STB 211: PEST AND PEST CONTROL

Meet Mr. Safe-T Bug!!!

 PEST Let’s enter the world of
Safe-T. He’s a friendly
 PEST MANAGEMENT little

A guy who wants to

 ANIMAL PHYLA CONTAINING PEST make sure

that all living things are

 PLANT PEST being

protected and not

 MENANCE RODENTS (MAMMAL PEST) harmed by

misuse of pesticides that

 METHOD OF CONTROLLING PEST can

be poisonous.
 CULTURAL METHOD

 BIOLOGICAL METHOD

 MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL METHOD

 CHEMICAL METHOD

 ADVANCED METHODS

 PESTICIDE

 CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDE

 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES NECESSARY FOR SAFETY USE OF

PESTICIDE
PEST

Every organism interacts with biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem and
struggle for its better survival and existence in nature. Different types of
interactions exist between pests and other components of ecosystem, especially
human, plants and animals. These interactions can create issues of competition
for food and space endemic or epidemic outbreak of diseases/ nuisance, damage
to properties and injury to both plants and animals.

A pest can be defined as anything that people consider a threat to themselves,

their crops, animals or property. A definition of pests must include nematodes,
insects, weeds, molluscs, bacteria, fungi, phytoplasmas, viruses, viroids and weed.

Pests are organisms that damage or interfere with desirable plants in our fields
and orchads, landscapes, or wildlands, or damage homes or other structures.
Pests also include organisms that impact human or animal health. Pest may
transmit disease or may be just a nuisance. A pest can be a plant (weed),
vertebrate (bird, rodent, or other mammal), invertebrate (insect, tick, mite or
snail), nematode, pathogenic (bacteria, virus, or fungi) that causes diseases, or
other unwanted organism that may harm water quality, animal life, or other parts
of the ecosystem.

PEST MANAGEMET

Is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long term prevention of pests or

their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control,
habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant
varieties.
ANIMAL PHYLA CONTAINING PESTS

 phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)

 Phylum: Mollusca
 Phylum: Arthropoda
 Phylum: chortdata

phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)

Nematodes are a group of worms. They occur naturally and are very hard to
detect visually. These are common soil pests that affects plants. The soil at low
levels contains numerous nematodes. They are parasites of both plants and
animals and attack insect also, however they cause severe damage to plants. But
not all nematodes are harmful to the plants, some play an essential role in
nutrient recycling. Nematodes have been known as pests of humans since the
down of medicine.

Basic characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

 Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic

 They are unsegmented and possess pseudocoelomates
 Cylindrical but tapering at the anterior and posterior end
 Uniform in structure although differ in size and habitat
 Can be found in terrestrial, freshwater, marine or parasitic habitat
 Lack suckers, mouth is surrounded by lips or papillae
 All are dioecious (separate sexes)

Examples of Nematode pest in animals

 Guinea worms
  Hookworms
 Pinworms
 Porkworms

Examples of Nematode pest in plants

 Spring dwarf nematode on lily and strawberry

 Potato-rot nematode on potato and dahlia
 Root-leision nematodes on fruit trees and field crops
 Stubby-root nematodes on vegetables

Nematodes commonly parastic on humans include whipworms, hookworms,

pinworms ascaris and filarids the species

 Trichinella spiralis: commonly known as the trichana worm, occurs in rats,

pigs and humans and is responsible for disease trichonosis
 Baylisascaris: usually in fest wild animals but can be deadly to humans as
well.
 Haemonchus contortus: is one of the most abundant infectious agents in
sheep around the world, causing great economy damage to sheep forms.

In contrast, entomthogenic nematodes parasitize insects are consider by humans

to be beneficial

Plant parastic nematodes include several groups causing severe crops losses. The
most common general are:

Aphelen choides (foliar nematodes)

 Meloidgyne (root-knot nematodes)

 Heterodera, globodera (cyst nematodes) such as the potato cyst
  Naccobus, pratylenchus (lesion nematdes)

some nematodes species transmit viruses through their feeding activity on roots.
One of them is xiphinema index, vector of GFLV (Grapevine Fan Leaf Virus), an
important disease of grapes.

