SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION

Standard Formulae

Function of x n th derivative w.r.t. x

m!
yn = (m−n)! an (ax + b)m−n if m>n
y=(ax + b)m
=n! an if m=n
=0 if n>m

y=
1 (−1)n (m + n − 1)! an
(ax+b)m yn =
(m − 1)! (ax + b)m+n

y=
1 (−1)n n! an
(ax+b) yn =
(ax + b)n+1
y=log (ax+ b) (−1)n−1 (n − 1)! an
yn =
(ax + b)n
y=amx yn = mn amx (loga)n

y=emx yn = mn emx
y= cos (ax+ b) nπ
yn = an cos(ax + b + )
2
y=sin(ax+ b) nπ
yn = an sin(ax + b + )
2
y=eax cos(bx + c) yn = r n eax cos(bx + c + nθ)

b
where r=√a2 + b 2 & θ = tan−1 ( )
a

y=eax s in(bx + c) yn = r n eax sin(bx + c + nθ)

b
where r=√a2 + b 2 & θ = tan−1 ( )
a

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Problems
01.Find the nth derivative w. r. t. x of the following
x 8x
(a) (M − 16) (b) (𝐃 − 𝟎𝟕)
( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x3 −2x2 −4x+8

x3 x2 + 4
(c) y = (D-17) (d) (D-12)
(x + 1)( x − 2) ( x − 1) 2 (2 x + 3)
02.Find the nth order derivative of the following
1 2x x−x−1
(a) (b) tan−1 x (c) sin−1 ( ) (d) cos−1 ( )
x2 +a2 1+x2 x+x−1

03.(a) If y = (x − 1)n show that y +

y1 y 2 y
+ + L + n = xn
1! 2! n!
 x − 1  x−n x+n 
 S.T. y n = (− 1) (n − 2)!
n −2
(b)If y = x log − 
 x + 1  (x − 1) (x + 1)n 
n

04. Find the nth derivative of

(a ) cos 4 x (b) sin 5 x (c) sin x sin x sin 3x(D − 14)
x x
(d) e x cos x cos 2x(M − 16) (d) e 2 x sin cos sin 3x(D − 17)
2 2
Homework
x 1
05.Find the nth derivative w. r. t. x of (a) (D-07) (b) (M-09) (c) tan−1
x2 +a2 3 2
x + x + x +1
 2x 
 2
(d) cos3 x sin 2 x (M-19)
1 − x 

06. If I n =
dn
dx n
(x n
)
log x show that I n = (n − 1)!+ n I n −1 and hence

 1 1 1
I n = n! log x + 1 + + +  + 
 2 3 n
07. Find the nth derivative of
(a) cos5xcos3xcosx (M - 17,M − 13) (b) 2x cosxsin2x (D - 16, D - 13)
(c)2x cos9x (M − 09) (d) sin px + cos px as pn [1 + (−1)n sin 2px]1 / 2 (D-15,M-14)

