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1976)
Padma Shri (1984)
Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar (1990)
Kuchipudi Dancers
1. V. Satyanarayan Sharma - Padma Shri (1970)

Sangeet Natak Akademi (1961)
Mohiniattam Dancers
1. Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma – Kalidasa Samman (1997–1998)
Kerala Sangeetha Nataka
Akademi Award (1974)
Kathakali Dancers
1. Milena Salvini – Padma Shree (2019)
2. Mrinalini Sarabhai – Padma Shri (1965)
(Bharatnatyam & Padma Bhushan (1992)
Kathakali)
Manipuri Dancers
1. Guru Bipin Singh – Sangeet Natak Academy (1966)
Odissi Dancers
1. Sonal Mansingh - Padma Bhushan (1992)
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987)
2. Kelucharan Mohapatra - Kalidas Samman from Madhya Pradesh gov.
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1966)
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (1991)
Padma Shri (1974)
Sattriya Dancers
1. Jatin Goswami – Sangeet Natak Academy (2004)
Padma Shri (2008)
2. Tankeswar Hazarika Borbayan - Sangeet Natak Akademi
Award (2018)
Chhau Dancers
1. Gopal Prasad Dubey – Jharkhand Award (2007)
Padma Shri (2012)
2. Makar Dhwaja Darogha – Padma Shri (2011)
Folk Dances
1.Andhra Pradesh - Kolattam, Dhimsa, Lambada, Veernatyam,
Bhamakalpam, Lambadi.
2.Arunachal Pradesh - Ponung, Popir, Wancho, Chalo, Pasi, Kongki.
3. Assam - Bagurumba, Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Khel Gopal, Gamocha,
Kaligopal
4. Bihar - Jat Jatin, Panwariya, Bakho Bakhein
5. Chattisgarh - Gaur Maria, Panthi, Kapalik, Raut Nacha, Pandwani, Saila
6. Goa - Fugdi, Shigmo, Tarangamel, Dhangar
7. Haryana - Jhumar, Phag, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga.
8. Himachal Pradesh - Jhora, Jhali, Dhaman, Mahasu, Chharhi, Chhapeli
9. Jammu & Kashmir - Hafiza, Hikat, Rauf, Mandjas, Kud, Dandi Nach,
Bhand pather
10. Jharkhand - Karma Munda, Alkap, Birhor, Kadsa, Paika, Phagua
11. Karnataka - Yakshagana, Karga, Kunitha, Suggi, Huttari, Hampi
12. Kerala - Ottam Thulal, Kummattikali.
13. Ladakh - Drugpa, Spawo, Shondol.
14. Lakshadweep - Kolkali, Parichakali
15. Madhya Pradesh - Matki, Jawara, Khada Naach, Phulpati, Selalarki.
16. Maharashtra - Lezim, Lavani, Povada, Dasavtar
17. Manipur - Thang ta, Pung Cholam, Dol Cholam, Lai Haroba.
18. Meghalaya - Nongkrem, Laho, Ka shad suk Mynseim
19. Mizoram - Cheraw, khuallam, Chailam,
20. Nagaland - Bamboo, Leshalaptu
21. Odisha - Paika, Dalkhai, Gotipua, Munari, Ranapa.
22. Punjab - Giddha, Bhangra, Daff, Bhand, Dhaman, Viyahula.
23. Rajasthan - Chakri, Bhavai, Jhulan Leela, Gangor, Ghapal, Ghumar,
Terah Tali, Suisini.
24. Sikkim - Chu Faat, Yak Chaam, Sikmari, Singhi Chaam, the Snow
Lion, Denzong Gnenha.
25. Tamil Nadu - Kumi, Kolattam, Kabadi.
26. Tripura - Hojagiri, Maimata
27. Uttar Pradesh - Raslila, Nautanki, Jhora.
28. Uttarakhand - Kumayuni, Garhwali, Kajari, Jhora.
29. West Bengal - Gambira, Dhali Jatra, Alkali, Puruliya Chau, Santhali.
Tribal Dances
There are many types of tribal dances in India, performed during social and
religious occasions like the weapon dances, pertaining to martial dances, fertility,
sun and moon worshipping dances, initiation, war and hunting dances.
1. Santhali Dance - Santhali dance is performed by Santhali tribals

from West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa and Assam.
2. Bamboo Dance (Mizoram)– Bamboo dance from Mizoram is a

playful dance by the Cheraw tribals, performed by both women and
men.
3. Kalbelia Dance (Rajasthan) – Kalbelia dance is from Rajasthan
performed by the Kalbelias. It is also called gypsy dance.
4. Shad Suk Mynseim (Meghalaya) – The Shad Suk Mynsiem dance

