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Exam Notes Computer Networks Detailed

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26 views5 pages

Exam Notes Computer Networks Detailed

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Yank
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Exam Notes: Computer Networks (Detailed)

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

1. Components of Data Communication:

- Sender, Receiver, Transmission Medium, Message, Protocol.

- Protocols define rules for data communication between sender and receiver.

2. Distributed Processing:

- Distributes tasks between multiple computers to increase efficiency.

- Example: Cloud computing and client-server models.

3. Line Configuration:

- Point-to-Point: Direct communication between two devices.

- Multipoint: One communication link shared by multiple devices.

4. Network Topologies:

- Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Hybrid topologies offer different advantages in terms of cost and fault

tolerance.

5. Transmission Modes:

- Simplex: One-way communication.

- Half-Duplex: Two-way, but one direction at a time.

- Full-Duplex: Simultaneous two-way communication.

6. Categories of Networks:

- LAN: Local area network, small area.


- WAN: Wide area network, connects cities or countries.

- MAN: Metropolitan area network, covers cities.

- PAN: Personal area network, connects personal devices.

Important Questions:

1. What are the main components of data communication?

2. Define distributed processing with an example.

3. Differentiate between point-to-point and multipoint line configurations.

4. Explain various network topologies and their pros/cons.

5. Describe transmission modes with examples.

6. What are the differences between LAN, WAN, MAN, and PAN?

Chapter 2: OSI and TCP/IP Models

1. OSI Model:

- Seven layers, each with specific functions (Physical to Application layer).

- Helps standardize network communication.

2. TCP/IP Model:

- Four layers: Network Interface, Internet, Transport, Application.

- Focuses on real-world application and implementation.

3. Comparison:

- OSI is theoretical, whereas TCP/IP is practical.

- OSI has seven layers; TCP/IP combines some into four layers.

Important Questions:
1. Explain the OSI model layers.

2. Compare OSI and TCP/IP models.

3. Describe the functions of the Transport Layer.

4. Why is OSI a reference model, and TCP/IP is implemented?

Chapter 3: Transmission Media

1. Types of Media:

- Guided: Twisted-pair, Coaxial, Optical fiber.

- Unguided: Microwave, Radio waves, Infrared.

2. Transmission Impairments:

- Attenuation: Signal strength decreases over distance.

- Distortion: Signals change shape.

- Noise: Unwanted interference.

3. Throughput, Propagation Speed, and Time:

- Throughput is the data transfer rate.

- Propagation speed and time affect how quickly data reaches its destination.

4. Shannon Capacity:

- Theoretical maximum data rate of a channel.

Important Questions:

1. Explain guided and unguided media with examples.

2. What are the different transmission impairments? Explain.

3. How does Shannon Capacity affect data transmission?


Chapter 4: Telephony

1. Multiplexing:

- WDM, TDM, FDM: Techniques to combine multiple signals into one channel.

2. Circuit Switching:

- Dedicated path between devices for communication.

3. Packet Switching:

- Data is divided into packets and routed over shared networks.

4. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network):

- Supports digital transmission of voice, video, and data.

Important Questions:

1. Differentiate between WDM, TDM, and FDM.

2. Explain circuit and packet switching.

3. What is ISDN, and what are its uses?

Chapter 5: Data Link Layer

1. Error Detection and Correction:

- Parity Check, CRC, Hamming Code for error control.

2. Framing:

- Techniques to separate messages (character and bit stuffing).

3. Flow Control:
- Stop-and-Wait ARQ, Sliding Window Protocol to control data flow.

Important Questions:

1. Explain the types of errors in data transmission.

2. How does CRC detect errors?

3. Describe Stop-and-Wait ARQ and Sliding Window Protocol.

Chapter 6: Network Layer and Internetworking

1. Network Devices:

- Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, Gateways for internetworking.

2. Routing:

- Static vs Dynamic, Distance Vector, and Link-State.

3. IPv4 Addressing:

- Subnetting for efficient address management.

Important Questions:

1. Differentiate between repeaters, hubs, and routers.

2. What are static and dynamic routing?

3. Explain the purpose of IPv4 addressing and subnetting.

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