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Leibnitz’s Theorem

(uv)n = n C 0 un v + n C1 un−1 v1 + n C1 un−2 v2 + ⋯ + n C n uvn

08. Find the nth derivative w. r. t. x of the following

(a ) x 3 e 2 x (b) x 3 cos 2 x

09. If y = x log (x + 1) show that y n =

(− 1)n − 2 (n − 2)!(x + n )
(x + 1)n
−1 x
10.If y = emsin show that (M-08)
(a) (1 − x 2 )y2 − xy1 − m2 y = 0
(b) (1 − x 2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − (n2 + m2 )yn = 0
11. If y = log(x + √x 2 + 1) then show that
(a) (1 + x 2 )y2 + xy1 = 0
(b) (1 + x 2 )yn+2 + (2n + 1)xyn+1 + n2 yn = 0
(c) yn (0) = 0, and y2n+1 (0) = (−1)n [12 . 32 . 52 . . . . (2n − 1)2 ]
12. If y= cos(m sin −1x) S T.(1 − x 2 )yn+2 − (2n + 1)xyn+1 − (n2 + m2 )yn = 0 (𝐃 − 𝟏𝟑 (D-17)
13. If y= sin[log( x 2 + 2 x + 1)] then show that
(x + 1)2 yn+2 + (2n + 1)(x + 1)yn+1 + (n2 + 4)yn = 0 (M-15, M-12)
sin h−1 x
14. If y = = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ⋯ then show that
√1+x2
(a) (1 + x 2 )y1 + xy = 1
(b) (1 + x 2 )yn+2 + (2n + 3)xyn+1 + (n + 1)2 yn = 0
(c) y2n (0) = 0 and y2n+1 (0) = (−1)n 22 . 42 . . . . (2n)2
(d) (n + 2)an+2 + (n + 1)an = 0

15. If y = (sin - 1x) 2 obtain y (0) (D-12)

n

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Homework
x cos 
15. (a ) e cos( x sin ) (b) x 3 cosh 2 x (c) x 2 e 3x cos 3 x
2n
16.By forming the nth derivative of x in 2 ways show that
n2 n 2 (n − 1)2 n 2 (n − 1)2 (n − 2)2 (2n )!
1+ + + +=
12 12 . 2 2 12 . 2 2 . 32 (n!) 2
log x 5!  1 1 1 1 
17. (a) If y = show that y 5 = 6 1 + + + + + − log x  (M-10)
x x  2 3 4 5 
n!
(b) If y = x n log x show that y n +1 = (D-08)
x
1  ( x 2 − 1) yn + 2 + (2n + 1) xyn +1 + (n 2 + m 2 ) yn = 0(D − 15)
6. If x = cos log y  s.t.
m 
17.If y = ( x + x 2 − 1) then show that
(x 2 − 1)yn+2 + (2n + 1)xyn+1 + (n2 − m)yn = 0 (D-16)
1 −1
18. If y m − y m = 2x show that
(a) (1 + x 2 )y2 + xy1 − m2 y = 0
(b) (1 + x 2 )yn+2 + (2n + 1)xyn+1 + (n2 − m2 )yn = 0 (M-13, D-10)
mx m2 x2 m(m2 −12 )x3
(c) y = 1 + + + + ⋯
1! 2! 3!
sin −1 x
19. If y = then s.t (1 − x 2 )yn+1 − (2n + 1)xyn − n2 yn−1 = 0
√1−x2
and find y n (0) (D-14, M-14)
−1 x
20. If y = etan = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ⋯ show that
(a) (1 + x 2 )y1 = y
(b) (1 + x 2 )yn+2 + [(2(n + 1)x−1]yn+1 − n(n + 1) yn = 0 (M-17,M-16)
(c) (n + 2)an+2 + nan = an+1
21. If y = acos(logx) + bsin(logx) then show that
x 2 yn+2 + (2n + 1)xyn+1 + (n2 + 1)yn = 0 (M-19)