from Meghalaya symbolise the advent of the spring. It is performed
by both women and women with a lot of excitement and joy. This
dance is also known as thanks giving dance as the dancers express
their gratitude to Mother Nature and the divine grace for peace and
prosperity.
5. Dal Khai & Dhup Dance(Odissa) - The Dal Khai dance from
Sambalpur was performed by men and women. While the men play
the drums, the women dance in uniformity signifying initiation of
marriage and the marriage ceremony.
6. Chhau Dance – Hailing from Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal, there
are three types of Chhau dances namely Sereikela, Purulia and
Mayurbhanj Chhau. In Mayurbhanj the tribals do not use masks but
in Purulia and Sereikela dancers dance with masks. The dance
portrays various stories from their tradition. They are stories of love
between nature, birds and animals.
In 2010, Chhau Dance was included in the UNESCO's Representative
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
7. Naga Dance (Nagaland) – The popular Naga dance from Nagaland
is performed by the Nagas (consists of about 18 key tribes). This is
known as hunter dance
8. Kaadar Nrittham (Kerala) – Performed by the Kaadar tribals of
Kerala. It is performed by women hailing from the Kochi area.
9. Edaya Nritya (Kerala) – It is performed by tribal men of Kerala.
The Elkelak karadi dance is a heroic dance that signifies the hunt and
attack on wild beats.
Hindi Version
भारतीय नृ त्यों कय तीन खों डयों में वर्गीकृत ककया जा सकता है , अर्ाा त् शास्त्रीय, लयक और
आकिवासी। भारत की आठ कवकशष्ट शास्त्रीय नृ त् शै कलयााँ हैं लेककन कई लयक और आकिवासी
नृ त् भी हैं । हर राज्य में लयक और आकिवासी नृ त् हयते हैं ।
हमने परीक्षा के दृष्टिकोण से सभी महत्वपू णण नृ त्ोों को सर्वोत्तम तरीके से सोंकष्टित ष्टकया
है , इस पीडीएफ के बाद आपको इस टॉष्टपक को ष्टकसी अन्य स्रोत से पढ़ने की
आर्वश्यकता नही ों होगी।
शास्त्रीय नृत्
1. भरतनाट्यम – तष्टमिनाडु
2. कथक - उत्तर प्रदे श
3. कथकिी – केरि
4. कुष्टिपुडी - आों ध्र प्रदे श
5. मष्टणपुरी – मष्टणपुर
6. मोष्टहनीअट्टम – केरि
7. ओष्टडसी-ओष्टडशा
8. सत्त्रिया – असम
9. छाऊ - झारखोंड, ओष्टडशा, पष्टिम बोंगाि
सरायकेिा मयूरभोंज पुरुष्टिया
(2010 में, छाऊ नृत् को यूनेस्को में शाष्टमि ष्टकया गया था

मानर्वता की अमूतण साोंस्कृष्टतक ष्टर्वरासत की प्रष्टतष्टनष्टि सूिी।)
सोंबोंष्टित नतण क
 भरतनाट्यम (तष्टमिनाडु ):- 🔸रुक्मिणी िे वी अरुोंडे ल,🔸 ई.कृष्णा स्वामी अय्यर, 🔸
याकमनी कृष्णमूकता, 🔸 पद्मा सुब्रह्मण्यम, 🔸 मृणाकलनी साराभाई, 🔸मक्मिका
साराभाई,🔸अलामेल वे िी, 🔸तोंजौर बालासरस्वती, 🔸नार्ाकी नटराज,🔸मीनाक्षी
श्रीकनवासन।
 कथक (उत्तर प्रदे श):- 🔸पों . कबरजू महाराज, 🔸लच्छू महाराज , 🔸शों भू महाराज,
🔸सयनल मानकसोंह, 🔸कसतारा िे वी, 🔸शयवना नारायण, 🔸अकिकत मोंर्गलिास, 🔸रयशन
कुमारी, 🔸राजश्री कशके, 🔸सरस्वती सेन.
 कुष्टिपुडी (आों ध्र प्रदे श) - 🔸बालासरस्वती, 🔸राजा रे ड्डी और राधा रे ड्डी, 🔸पद्मजा
रे ड्डी, 🔸याकमनी कृष्णमूकता, 🔸वेम्पकत किन्ना सत्म, 🔸अपणाा सतीसन🔸 वी.
सत्नारायण शमाा ।
 मोष्टहनीअट्टम (केरि) - कलामोंडलम कल्याकणकुट्टी अम्मा,🔸कनक रे ले , 🔸सुनोंिा

नायर, 🔸जयप्रभा मे नन।
 कथकिी (केरि) - 🔸पी.वी बालाकृष्णन, 🔸वी.एन मेनन,🔸कयट्टाकल कशवरामन,

🔸कमलेना साक्मिनी, 🔸कुोंिु कुरुप, 🔸र्गयपीनार्
 मष्टणपुरी (मष्टणपुर) - 🔸िशाना झावेरी (झावेरी बहनें),🔸कबम्बावती िे वी, 🔸र्गुरु कबकपन

कसोंह, 🔸र्गक्मिनी िे वी
 ओष्टडसी (ओष्टडशा) - 🔸केलुिरण महापात्र, 🔸इकलयाना कसताररस्टी,🔸सयनल

मानकसोंह, 🔸माधवी मुद्गल, 🔸सुजाता महापात्रा।
 सत्त्रिया (असम) - 🔸र्गुरु जकतन र्गयस्वामी, 🔸शारयिी सैककया,इों द्राणी रहमान

(भरतनाट्यम, कुकिपु डी, कर्कली).
 छाऊ नृत् - 🔸मकर ध्वजा िरयर्गा, 🔸इकलयाना कसटाररस्टी (ओकडसी एवों छाऊ),
🔸शशाधर आिाया .
नतणक और उनके पुरस्कार
भरतनाट्यम नतणक
1. याष्टमनी कृष्णमूष्टतण - पद्म श्री (1968)
पद्म भूषण (2001)
पद्म कवभूषण (2016)
2. अिारमेि र्वेल्ली - सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (2001)
पद्म भूषण पुरस्कार (2004)
पद्मश्री (1991)
3. रुत्त्िणी दे र्वी अरुोंडे ि - पद्म भूषण (1956)
सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी फेलयकशप (1967)
काकलिास सम्मान (1984)
4. पद्मा सुब्रह्मण्यम :- सों र्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1983)
पद्म श्री (1981)
5. ई.कृष्णा अय्यर - पद्म श्री (1966)
6. नतणकी नटराज - सों र्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (2011)
पद्म श्री (2019)
7. मीनाक्षी श्रीष्टनर्वासन - उस्ताि कबक्मििाह खान यु वा पुरस्कार (2011)
कथक नतणक
1. शोंभू महाराज - सों र्गीत नाटक अकािमी (1967)
पद्म श्री (1958)।
2. ष्टबरजू महाराज - सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1964)
लता मोंर्गेशकर पु रस्कार (2002)
3. ष्टसतारा दे र्वी - सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1969)
पद्म श्री (1973)
4. शोर्वना नारायण- पद्म श्री (1992)
सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1999-2000)
िािाभाई नौरयजी पुरस्कार (1993)
कबहार र्गौरव पु रस्कार (1985)
5. सरस्वती सेन- सों र्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (2004)।
6. रोशन कुमारी- सों र्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1976)