SYMPTOMS OF NEMATODE DISEASES

 The infected plants by nematodes cannot grow well,

 The plants are paler than normal, often dwarfed, and may wilt in heat of
the day,
 Possession of small leaves than normal leave growth.
 These symptoms can be misunderstood with symptoms of nutrient
deficiency.
 Plants can look healthy while growing in fertile soil or during cool weather
 Reduction of flowering, fruit set and fruit development

CONTROL OF NEMATODE DISEASE

 Chemical nematicides to reduce damage to plants

 Cultural practices to lower the nematode level in the soil
 Crop rotation to reduce nematode levels in the soil. Many nematode-
resistant plant varieties are now available
 Early-season cropping/late-season plantings can avoid serious nematode
damage due to reproduction
 Increased water and nutrients will surely help plants to reduce damage due
to nematode attacks.
 Soil solarization. The high temperature will help to control nematodes

MAJOR CROPS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO NEMATODE ATTACK

About 2000 plants are susceptible to infection by root- knot nematodes and they
cause approximately 5% of global crops loss. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne
spp.) are one the three most economically damaging genera of plant- parasitic
nematodes on horticultural and field crops.

Examples are, citrus, cotton, cowpeas, peanuts, rice, soybean, cucumber, pepper,
flowers, tomato, banana, carrot, ginger, grape, strawberry, lettuce, papaw,
passion fruit, pineapple, Pumpkin, etc.

Corn

Lesion nematodes and corn cyst nematode are considered as economically

important nematodes which cause severe damage to corn called corn cyst.

CAUSATIVE AGENT OF CORN CYST

The causative agent of corn cyst is called Heterodera zeae

DIAGNOSIS

Soil analysis for extraction of cysts, juveniles and males is recommended.

Cotton

The two most important root diseases of cotton are root-knot caused by the root-
knot nematode, and Fusarium wilt.

CAUSATIVE AGENT

It is caused by the fungus called Fusarium oxysporum.

Diagnosis

The inspectors should look for the root knots caused by the root-knot nematodes
on cotton roots.
Potato

The most important nematodes threat to potato production is undoubtedly

caused by the potato cyst nematodes, which cause severe damage wherever they
are present.

CAUSATIVE AGENTS

Globodera rostochiensis (the "golden" nematode) and G. pallida

DIAGNOSIS

The inspectors should look for potato cyst nematode with small immature
females of white or yellow stages or brown cysts if the plant roots are examined
at the flowering stage. Soil analysis for extraction of cysts is also recommended

Phylum: Mollusca

Land molluscs damage cereal, potatoes, vegetables, lettuce, carrots as well as

other horticultural crops. These creatures are known for destructive nature on
cultivated plants. Several species pf molluscs such as Achatina fulicva. Mollusc
damage are characterized by holes and slimy on damage part of the crops and
vegetables. However, population of mulluscs increases according to climatic
conditions and damage the crops.

Basic Characteristics of Phlum Mollusca

 They are soft bodied un-segmented.

 Bodies differentiated into head, ventral, muscular foot for locomotion and a
burrowing and a dorsal visceral lump covered by a fold of skin.
 Some are aquatic while others are terrestrial.
 Some possess tentacles on their head
  They have eyes on the tentacle which is used for sensitivity
 The dorsal part is covered by mantle (calcium) calcareous shell
 The main body cavity is a haemocoel i.e showing primitive circulatory
system
 Gills and lungs are used for gaseous exchange
 Limbs are absent but they have muscular foot for locomotion

Example of Molluscs pest

 Slugs
 Snails
 Whelk

Symptoms of molluscs diseases

 The slug lacks shell and this permits movement into the soil in search of
food source
 They cut through plant tissue held by soft mouth and scoops out cavities in
affected plants
 In moist and warm weather, it may cause above-ground damage to leaves
of plant such as border plants establishing turf, lettuce and brussels sprout