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Expansion of Functions in Series
x x2 x3
f ( x ) = f (0) + f (0) + f (0) + f (0) + ...... ( Maclaurin Series)
1! 2! 3!
01. Derive the following standard expansions
x3 x5 x2 x4
(a) sin x= x − + −⋯ (b) cos x = 1 − + −⋯
3! 5! 2! 4!
1 3 2 x2
(c) tan x= x + x + x5 ⋯ (d) ex = 1 + x + +⋯
3 15 2!
x2 x3
(e) log (1+x) = x − + −⋯ |x| < 1
2 3
nx n(n−1)x2
(f) (1 + x)n = 1 + + +⋯ |x| < 1
1! 2!
π 1 x2 2x3
02. Show that log sec ( + x) = log2 + x + + + ⋯ (D-11)
4 2 1 3
03. Show that
x3 2 x2 7
(a) tan h x = x − + x5 − ⋯ (b) x cosec x = 1 + + x 4 − ⋯ (D-17)
3 15 2 360
x 1 1 1
(c) =1− x+ x2 − x 4 − ⋯ and hence deduce
ex −1 2 12 720
𝑥 ex +1 1 2 1 4
( ) = 1 + 12 x − 720 x − ⋯ (M-14)
2 ex −1
04. Expand in ascending powers of x upto the term x 4 the following functions
(a)(1 + x)x (b)ex sin x (c)sin (ex − 1) (D-16)(d) sec 2 x (M-16) (e) e x log( 1 + x)
05. Show that
1
x 5x2 x3 251
(a) log [log(1 + x)x ] = − + − + x4 − ⋯
2 24 8 2880
x2 2x3
(b) log (1+tan x) = x − + −⋯
2 3
sinh x x2 x4 x6
(c) log (
x
)= 6
−
180
+
2835
−⋯
06. Show that
1 x3 1 3 x5 1 3 5 x7
(a) sin−1 x = x + + + + ⋯ and hence
2 3 2 4 5 2 4 6 7
1 8 sin−1 x 2 8
(b)(sin−1 x)2 = x 2 + x 4 + x 6 ⋯ (c) = x + x3 + x5 ⋯
3 45 √1−x2 3 15
1
(d) sin−1 (3x − 4x ) = 3 sin
3 −1 −1
x (e) sec (1−2x2 ) = 2 sin−1 x
π
1 −1 x x2 x3
(f) eθ = 1 + sin θ + sin2 θ + ⋯ (g) ecos = e 2 (1 − x + − ⋯ )(D-08)
2! 2 3
x2 x4 x6
07. S.T. (a) log sec x = + + ⋯ (𝐃 − 𝟏𝟓, 𝐃 − 𝟏𝟒, 𝐌 − 𝟎𝟗)
2 12 45
x3 3 x5
(b) log (x + √1 + x2) =x− + −⋯
6 40

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Taylor Series
f (h ) f (h ) f (h )
f(x + h)=f(h) +x + x2 + x3 +  in ascending powers of x.
1! 2! 3!
08. Using Taylor series
π
(a)Find the first 4 terms of tan( + x) in ascending powers of x and hence find
4
° ′
the value of (tan 46 30 ) correct to 4 decimal places.
(b)Arrange 7 + (x + 2) + 3(x + 2)3 + (x + 2)4 − (x + 2)5 in ascending
powers of x.(D-13)
f (a ) f (a ) f (a )
f(x)=f(a) +(x-a) + (x − a ) 2 + (x − a )3 + in ascending powers of( x-a).
1! 2! 3!
09. (a)Expand 2x 3 + 7x 2 + x − 6 in ascending powers of (x-2) (M-17,D-16).
(b)Expand tan−1 x in powers of (x-1) and hence find tan−1 (1.003) (M-15)
𝜋
(c) Expand tan−1 x in powers of (𝑥 − ) (M-19)
4

Homework
π 4x3 4x5
10. Show that (a)log tan( + x) = 2x + + +⋯
4 3 3
x x2 x4 2x4
(b)log (1+ex ) = log2 + + − +⋯ (c) sec 2 x = 1 + x 2 + + ⋯(D-08)
2 8 192 3
11. Derive the Maclaurin’s series expansion for log (1+x) (M-14);
1+x 11
hence find the series expansion of log ( ) and the value of log sec ( 9 ) ;
1−x
also find the expansion of tan h−1 x and log (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ) (M-13)
and log (1 − x + x 2 ) (D-13)
x3 1
12. Show that sin h x = x + + x5 − ⋯ (M-15)
3! 5!

13. Expand in ascending powers of x upto the term x 4 the following functions
x
(a) ee (b) ex cos x (M-10) (c) log (1+cos x) (d)log (1+sin x) (𝐃 − 𝟏𝟐)
xex 𝑥 𝑥2 x4
14. Show that log (
ex −1
) = 2 − 24 + 2880 − ⋯
x3 x5 x7
15. Show that tan−1 x = x − + − + ⋯ (M-17) and hence find expansions of
3 5 7
2x
(a) log (1 + x 2 ) (D-10) (b)sin−1 ( 2 )
1+x
√1+x2 −1
(c) cos −1 [tanh(logx)] (D-17) (d) tan−1 ( ) (M-10)
x
1 1 7
(e) eθ = 1 + tan θ + tan2 θ − tan3 θ + tan4 θ ⋯
2! 3! 4!