पद्म श्री (1984)
महाराष्टर र्गौरव पु रस्कार (1990)
कुष्टिपुडी नतणक
1. र्वी. सत्नारायण शमाण - पद्म श्री (1970)
सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी (1961)
मोष्टहनीअट्टम नतणक
1. किामोंडिम कल्याष्टणकुट्टी अम्मा - काकलिास सम्मान (1997-1998)
केरल सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1974)
कथकिी नतणक
1. ष्टमिेना सात्त्िनी - पद्म श्री (2019)
2. मृणाष्टिनी साराभाई - पद्म श्री (1965)
(भरतनाट्यम और पद्म भूषण (1992)
कर्कली)
मष्टणपुरी नतणक
1. गुरु ष्टबष्टपन ष्टसोंह - सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी (1966)
ओष्टडसी नतणक
1. सोनि मानष्टसोंह - पद्म भूषण (1992)
सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1987)
2. केिु िरण महापात्रा - मध्य प्रिे श सरकार से काकलिास सम्मान।
सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (1966)
सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी फेलयकशप (1991)
पद्म श्री (1974)
सत्त्रिया नतणक
1. जष्टतन गोस्वामी - सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी (2004)
पद्म श्री (2008)
2. टों केश्वर हजाररका बोरबयान - सोंर्गीत नाटक अकािमी पुरस्कार (2018)
छऊ नतणक
1. गोपाि प्रसाद दु बे - झारखोंड पुरस्कार (2007)
पद्म श्री (2012)
2. मकर ध्वज दारोघा - पद्म श्री (2011)
िोक नृत्
1.आों ध्र प्रदे श - कयलट्टम, किम्सा, लों बाडा, वीरनाट्यम, भामाकल्पम, लम्बाडी।
2.अरुणािि प्रदे श - पयनुोंर्ग, पयकपर, वाों िय, िलय, पासी, कयोंर्गकी।

3. असम - बर्गु रुम्बा, कबहू, कबछु आ, नटपूजा, खेल र्गयपल, र्गमयिा, कलीर्गयपल
4. ष्टबहार - जट जकतन, पोंवररया, बखय बखें
5. छत्तीसगढ़ - र्गौर माररया, पोंर्ी, कापाकलक, राऊत नािा, पोंडवानी, सैला
6. गोर्वा - फुर्गडी, कशग्मय, तरों र्गमेल, धनर्गर
7. हरयाणा - झूमर, फार्ग, डाफ, धमाल, लूर, र्गु ग्गा।
8. ष्टहमािि प्रदे श - झयरा, झाली, धमन, महासू , छरही, छपे ली
9. जम्मू और कश्मीर - हकफजा, कहकत, रऊफ, मोंिजस, कुि, िाों डी नाि, भाों ड पत्थर
10. झारखोंड - करमा मुोंडा, अलकप, कबरहयर, किसा, पाइका, फर्गुआ
11. कनाणटक - यक्षर्गान, करर्गा, कुकनर्ा, सुग्गी, हुट्टारी, हम्पी
12. केरि - ओट्टम र्ुलाल, कुम्मकट्टकाली।
13. िद्दाख - द्रुग्पा, स्पाओ, शयोंडयल।
14. िक्षद्वीप - कयलकली, पररिकली
15. मध्य प्रदे श - मटकी, जवारा, खडा नाि, फूलपकत, से लालकी।
16. महारािर - ले कजम, लावनी, पयवाडा, िशावतार
17. मष्टणपुर - र्ाों र्ग ता, पुोंर्ग ियलम, डयल ियलम, लाई हरयबा।
18. मेघािय - नयोंर्गक्रेम, लाहय, का शाि सुक म्येनसे इम
19. ष्टमजोरम - िेराव, खुिम, िैलम,
20. नागािैंड - बाों स, लेशलपटू

21. ओष्टडशा - पाइका, िल खाई, र्गयटीपुआ, मुनारी, रनापा।
22. पोंजाब - कर्गद्धा, भाों र्गडा, डफ, भाों ड, धामन, कवयहुला।
23. राजस्थान - िकरी, भवई, झूलन लीला, र्गोंर्गयर, घपाल, घूमर, तेरह ताली, सु इकसनी।
24. ष्टसत्त्िम - िू फाट, यक िाम, कसकमरी, कसोंघी िाम, ि स्नय लायन, डे नजयोंर्ग र्गनेन्हा।
25. तष्टमिनाडु - कुमी, कयलट्टम, ।
26. ष्टत्रपुरा - हयजाकर्गरर, मैमाता ।
27. उत्तर प्रदे श - रासलीला, नौटों की, झयरा।
28. उत्तराखोंड - कुमायुनी, र्गढ़वाली, कजरी, झयरा।
29. पष्टिम बोंगाि - र्गक्मम्बरा, धली जात्रा, अलकली, पुरुकलया िाऊ, सोंर्ाली।
आष्टदर्वासी नृत्
भारत में कई प्रकार के आष्टदर्वासी नृत् हैं , जो सामाष्टजक और िाष्टमणक अर्वसरोों के
दौरान ष्टकए जाते हैं , जैसे हष्टथयार नृत्, माशणि नृत्, प्रजनन, सूयण और िोंद्रमा की पू जा
नृत्, दीक्षा, युद्ध और ष्टशकार नृत् से सोंबोंष्टित।
1. सोंथािी नृत् - सों र्ाली नृत् पष्टिम बों गाि, झारखोंड, उडीसा और असम की
सोंर्ाल जनजाकत द्वारा ककया जाता है ।
2. बाोंस नृत् (ष्टमजोरम)- कमजयरम का बाों स नृत् िे रव आकिवाकसययों का एक िोंिल