Control of molluscs pest

 Elimination of hiding places and birth sites

 Mulching of compost or composted manure
 Use of additional organic material which help in building the population of
natura predators
  Avoidance of their favorite cuisine
 Sanitation by removal of trash, weedy growth, daytime shelters and
keeping a broad clean and dry section between crops and sources are
important cultural practice for the management of slugs and snails
 Use of mulluscicidal chemicals such as azardirachtin from an active
component isolated from kernel and metaldehyde

Phylum: Arthropoda

Humans have shown great ingenuity in adapting to life in every corner of the
globe, which has, in turn, been of great benefit to many arthropod pests. These
creatures have taken advantage of us, either exclusively or on an ‘as need be’
basis, for both food and shelter. Whether it is feeding on our blood, food, homes
or garbage, many arthropods have adapted to a life in close contact with humans.
Humans regard insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticide,
and a host of other techniques. Some insect damage crops by feeding on sap,
leaves, fruits, or wood. Some species are parasitic, and may be a vector of
diseases. Some insects perform complex ecological roles, bow-flies for example,
help consume carrion but also spread diseases.

Basic Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

• Triploblastic

• Bilaterally symmetrical

• Metamerically segmented (segmentation into similar parts)

• Paired jointed appendages on each segment, each is modified for different

 functions

• They are coelomates (fluid filed cavity) animals, although the coelom is
highly reduced

• Presence of skeletal covering, composed of chitin, this forms exoskeleton

• Possession of unstriated muscles attached to the internal organs

• Complete digestive system, with mouth and anus, with some parts that is
specialized for specific function

• Sexes are nearly always separate, may be oviparous or direct development

of members

• Presence of 3 body cavity, the head, thorax and abdomen, although in

some it may be cephalothorax (head and thorax fused)

Example of Arthropods pest

insects

 Stink bugs
 ants
 beetles
 butterflies
 Sugarcane beetle

Crustaceans

 Lobsters
 shrimps
 Crabs
Arachinds

 Scorpion
 spiders
 ticks

Arthropods are adopted to life on land, at sea and in the air. One Arthropods class
in particular, class insecta can be formidable pest, devouring crops destroying
wood structures, spreading malaria and other life-threatening disease.

Arthropoda is divided into three living subphyla: chelicerata, crustacea and

uniramia.

examples are water fleas, woodlice, scorpions, spiders tick, mites, cockroaches,
house flies, grasshoppers, mosquito, centipedes, millipedes.

Classification of Arthropods by the causes of injury

Envenomization arthropods

Venomous arthropods suchs as bees, wasps, kissing bugs, ants, caterpillar hairs,
centipede bite, spider and scorpion

Ectoparasitism

Non-venomous arthropods such as mosquito, flea, lice, mite and ticks

Inhalant allergies

Dead/decomposing bodies of insects such as cockroach feces, hairs and spines of

house dust mites

Ingestant allergens

Mites, cockroaches feces, larval stages of small beetles

Contact allergens

Uriticating caterpillar hair, blister beetles and millepedes

Food and water pests

Moth, beetle, mites, chironomids and maggots

House pests

Mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches

Myiasis

Fly maggots, feeding on human wounds

CONTROL OF ARTHROPOD PESTS

 Use of pheromones to control pest mating

 Genetic modification to produce arthropod-resistant plants
 Environmental managements
 Broad-spectrum chemical pesticides
 Integrated control measures
 Genetic measures

Phylum: chortdata

Although the majority of the world’s parasites are protists, helminths,

invertebrates, and other miscellaneous groups of organisms, parasitism has also
arisen within animals of the phylum chordata (subphylum Vertebrata). All
chordates at some time in their development, posses five derived morphological
characteristics as follows

General Characteristics of Phylum Chordata

  a dorsal tubular or hollow nerve cord
 a notochord
 pharyngeal gill slits or pouches
 endostyle
 post-anal tail

some examples of parasitic chordates are:

 remoras (which attach to sharks and rays)

 lampreys and hagfish (jawless fish)
 some birds that practice brood parasitism
 vampire bats
 rodents

many mammals act as pests. Most dangerous mammals to crops are the rodents.
They destroy crops in fields, they are harmful in houses and buildings also they
can consume all kinds of food stuffs and destroy property.