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 x2 x4 x6
16.Show that log cos x = − − − −⋯
2 12 45

Indeterminate Forms
0 
L’Hospitals Rule for indeterminate forms and
0 
f (x) f ( x)
If lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = 0 then lim = lim
x →a x →a x → a g( x ) x → a g( x )
f (x) f ( x)
If lim f (x) =  and lim g(x) =  then lim = lim
x →a x →a x → a g( x ) x → a g( x )

Problems
0
01. Evaluate the following indeterminate forms
0
xx − x tan x − sin x
(a) lim (M-13) (b) lim
x →1 x − 1 − log x sin 3 x x →0
ae x − b cos x + ce− x
02. Find the values of the constants a, b, c if (a) lim = 2 (M-08)
x →0 x sin x
x(1 + a cos x) − b sin x ae x − be − x − cx
(b) lim = 1 (M-16) (c) lim = 4 (D-15,D-10)
x →0 x3 x →0 x − sin x
03. Show that
tan x tan −1 x − x 2 2 e x sin x − cosh( 2x ) 1
(a) lim 6
= (b) lim =
x →0 x 9 x →0 x4 6
1
1
(1 + x) x − e + ex
2 = 11 e e 2 x − (1 + x) 2
(c) lim (d) lim (D-16)
x →0 x2 24 x →0 x log( 1 + x)

04. Evaluate the indeterminate forms

sinh −1 x log sin x (cos x )
(a) lim log tan x (tan 2x) (D-08) (b) lim cosh−1 x (c) lim
x →0 x → x →0  x
log x  cos 
sin  2
2
05. Evaluate the following  −  indeterminate forms

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 a x  1 1 
(a) lim  x − cot a  (M-11) (b) lim  x − 3 − log( x − 2)  (M − 19)
x →0 x →3  
06. Evaluate the following 0. indeterminate forms
x x
(a) lim log(1 − x ) cot (b) lim log(1 − x ) cot
x →0 2 x →1 2

07. Evaluate the following 0 0 ,  0 , 1 indeterminate forms

1
2 log(1− x )
(a) lim (1 − x ) (b) lim (1 + tan x)
cot x
(M-14) (c) lim (cot x)
sin x
(D-17)
x →1 x →0 x →0

3x
1 1  1 1 1 
 tan x  x 2  1x + 2 x + 3x + 4 x x  a x + bx + cx 
(c) lim   (d) lim   (M-12) (e) lim 
 
x →0  x  x →0  4  x →  3 

 

Homework

08. Evaluate
1 log x (cos x )
sin x − x + x 3
6
sec
2 sin x sin −1 x − x 2
(a ) lim (b) lim (c) lim (M-15)
x →0 x 5
x →0  x x →0 x6
log sec x  cos 
 2
1  log sin x (cos x ) sinh −1 x
(d) lim  x 2 − cot2 x  (D-12) (e) lim (f) lim −1
x →0  x →0  x x →  cosh x
log x  cos 
sin  2
2
e x sin x − x − x 2 x sin(sin x ) − sin 2 x 2
(g) lim 2 (D-11) (h) lim (i) lim (cosecx) tan x
x →0 x + x log(1 − x )
6
x →0 x x →0
a−x 1− x sin x
( j) lim sin −1 cosec a 2 − x 2 (D-07) (k) lim
x →a a+x x →0 x log x
a sinh x + b sin x 5
09. Find the values of a and b if (a) lim = (D-14, M-09)
x →0 x3 3
a sin x + b log cos x 1
2
(b) lim = (D-09)
x →0 x4 2
−1 sin −1 x − x
10. Find the expansion of sin x and hence obtain lim
x →0 x3

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