नृत् है , जय मकहलाओों और पुरुषयों ियनयों द्वारा ककया जाता है ।
3. कािबेष्टिया नृत् (राजस्थान) – कालबेकलया नृत् राजस्र्ान का कालबेकलया
द्वारा ककया जाने वाला नृत् है । इसे ष्टजप्सी नृत् भी कहा जाता है ।
4. शाद सुक ष्टमनसीम (मेघािय) – मे घालय का शाि सुक कमनकसएम नृत् र्वसोंत
के आगमन का प्रतीक है । इसे मकहलाएों और यु वकतयाों ियनयों ही बडे उत्साह और
आनोंि के सार् करती हैं । इस नृत् कय िन्यर्वाद दे ने र्वािे नृत् के रूप में भी जाना
जाता है क्योंकक नताक शाों कत और समृक्मद्ध के कलए प्रकृकत और िै वीय कृपा के प्रकत
अपना आभार व्यक्त करते हैं ।
5. दाि खाई और िूप नृत् (ओष्टडसा) – सोंबिपुर का दाि खाई नृत् पुरुषयों
और मकहलाओों द्वारा प्रस्तुत ककया र्गया। जबकक पुरुष ियल बजाते हैं , मकहलाएों
एकरूपता में नृत् करती हैं जय कववाह और कववाह समारयह की शुरुआत का प्रतीक
है ।
6. छऊ नृत् – उडीसा, ष्टबहार और पष्टिम बोंगाि से आने वाले छऊ नृ त् तीन प्रकार

के हयते हैं , अर्ाा त् से रीकेला, पुरुकलया और मयूरभोंज छौ. । मयूरभोंज में आकिवासी
मुखौटे का उपययर्ग नहीों करते हैं , लेककन पुरुकलया और सेरीकेला में नताक मु खौटे के
सार् नृत् करते हैं । यह नृत् उनकी परों परा की कवकभन्न कहाकनययों कय किकत्रत करता है ।
ये प्रकृकत, पशु -पकक्षययों के बीि प्रेम की कहाकनयााँ हैं ।
2010 में, छाऊ नृत् को यूनेस्को की मानर्वता की अमूतण साोंस्कृष्टतक ष्टर्वरासत की
प्रष्टतष्टनष्टि सूिी में शाष्टमि ष्टकया गया था।
7. नागा नृत् (नागािैंड) – नार्गालैंड का लयककप्रय नार्गा नृत्, नार्गाओों द्वारा ककया
जाता है (इसमें लर्गभर्ग 18 प्रमु ख जनजाकतयााँ शाकमल हैं )। इसे कशकारी नृत् के नाम से
जाना जाता है ।
8. कादर नृत् (केरि) – यह केरल की कािर जनजाकतययों द्वारा प्रस्तुत ककया जाता
है । यह कोत्त्ि क्षे त्र की मकहलाओों द्वारा ककया जाता है ।
9. एडया नृत् (केरि) - यह केरल के आकिवासी पुरुषयों द्वारा ककया जाता है ।

एल्केलाक कराडी नृ त् एक र्वीरतापूणण नृत् है जय कशकार और जोंर्गली बीट् स पर
हमले का प्रतीक है ।
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Five Year Plans of India
By :- Sandeep Singh
Planning Commission
 The Planning Commission of India was a non-constitutional body,
which was responsible to formulate India’s five years plans.
 Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five-Year Plan in the Soviet
Union in 1928.
 The PM of India is the Ex-officio chairman of the planning
commission.
 It was established on March 1950, under Presidency of the Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
 Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first chairman of the Planning
Commission.
 The apex body gives final approval to a five-year plan in India -
National Development Council. (NDC was established on 6th August
1952).
 There were three breaks in five-year plans during 1966-69, 1978-80,
and 1991-92.
First Five Year Plan (1951-1956)
 Based on Harrod Domar Model.
 Main Focus – Agricultural Development.
 This five years plan's president was Jawaharlal Nehru and
Gulzarilal Nanda was the vice-president.
 Growth :- Target – 2.1%, Achieved – 3.6%
 Family Planning Programme - 1952
 Dam Construction – Bhakra Nangal Dam , Hirakud Dam &
Damodar ghati.
Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961)

 Based on PC Mahalnobis Model.
 Main Focus - Industrial Development.
 Growth Rate :- Target – 4.5% Achieved- 4.27%
 Rourkela Steel Plant (Odisha) , Bhilai Steel Plant(Chattisgarh)
& Durgapur (W. Bengal)
Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966)
 Based on Gadgil Yojana.
 Goal – “Make Economy Self Sufficient”.
 Two Wars – 1. Indo China War – 1962
2. Indo Pak War – 1965
 Set Up – IDBI (Industrial Development Bank of India), FCI
(Food Co-orporation of India) etc.
 Beginning of Green Revolution.
 Bokaro Iron & Steel Industry (Jharkhand)
 Growth Rate :- Target –5.6% Achieved- 2.8%
Plan Holiday (1966-1969)
 Due to Failure of third FYP.

 Chairman – Indira Gandhi
 Govt. Announced a Rupee Devaluation
Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974)

 Based on Rudra Allen Model.
 Objective – “Removal of Poverty”.
 Nationalization of 14 Banks.
 Indo Pak War- 1971 & Bangladesh Liberation war.
 First Underground Nuclear Test – Smiling Buddha
Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1978)
 Based on DP Dhar Model.
 Objective – “Poverty Eradication & Self Reliance”. (Garibi
Hatao)
 20 Point Program by Indira Gandhi , Minimum Needs
Program , Indian National Highway System Established.
 RRB were setup.
Rolling Plan (1978-1980)
 Rejected by Congress in 1980 & 6th FYP was introduced.
Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985)
 Goal – “Economic Liberalization by eliminating Poverty”.
 Formation of NABARD – 1982
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990)
 Based on John W. Miles Model.
 Focus – “Food work & Productivity”
 Rajiv Gandhi was PM
 The Blue Revolution was first launched in India as the 'Nili
Kranti Mission'
 Jawahar Rojgar Yojana was started
Annual Plans
Two Annual Plans
Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997)
 New Economic Policy of India by PV Narsimha Rao.
 PM Rojgar Yojana Launched
 LPG System
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)
 Focus- “Growth with Social Justice & Equality”
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007)
 Focus – Double Per Capita Income in Next Ten Years,
Eradication of Poverty & Unemployment.
 Under Atal Bihari Vajpayee & Manmohan Singh
Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012)
 Objective – “Faster & more Inclusive Growth”
 PM – Manmohan Singh.
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017)
 Objective – “Faster, More Inclusive & Sustainable
Growth”.
Planning Commission was Replaced by NITI AAYOG on 01