Rabbits, mice, wood chucks and some others forage in vegetable fields and
gardens. Pocket gophers eats roots of plants, while squirrels damage grain and
other crops. Besides, bigger herbivorous ungulates such as deer, bear, boar,
hippopotamus, elephant and kangaroo etc., also damage and eat up crops.

Rodents are the worst carriers and distributors of the germs of certain diseases.
Rats, mice, pigs, cats, dogs etc., transmit many diseases to humans such as
bubonic plague, typhus, relapsing fever, spotted fever, tularemia, trichinia and
hydrophobia etc.

CONTROL OF CHORDATE PEST

  Fumigation for rodents
 Use of toxicants such as zinc phosphate
 Use of baits and traps
 Eliminate ground cover in and around crops, lawns and cultivated areas
 Food items to be stored in rodent-proof containers
 Use of moth flakes or moth balls
 Frightening
 Exclusion with mesh wire or plastics or nylon netting

METHOD OF CONTROLLING PESTS

biological control

biological control is the use of natural enemies-predators, parasites, pathogens,

and competitors, to control pests and their damage. Invertebrates, plant
pathogens, nematodes, weeds, and vertebrates have many natural remedies.

Cultural control

Cultural controls are practices that reduces pest establishment, reproduction,

dispersal and survival. For example, changing irrigation practices can reduce pest
problems, since too much water can increase root disease and weeds

Mechanical and physical control

Mechanical and physical controls kill a pest directly, block pests out, or make the
environment unsuitable for it. Traps for rodents are examples of mechanical
control. Physical controls include mulches for weed management, steam
sterilization of the soil for disease management, or barriers such as screens to
keep birds or insects out.
Chemical control

Chemical control is the use of pesticide. Pesticide are used only when needed and
in combination with other approaches for more effective, long-term control.
Pesticides are selected and applied in a way that minimizes their possible harm to
people, non-target organisms, and the environment.

Advanced methods of controlling pest

Several advance techniques for pest control were developed to prevent and
minimize the loss of crops and diseases due to pests in the ecosystem. Some of
the methods includes:

 Biorational products

Biologically based pesticides products or biorational products contain

pheromones (a chemical substance released by an animal into the
environment, particularly an insect or a mammal, affecting the physiology or
behavior of its other species) or living microorganisms, which have little
negative impact on the environment and are nontoxic. eg. Bacillud
thuringiensis based (Bt-based) microbial pesticides are most effective
biorational pesticides. These types of product can be used in the place of
competitive chemical products.

 Insect growth regulators (IGRs)

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are synthetic insect hormones, which can be
used as insecticides to regulates the populations of harmful insect pests. IGRs
prevent an insect from reaching maturity by interfering with molting process.
 Many IGR products are mixed with other insecticides that kill adult insects.
IGRs are generally less toxic to humans.

 CRISPR technology to control

CRISPR gene editing tool is a method to alter key genes that regulates the
fertility and sex determination of insects. CRISPR technology has allowed
researchers to invent a new effective control technology which can be safe,
self-limiting, and scalable genetic population for a specific species. It has a
potential to be developed and utilized for a plethora of insect pests and
disease vectors. This technology can be safely used in the field to suppress and
even destroy target species.

 Second Generation Green Product

Since last few years, the major focus surrounding green products has been
from a public health perspective. The demand of green product is increasing
and shifting to eco-protection. Nowadays, second-generation green products
are emerging. These products will have a better ingredient, greater efficacy,
and less disadvantages. For example, a first-generation insecticide containing
plant essential oils may have an unpleasant smell. In contrast to this, second-
generation insecticide contains different amounts of the original ingredients or
other materials, which reduces the smell, while it is still being effective.

