1) State the fundamental objective of a Goal-Based Agent in artificial

intelligence.
Ans: The fundamental objective of a Goal-Based Agent in AI is to:
Achieve Specific Goals: It focuses towards a predetermined goal or set of goals.
Decision Making:
• Goal-Based Agents make decisions by comparing the outcomes of various actions
and choosing the one that will help them achieve their goal.
• They evaluate the potential outcomes of actions rather than following predefined
rules, allowing for more adaptive and intelligent decision making.
Flexibility: Adapt to changes in the environment in order to effectively pursue the goal.

2) Describe the role of abstraction to reduce complexity in AI.

Ans: Abstraction plays a crucial role in reducing complexity in AI by simplifying complex
problems and making them more manageable. Here’s how abstraction helps in AI:
Simplifies Problem Representation: Abstraction focuses important features and ignoring
unnecessary details, making the problem easier to understand and solve.
Reduces State Space: By grouping similar states together, abstraction reduces the number of
possible states to consider, which improves algorithm efficiency.
Supports Hierarchical Problem Solving: Allows complex tasks to be broken down into smaller,
more manageable sub-tasks that can be solved gradually.
Supports Knowledge Transfer: Abstraction enables the reuse of information across different
domains by identifying underlying patterns that apply to multiple areas. This helps AI to learn from
one domain and apply its understanding to another.

3)Explain the main components of the structure of an intelligent agent.

Ans: The main components of the structure of an intelligent agent are:
Environment: Environment is the area around the agent that it interacts with. An environment can
be anything like a physical space, a room or a virtual space like a game world or the internet.
Sensor: The sensor observes the environment by collecting data or information. It allows the agent
to receive information from the outside world, such as cameras, microphones, temperature sensors
or a software sensor that read data from files.
Actuators: Actuators are tools that AI agent uses to interact with their environment through some
actions. They can be any physical actuators like wheels, motors, robotic hands, or computer
screens.
Program or Decision-making mechanism: This is the brain of the AI agent; this mechanism
analyses the received information through sensors and makes decisions based on that data using
programs.
Effectors: Effectors take instructions from decision making mechanism and translates them into
actions and these actions are performed through actuators.

4)Predict the optimal strategy to win or at least tie in Tic-Tac-Toe.

Ans: The optimal strategy to win or at least tie in Tic-Tac-Toe is described below:
Use the Minimax Algorithm: The AI analyses all possible moves for both itself and the opponent,
predicting future game states to determine the best path that maximises its chances of victory while
minimising the opponent's.
Assign Scores to Game States: Assign scores to each possible outcome: +1 for a win, 0 for a tie,
and -1 for a loss. The AI selects moves that results the maximum score, ensuring it chooses the
best possible action to achieve a positive outcome.
Block Opponent's Winning Moves: Always check if the opponent is one move away from
winning and block that move. This prevents the opponent from gaining an advantage.
Alpha-Beta Pruning: This is optional, Use Alpha-Beta pruning to improve the Minimax
algorithm by removing moves that don't affect the final decision, making the algorithm more
optimize.

5)Describe the process of breadth-first search. State its advantages and

disadvantages.
Ans:
Breadth-first search (BFS) is an algorithm for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures.
It starts at the tree root and explores all of the neighbour nodes at the present depth prior to moving
on to the nodes at the next depth level. Breadth first search may use more memory but will always
find the shortest path first. It is implemented using a queue.
Advantages of BFS:
• BFS will never be trapped in any unwanted nodes.
• If the graph has more than one solution, then BFS will return the optimal solution which
provides the shortest path.
Disadvantages of BFS:
• BFS consumes large memory space.
• Its time complexity is more.
6)What is the risk of DFS. How it can be overcome?
Ans: The main risks of DFS are:
Risk of Getting Stuck in Infinite Loops: In search spaces with infinite depth or cycles, DFS can
repeatedly explore the same path, resulting in infinite loops without finding a solution.
High Risk of Missing the Optimal Solution: DFS does not guarantee finding the shortest path to
the goal, as it may reach a solution at a deeper level without considering potentially shorter paths
at deeper levels.
To Overcome those risks DFS uses the following approach:
Use Depth-Limited Search: Set a maximum depth limit for the search to avoid infinite loops. If
the solution is not found within that depth, the limit can be increased iteratively.
Track Visited Nodes: Maintain a list of visited nodes to prevent revisiting the same nodes, which
avoids cycles and infinite loops.