January 2015.
Important Questions Related to Five Year Plans
1. First Five Year Plan based on which economic Model m to

Focus on Agriculture & Irrigation ? - Harrod Donar Model
2. Durgapur, Bhilai, Rourkela steel plants established during
which five year Plan ? – Second Five Year Plan
3. Duration of Second Five Year Plan - 1956-1961
4. Which five Year Plan had a Primary goal to Establish India
as a self reliant and Self generating Economy ? - Third
Five Year Plan
5. Which plan's main Focus was Garibi Hatao ? - Fifth Five
Year Plan
6. Economic Liberalization was the main Focus Point of which
Plan ?- Sixth Five Year Plan
7. Ninth Five Year Plan's main focus was – “Growth with
Social Justice & Equality”
8. "Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth" was the
objective of - 12th Five Year Plan
9. When was the Planning Commission Set up ? - 1950
10. During which five year plan India opt for a mixed
Economy ? - Second Five Year Plan
11. Which plan affected by Two wars ? - Third Five Year
Plan
12. Khadi and Vilage Industry Commission was established
in which five Year Plan ? - Second Five Year Plan
13. Agriculture was the Top Priority of which Plan ? - First
Five Year Plan
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Shifting Cultivation
Shifting Cultivation is a form of primitive subsistence
agriculture in which farmers clear a small area of land
(usually cleared by fire ) and cultivated food grains like
cereals and paddy.
After harvesting the crops when the fertility of the soil

decreased they abandoned the area and shifted to a fresh
patch of land.
Shifting cultivation is also called slash and burn
agriculture because the natural vegetation of the
small land area is usually cleared by fire.
In shifting cultivation farming is done with very
primitive tools such as sticks and hoes.
After 3 to 5 years of cultivation, the soil loses its

fertility and the farmers move to other places and
clears another patch of land to start farming
again.
Different names of shifting cultivation in India
Sl.No State/Region
Name
1. North-eastern India Jhum
2. Andhra Pradesh Podu
Hilly Region of
3. the Western Ghats Kumari
of Kerala
4. South-eastern Rajasthan Batra

Bastar District
5. Deepa
(Chhattisgarh)
6. Southern States Zara and Erka
Bundelkhand Region Vevar and

7.
(Madhya Pradesh) Dahiyaar
Kaman, Vinga
8. Odisha
and Dhavi
Terms used for shifting cultivation in different
parts of the World
S. No. Country
Name
1. Myanmar Taungya
2. Sri Lanka Chena
3. Thailand Tamrai
Java, Indonesia and Ladang
4.
Malaysia Humah
5. Philippines Caingin
Uganda
6. Zambia Chetemini
Zimbabwe
7. Brazil Roka
8. Venezuela Konuko
Mexico and
9. Milya
Central America
10. Vietnam , Laos Ray
11. Guatemala Echalin
12. Madagascar Tavi

Yucatan and
13. Milpa
Guatemala
14. Mexico Comile
15. Western Africa Logan
Equatorial African
16. Fang
Countries
Congo (Zaire river

17. Masole
Valley)
1. “Slash and Burn agriculture” is the name given to
[A] method of potato cultivation
[B] process of deforestation
[C] mixed farming
[D] shifting cultivation

[D] shifting cultivation
2. Jhumming is shifting agriculture practiced in
[A] North-eastern India
[B] South-western India
[C] South-eastern India
[D] Northern India

[A] North-eastern India
3. Leaving agricultural land uncultivated for some years known as
[A] Intensive farming
[B] Fallowing
[C] Shifting cultivation
[D] Subsistence farming