PESTICIDES

A pesticide is defined as a chemical agent used to destroy or control pests. Or A

pesticide is defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for
preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest according to federal and
state law. The root word is the latin word “cida” which means to kill. The generic
term “pesticides” can apply to a wide spectrum of chemicals, including
insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides, fungicides, biocides and similar chemicals.

A pesticide is any substance used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or
animal life that are considered to be pests. Pesticide include herbicides for
destroying weeds and other unwanted vegetation, insecticides for controlling a
wide variety of insects, fungicides used to prevent the growth of molds and
mildew, disinfectants for preventing the spread of bacteria and compounds used
to control mice and rats.

TYPES OF PESTICIDES

These are grouped according to the types of pests which they kill

 Insecticides for insects

 Herbicides for plants
 Rodenticides for rodents
 Bactericides for bacteria
 Fungicides for fungi
 Larvicides for larvae

Based on how biodegradable they are

Pesticides can also be considered as

 Biodegradable: the biodegradable kind is those which can be broken down

by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds
 Persistent: while the persistent ones are those which may take months or
years to breakdown
Another way to classify these is to consider those that are chemical forms or are
derived from a common source or production methods.

Chemically-related pesticides:

 Organophosphate: most organophosphate are insecticides; they affect the

nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates a
neurotransmitter
 Carbamate: similar to the organophosphorpus pesticides, the carbamate
pesticide also affects the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that
regulates the neurotransmitter. However, the enzyme effects are usually
reversible.
 Organochlorine insecticides: they were commonly used earlier, but now
many countries have been removed organochlorine insecticides from their
market due to their health and environmental effects and their persistence
(e.g., DDT, chlordane, and toxaphene).
 Pyrethroid: these are synthetic version of pyrethrin, a naturally occurring
pesticide, found in chrysanthemums (flower). They were developed in such
a way as to maximise their stability in the environment.
 Biopesticides: the biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived
from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain
minerals.

Examples of Pesticides

Examples of some specific synthetic chemical pesticides are:

 Glyphosate
  Acephate
 Deet
 Metaldehyde
 Boric acid
 Diazinon
 Malathion etc.,

Benefits of Pesticides

The major advantage of pesticides is that they can save farmers, by protecting
crops from insects and other pests. However below are some other primary
benefits of it.

 Controlling pests and plant disease vectors

 Controlling human/livestock disease vectors and nuisance organisms
 Controlling organisms that harm other human activities and structures

Effects of Pesticides

 The toxic chemicals in these are designed to deliberately released into the
environment. Though each pesticide is meant to kill a certain pest, a very
large percentage of pesticides reach a destination other than their target.
Instead, they enter the air, water, sediments, and even end up in our food.
 Pesticides have been linked with human health hazards, from short-term
impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, and
reproductive harm.
 The use of these also decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. If there
are no chemicals in the soil there is higher soil quality, and this allows for
higher water retention, which is necessary for plants to grow.
SAFETY INFORMATION ON THE PESTICIDE LABEL

Note: always read and follow label directions before buying or using a pesticide.
Follow all appropriate federal, state, tribal and local regulations

Safety and legal use of pesticides requires that the entire label be followed, but
some label information is particularly focused on safety.

Some information on the label includes:

 Signal word: danger, warning or caution is found on many labels, and

indicates the acute level of toxicity if the product is swallowed, spilled on
skin, splashed in eyes, or inhaled. Danger poison with a skull and
crossbones appears on the most toxic pesticides.
 Child hazard warning: “keep out of reach of children” appears on almost all
labels, unless the requirements is waived because the likelihood of contact
with childrenis extremely remote.
 Precautionary statements: precautionary statements contain specific 1)
hazards to humans and domestic animals (2) environmental hazards, and
(3) physical and chemical hazards
 First Aid statements: this explains the appropriate first aid if someone is
exposed to the pesticide.
 Personal protective equipment: this explains what to wear when handling
the pesticide.
 Restricted Entry Statement: This indicates the amount of time following
the pesticide application when entry to the treated area is not allowed. The
pesticide may have different REIs for different crops and sites.