7)Write down the advantages of turning agent.

Ans: The advantages of turning agent are:
Human-Like Intelligence: A Turing Agent can mimic human reasoning and problem-solving
capabilities, allowing it to interact with the environment in the same way that a human would.
Generalised Problem Solving: It is not limited to a specific task or domain, allowing it to solve
problems in a variety of fields.
Adaptive Learning: Turing Agents can learn from experience, adapt to new situations, and
improve over time, making them more effective in complex and unpredictable environments.
Natural Language Understanding: These agents can understand and process natural language,
allowing them to communicate with people in a more simple and user-friendly manner.

8)What is environment in AI. Give an example of simple environment.

Ans: An environment in artificial intelligence is the surrounding of the agent. The agent takes
input from the environment through sensors and delivers the output to the environment through
actuators.
EXAMPLE:
A 3x3 matrix where an agent (A) needs to move from its starting position to the goal (G) while
avoiding obstacles (X).
Characteristics:
X
Agent (A): The entity that can move.
A
Goal (G): The target cell the agent aims to reach.
X G
Obstacle (X): Cells that the agent cannot enter.
Moves: The agent can move up, down, left, or right to adjacent cells.
For example, from its starting position (1,1), it can move to (0,1), (1,0), or (2,1).
Objective: The agent's objective is to traverse the matrix to reach the goal (G) while avoiding
obstacles (X).
This is a simple example of an environment.

9)List the differences between a forward-chaining and a backward-chaining

production system.
Ans:
Forward-chaining Backward-chaining
When based on available data a decision is taken Starts with a goal and works backward to find
then the process is called as Forward chaining. supporting facts so that the goal can be achieved.
It is a bottom-up approach. It is a top-down approach.
It applies the Breadth-First Strategy. It applies the Depth-First Strategy.
Slow as it has to use all the rules. Fast as it has to use only a few rules.
10)Describe the role of Neural Networks in AI.
Ans: Neural networks play a fundamental role in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the
development of models that can learn from data and make decision. Neural networks are inspired
by the structure and function of the human brain and are made up of layers of interconnected nodes
(or "neurons"). Each neuron has input data, assigns weights, and forwards information to the next
layer, ultimately generating an output.
The role of AI is:
Pattern Recognition: Neural networks are highly effective at identifying patterns in complex data.
This ability is crucial in fields such as image recognition, speech processing, and natural language
understanding.
Learning from Data: Neural networks are used in supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement
learning. They can learn to map inputs to outputs (e.g., recognizing objects in images), cluster data,
or make decisions based on rewards and penalties.
Feature Extraction: Neural networks can automatically learn to extract relevant features from
raw data, reducing the need for manual feature engineering.
11)Explain the primary characteristic that distinguishes Learning Agents from
traditional rule-based agents.
Ans:

Learning Agents Traditional rule-based agents

Can adapt and improve over time by learning Cannot adapt; follow fixed rules programmed
from data or experience. in advance.

Learn from interactions with the environment Do not learn; operate based on a predefined
set of rules.
Can deal with uncertainty and changing Struggle with uncertainty and changing
environments environment.

Continuously learns and improves with more Does not improve unless manually
data and interaction. reprogrammed by developers.

12)Explain syntactic processing in NLP.

Ans: Syntactic processing is a fundamental task in NLP, that involves analysing the grammatical
structure of a sentence to understand its meaning and how the words are arranged and how they
relate to each other. It focuses on the syntax, or the set of rules that control the structure of sentences
in a language, to ensure that sentences are well-formed and according to the grammar of the
language. It uses parsing technique to analyse the sentence for finding its grammatical structure.
A parser breaks down a sentence into its components (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) and shows
how they are connected through syntactic rules. After that POS tagging is being given to each word
(grammatical tagged e.g.: noun, verb, etc) in the sentence which helps in understanding the role of
each word in the sentence. Then it uses context-free grammar (CFG), to define how words combine
to form valid sentences and then produce a parse tree or syntax tree.

13) State the main advantage of using the AO* algorithm in problem-solving.
Ans: The main advantages of using the AO* algorithm in problem solving is:
Efficiency: AO* can efficiently handle complex decision trees by evaluating multiple paths
simultaneously, which can significantly reduce the search space.
Flexibility: The algorithm’s ability to deal with AND and OR nodes make it versatile for various
applications and problem types.
Optimal Solutions: By using heuristic functions, it finds optimal solutions without exploring the
entire graph.