[B] Fallowing
Field fallowing means leaving a

cropland uncultivated for
multiple seasons for it to
regain its nutrition.
4. Shifting Cultivation is known as ____ in Malaysia
A) Kharif
B) Jhumming
C) Ludang
D) Rabi
C) Ludang
5. Roca is an agricultural practices followed in
A)Brazil
B) Indonesia
C) China
D) Malaysia
A)Brazil
l_____H_e_a_d_qu_a_r_te_r_s_&_F_o_u_n_d_in_g_Y_ea_r_ _ _ _j
Name Headquarters Foundation Year
sco Beijing China 15 June 2001
OIC Jeddah Saudi Arabia 1969
OPEC Vienna Sept 1960
NATO Brussels Belgium 4April 1949
G20 Cancun, Mexico 26 Sept 1999
GCC) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 25 May 1981
-
BRICS Shanghai I 2009
The Arab League Al Tahrir Sq., Cairo, Egypt 22.03.1945
African Union Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 26.05.2001
' I
I
ASEAN Jakarta, Indonesia \'., 08.08.1967
- - ..'
-
INTERPOL) Lyon, France 7 September 1923
-- -- -
World Banlc Washington D.C. (U.S.A.) July 1944
WTO Geneva, Switzerland I January 1995
- - - - -
IMF Washington D.C. (U.S.A.) 27 December 1945
ADB Metro Manila, Philippines 22 August, 1966
ICC Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- ~
- -15 June 1909 - -
FIFA Zurich 1904
SAARC Kathmandu 1985
l_____H_e_a_d_qu_a_r_te_r_s_&_F_o_u_n_d_in_g_Y_ea_r_ _ _ _j
Name Headquarters Foundation Year
sco Beijing China 15 June 2001
OIC Jeddah Saudi Arabia 1969
OPEC Vienna Sept 1960
NATO Brussels Belgium 4April 1949
G20 Cancun, Mexico 26 Sept 1999
GCC) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 25 May 1981
-
BRICS Shanghai I 2009
The Arab League Al Tahrir Sq., Cairo, Egypt 22.03.1945
African Union Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 26.05.2001
' I
I
ASEAN Jakarta, Indonesia \'., 08.08.1967
- - ..'
-
INTERPOL) Lyon, France 7 September 1923
-- -- -
World Banlc Washington D.C. (U.S.A.) July 1944
WTO Geneva, Switzerland I January 1995
- - - - -
IMF Washington D.C. (U.S.A.) 27 December 1945
ADB Metro Manila, Philippines 22 August, 1966
ICC Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- ~
- -15 June 1909 - -
FIFA Zurich 1904
SAARC Kathmandu 1985
TIMELINE OF MAJOR REFORM MOVEMENTS
GAtmiya~
abha (1814)
Q stablishmeno
of vendanta
ollage (1825) C oung Benga:')
Movement
(1820s·30s)
~
idow Marriag~
sociation 1850s
~ .!. .!. ~
Founding of Brahmo Samai
Brahmo Samaj Tattvabodhini of India and Adi
Hindu Collage Sabha (1839) Brahmo Samaj
(1817) (1828)
(1866)
~
Social
Conference
ovement (1887)
G G
Sadharan V
ahmoSamaj
( : (1878)
tyashodhaD
Samaj (1873)
Prarthana)
Samaj (1867)
'
~ ~ ~ ~
Arya Samaj (1875) Poona
Ramakrishna Arya Mahila Sarvajanak
Samaj (1881) Theosophical Society
Mission (1897) (1875) Sabha (1870)
ri Narayan~
uru Dharma
palana (SNDP) f Self Respect\
ogam (1902) ~vement (19:Y
~
Servants of Vaikom
India Society Satyagraha
(1905) (1924·25)
Nalanda University Bihar Kumaragupta I -
Purana Qila Delhi Sher Shah Suri 16th century
Safdarjung Tomb Delhi Shuja-ud-daula 1754 AD
Qutub Minar Delhi Qutubuddin Aibak 1193 AD
Alai darwaza Delhi Alauddin Khilji 1311 AD
Hauz Khas Delhi Alauddin Khilji -

Feroz Shah Kotla Delhi Feroz Shah Tughlaq -
Khirki Masjid Delhi Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1354 AD
Humayun's Tomb Delhi Humayun's wife 1533 AD
Jama Masjid Delhi Shahjahan 1656 AD
Red Fort Delhi Shahjahan 1639 AD
Moti Masjid Delhi Fort, Delhi Aurangzeb 1660 AD
Jantar Mantar New Delhi Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II 1724-1735 AD
India Gate New Delhi Edwin Lutyens (Architect) -

Lal Bagh Bengaluru (Kamataka) Hyder Ali 1760 AD
Gol Gumbaz Bijapur, Karnataka Muhammad Adil Shah 1656 AD

(largest dome in India)
Hampi Monuments Karnataka - -

Swama Mandir Amritsar (Punjab) Guru Ramdas 1577 AD
(Golden Temple)
Shantiniketan West Bengal Rabindranath Tagore 19th century
Victoria Memorial Kolkata (West Bengal) British Govt. 1921 AD
Sun Temple Konark (Odisha) Narasimhadeva I 1250 AD
Jagannath Temple Puri (Odisha) Anantavarman Ganga 1161 AD
Shalimar Garden Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) Jahangir 1619 AD
Sanchi Stupa Sanchi, Uttar Pradesh Ashoka 3rd Century BC

Airavatesvara temple Darasuram (Tamil Nadu) Rajaraja I 12th century
Brihadeshwara Tanjore (Tamil Nadu) Rajaraja chola I 1010 AD
Gangaikondacholapuram Gangaikonda cholapuram Rajendra I 12th century

(Tamil Nadu)
Saint George Fort Chennai (Tamil Nadu) East India Company 1644 AD
Meenakshi Temple Madurai, Tamil Nadu - -

Adhai Din Ka Jhopra Ajmer (Rajasthan) Qutubuddin Aibak 1192 AD
Dargah Ajmer Sharif Ajmer (Rajasthan) Sultan Shyasuddin -

Hawa Mahal Jaipur (Rajasthan) Maharaja Pratap Singh 1799 AD
Nahargarh Fort Jaipur (Rajasthan) Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II 1734 AD
Jaigarh Fort Jaipur (Rajasthan) Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II 1726 AD
Vijaya Stambha Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) Maharana Kumbha 1448 AD
Dilwara Jain Temple Mount Abu (Rajasthan) Siddharaja 1582 AD
Bharatpur Fort Bharatpur (Rajasthan) Raja Surajmal Singh 19th century
Amber Fort Jaipur (Rajasthan) Man Singh I 1592 AD
Jantar Mantar Jaipur (Rajasthan) Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II 1724-1736 AD
Mehrangarh Fort Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Rao Jodha 1460 AD
Jantar Mantar Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II 1724-1737 AD
Khajuraho Temples Madhya Pradesh Chandellas 950-1050 AD
Char- Minar Hyderabad (Telangana) Quli Qutub Shah 1591 AD
Macca Masjid Hyderabad (Telangana) Quli Qutub Shah 1694 AD
Golconda Fort Hyderabad (Telangana) Qutub Shahi rulers 16th century
Shri Venkateswara Temple Andhra Pradesh - -

Ajanta Caves Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Gupta rulers 4-10th century
Ellora Caves Maharashtra Rashtrakuta rulers 6-10th century
Elephanta Caves Mumbai (Maharashtra) Rashtrakuta rulers 5-9 century
Bibi Ka Maqbara Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Azam Shah 1661 AD
Gateway Of India Mumbai (Maharashtra) British Govt. 20th century
Vikramashila Monastery Bihar Dharma Pala 8th century
Sher Shah's Tomb Sasaram (Bihar) Sher Shah's son 1545 AD

Monument Place Built by Year/Century
Agra Fort Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Akbar 1573 AD
Agra city Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Sikandar Lodi -

Aram Bagh Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Babur 1528 AD
Akbar's Tomb Sikandra, Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Akbar and his son Jahangir 1613 AD
Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daula Agra (Uttar Pradesh) NoorJahan 1628 AD
Jama Masjid Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1648 AD
Deewan-e- Khas Agra Fort, Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan -

Shish Mahal Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1632 AD
Moti Masjid Agra Fort, Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1635 AD
Taj Mahal Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Shahjahan 1653 AD
Anand Bhawan Allahabad, (Uttar Pradesh) Motilal Nehru 1930 AD
Bada Imambara Lucknow ( Uttar Pradesh) Asaf-ud-daula 1785 AD
Chhota Imambara Lucknow ( Uttar Pradesh) Muhammad Ali Shah -

Jantar Mantar Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II 1724-1738 AD
Jantar Mantar Varanasi ( Uttar Pradesh) Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II 1724-1739 AD
Fatehpur Sikri Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Akbar 16th century

Jodha Bai Palace
Birbal Palace
Panch Mahal
Buland Darwaza
Rock cut temple Mamallapuram (Tamil Nadu) Mahendravarman-I 8th century
Shore temple Mamallapuram (Tamil Nadu) Narasimhavarman-II 8th century
Kailasanathar Temple Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu) Narasimhavarman-II 685-705 AD

Treaty of Purandhar 1776
Treaty of Wadgaon 1779
Treaty of Salbal 1782 • End of 1st Anglo-Maratha war
Treaty of Mangalore 1784 • End of 2nd Anglo-Mysore war
Treaty of Serlngapatam 1792 • End of 3rd Anglo-Mysore war

• The English got Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar.
• The Marathas got area around Tungabhadra.
• The Nizam got areas from Krishna to Pennar.
Treaty of Basseln 1802 • Bajlrao II signed It during 2nd Anglo-Maratha war.

• Lord Wellesley
• Surrender Surat.
• Give up Chauth on the Nizam's dominions.
Treaty of Deogaon 1803 • Raghuji Bhonsle II-the Maratha raja of Berar-and

the British East India company.
Treaty of Surjlanjangaon Dec 1803
Treaty of Amritsar 1809 • Ranjit singh signed it.
Treaty of Sugaull 1816 • EiC and King of Nepal
Treaty of Poona June • Peshwa

1817
Treaty of Gwalior Nov 1817 • Scindia
Treaty of Mandasor 1818 • Holkar
TrNty of Lahore 1846 • End of 1st Anglo-Sikh war
• Ceded the Jalandhar doab
• Reduced strength of Sikh Army.
• Kashmir was transferred to Guiab Singh.
Measuring Instruments 0#FACTFILE
Instrument Measure
Altimeter Altitude (height)
Ammeter Electric charges
Anemometer Wind speed
Bolometer Electromagnetic radiation
Calipers Distance between two opposite sides of an object
Calorimeter Heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity
Cryometer Freezing temperature
Galvanometer Electric current
Hydrometer Density of liquids
Hygrometer Moisture content in the atmosphere
Hypsometer Height (altitude)
Nephelometer Suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid
Ondometer Frequency of electromagnetic waves
Pyknometer Density of substance
Pyrometer High temperature
Refractometer Refractive index
Sextant Angle between any two visible objects
Sphygmomanometer Blood pressure
Telemeter Distances to remote objects
Tonometer Internal pressure of the eye
Venturi meter Rate of a flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe
Voltmeter Electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circu
TrNty YNr Description
TrNty of Alx-t.a-Chapelle 1748 • 1st camatic war
• Madras was handed back to the English.
• The French got back their territories In North
America.
The TrNty of Alin■gar 1757 • Signed between Siraj-ud-Oaula and Robert Clive.
•The British could fortify Calcutta and allowed duty
free movement of goods.
TrNty with Mir K■lim 1760 • He ceded Burdwan, Mldnapur and Chittagong.
• Company would get half of the share In Chunam trade
of Sylhet.
TrNty of Peace of Paris 1763 • 3rd ca rnatlc war

• End of battle of Wandlwash (1760)
• This restored the factories of the French in India.
TrNty of Allahabad 1765 • After battle of Buxar

Nawab Shul■-ud-Daula
• Surrender Allahabad and Kara to Emperor Shah
Alam II.
Shah Alam II
• Issue a flrman for Olwanl of Bengal, Blhar and
Odlsha.
• Nlzamat rights
TrNty of Madras 1769 • End of 1st Anglo-Mysore war
TrNtl■I of B■n■ r■s 1773 and • Warren Hastings and nawab of Awadh.
1775 • Nawab of Awadh, Shah Alam II got back Allahabad.
• Resulted In Roh Illa war of 1774.
Treaty of Faizab■d 11ns1

• Ceded Banaras to EiC.
TrNty of Surat 177S • During Warren Hastings and 1st Anglo Maratha war
• Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein.
MAJOR COMMITTEES OF CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
01 Union Powers Committee awaharlal Nehru
02 Union Constitution Committee awaharlal Nehru
States Committee ( Committee

03 for Negotiating with States)
awaharlal Nehru
04 Provincial Constitution Committee ardor Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental

OS Rights, Minorities and Tribal and
Excluded Areas
ardor Patel
• Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripolani

• Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
• North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially
Excluded Areas Sub-Committee - Gopinath Bardoloi
• Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam)
• Sub-Committee -A.V. Thakkar
• North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee
06 Drafting Committee . B.R. Ambedkar
07 Rules of Procedure Committee Rajendra Prasad
08 Steering Committee Raje~dra PrasaO

Land System Governor Work
Started in
Zamindari System Lord Cornwallis The owners ofland,
1793 the zamindars, used
to collect revenue
from the farmers
and hand it over to
state. u?Se,1011>-11
Mahalwari Lord William The zamindars of
Systeml833 Bentinck the village (land-
lords) used to be
the representative
of the entire village
or even clusters
of villages. These
zamindars along
with the village
communities were
responsible for
the payments of
revenues.
Ryotwari system Thomas Munro The owner of the
1892 land, the state,
directly collected
revenue from the
Ryots.
~=too
HEMAVATHI
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•™• •
DAMODAR
BARAKAR OOlll
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SEONATH HASDEO ~ONK
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MAND l!B ONG TEL!
C~AMBAI!
BANAS KAl!I SINDH
............. ........ ......... ......... .. ........
~ l.:lJ;i=fJiil CI3:!'l
I1'1 r!~ll li1Iil i'J 3i~im ~ i: 131 in ii l1:ID f!1 il I~i
~ 'i(•l:~; 1:11:J•I•l:I
la11111m&1ma111w1111mw 1am11aa111n.za:11■ 111g..
M; MM I:fJl. Fil: I•l; I ~
11:l•l;trV/Jiil IMtJ:!Jl;t-1 l=O:l•l 1 ►1i1;tr)

q , ™• r •
e
• emmme • e
Blahnol 1700 Khejuli, Manvar Amrita Devi Used to hug trees to stop their
Movement region in felling.
Rajasthan
Chlpko 1973 Uttarakhand Sunderlal The main objective was to protect
Movement Bahuguna the trees on the Himalayan slopes
from the axes of contractors of
the Tehri Dam project.
Silent Valley 1978 Silent Valley, Kerala Sastra A movement against the Silent
Movement Kerala Sahitya Valley Hydroelectric Project. In
Parishad November 1983, the Silent Valley
Hydroelectric Project was
cancelled. In 1985, Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi inaugurated the
Silent Valley National Park.
Applko 1982 Kantipuza river in Tribals Against government plans to
Movement Singbhum district replace the natural forest with
of Jharkhand Teak plantations.
SaveAarey 2019 Aarey National Medha Patkar, Against the felling of trees in the
Movement Park in Mumbai Arundhati Roy, Aarey Colony for the Mumbai
and various Metro Limited's (MMRLC) project.
NGOs
Save Dehlns- Nov Dehing-Patkai Rohit A movement against the decision
Patkal 2019 Wildlife Sanctuary Chaudhary, by the National Board of Wildlife
in Assam Adil Hussain, (NBWL) to allow mining in the
Randeep Dehing-Patkai Sanctuary.
Hooda, and Joi
Jadav Payeng
Savethe 2019- The Sundarbans, All Assam A campaign to raise awareness
Sundarbans 2020 West Bengal Students' about the threats to the
Union and All Sundarbans mangrove forest after
Assam Matak Cyclone Amphan in May 2020.
Youth
Students'
Union

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Important Articles of Indian

Page- 2-10 (English)

By- Sandeep Singh

Parts Subjects Mentioned Articles in The

Description of only Most Important Articles of Indian

3. Right Against Exploitation

4. Right to Freedom of Religion

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Article 63- The vice president of India.

भाग उल्लिल्लित विषय संविधान में िवणित आवटि कल

भाग II नागररकता अनुच्छेद 5 से 11

भाग III मौलिक अलिकार अनुच्छेद 12 से 35

भाग VIII संघ राज्य क्षेत्र अनुच्छेद 293 से 242

भाग IX-A नगर पालिकाओं अनुच्छेद 243P से 243ZG

भारतीय संविधान के केिल सबसे महत्वपूणि लेि ं का वििरण

अनुच्छेद 1- संघ का नाम और क्षेत्र।

मौवलक अवधकार ं पर भारतीय संविधान के लेि।

भारत के सभी नागररकों को 6 मौलिक अलिकार प्रदान लकए गए हैं ।

4. धमि की स्वतंत्रता का अवधकार

5. सांस्कृवतक और शैविक अवधकार

6. संिैधावनक उपचार ं का अवधकार

अनुच्छेद 37 - डीपीएसपी का िागू होना।

लेि ज राष्ट्रपवत क पररभावषत करते हैं (अनुच्छेद 52-62)

अनुच्छेद 153- राज्यों के राज्यपाि।

अनुच्छेद 312- अक्तखि भारतीय सेवाएं ।

अनुच्छेद 352 - रािरीय आपातकाि की उद् घोषिा।

अनुच्छेद 370 - जम्मू के पूवतवती राज्य के लिए अस्थायी प्राविान

अनुच्छेद 393- िघु शीषतक, इस संलविान को भारत का सं लविान कहा जा सकता है ।

Chronology of Important Event of

By- Sandeep Singh

भारतीय इतिहास के महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं की क्रमवारी

द्वारा - सांदीप सिंह

भारतीय इतिहास में महत्वपूर्ण घटनाओं का कालक्रम

वर्ष घटना महत्वपूर्ण

2500 ईसा पूर्व हड़प्पन चरण ब्रॉनज इज नस्लीयता

शहरी संस्कृति का विकास

412 ई.पू. – 342 ई.पू. शिशुंग राजवंश शिशुंग और कालाशोक

518 ईसा पूर्व फारसी आक्रमण दारियस

322 बीसी 185 बीसी मौर्य अवधि भारत का राजनीतिक एकीकरण,

232 बीसी 185 बीसी बाद में मौर्यन

1 1 ई.पू. – 1 ई.पू. पार्थी

1 सेंट और - 4 वें ईस्वी कुशान कनिष्क (78 ई.पू. – 101 ई.पू.)

72 ई.पू. 4 वें बौद्ध परिषद कश्मीर

पैलियोलिथिक की अवधि (2 मिलियन ईसा पूर्व 10,000 ईसा पूर्व):

• चूना आधारित आग-जलाने के उपकरण

मेसोलिथिक आयु (10,000 8,000 ईसा पूर्व):

• ब्रह्मगिरी (म्यूसोर), नर्मदा, विन्द्य, गुजरात माइक्रोलाइट्स।