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Numeration Inked

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18 views32 pages

Numeration Inked

Uploaded by

kongdehou4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Numeration

COMPSCI 1020
Outline
• Binary numbers
• Operations on binary numbers
Computer Number Systems
• In computers, information is transmitted using
electricity.
• Electricity moving through a wire is represented as 0
(off) or 1 (on).
• Because of this, computers use a number system
that only uses digits 0 and 1.
• Called binary numbers
What do we use?
• Our numeration system is decimal.
• It uses the digits 0-9 to count.
• Numbers larger than 9 are represented using
multiple digits.
– The value of a multi-digit number is calculated
using powers of 10.
Binary numbers
• Only digits are 0 and 1.
– Numbers larger than 1 need multiple digits.
• Next number after 1 is 10.
• Then 11 .. Then what?
• How do we understand binary numbers in terms of
their actual value?
– Decimal numbers were represented using powers
of 10
– Binary numbers are represented using powers of
2.
Sequence of Binary Numbers
• How do sequences of numbers work?

• …88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,
101…

• In binary:
Binary numbers
• Sequence is 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, …
• How do we understand binary numbers in terms of
their actual value?
– Decimal numbers were represented using powers
of 10
– Binary numbers are represented using powers of
2.
Binary Number Example
• Consider 10110. What value does it correspond to?
Terminology for binary numbers
• We refer to “binary digits” as “bits” – one bit is
either 0 or 1.
• We often also talk about “bytes” (8-bit numbers).
• We won’t worry about bytes because they are used
in the context of computer memory.
– 1 TB hard drive = 1 trillion bytes of storage.
Terminology - Base
• We also can talk about the base of a number.
• Decimal is “base 10”
• Binary is “base 2”
Notation for numbers
• Since we need to talk about multiple number types,
we need some notation.
• If X is a string of 0s and 1s (representing a binary
number) then dec(X) is the numerical value of the
string.
• e.g., what is dec(10010) ?
• If n is a decimal number, then bin(n) is the string of
0s and 1s (without leading zeroes) whose value as a
binary number is n
Binary Number: conversions
• How do we convert a number from binary into
decimal?
• How do we convert a number from decimal into
binary?
Binary to Decimal
• We’ve seen this already.
• Use the representation form using exponents.
Binary to Decimal
• Another way to think about conversion: assign a
power of two to each position.
• e.g., convert 1001011001 to decimal.
Decimal to Binary
• To convert a decimal number to binary we will use an
algorithm.
• Need two operations first
Helpful Operation: integer division
• Integer division: x div y = x divided by y with no
fractional part.
– In python, operation is //
– In Java/C/C++/C#, operation is / with two integers.
Helpful Operation: remainder
• Remainder: x mod y = remainder when x is
divided by y. (what’s “left over”)
– Obtained from the grade-school division algorithm
– In python and java, use %.
Decimal to Binary
Input: positive number n (n>0)
Output: the bin(n), the binary number with value n.

1. d = n mod 2
2. n = n div 2
3. next (higher) digit of output is d
4. if n > 0 then go to step 1.
Decimal to Binary Example
• Let’s find the binary value of 119.
Operations on Binary Numbers
• How do we add two binary numbers?
• Can use our standard “grade school” algorithm.
• Just need to remember that 1+0 = 0+1=1 and 1+1=10
in binary 1 1 0 1 1
• 11011 + 1010 = ? + 1 0 1 0

• Check: dec(11011) = 27 and dec(1010) = 10


• Result =
• In Decimal =
Carry digit in binary addition
• Let’s do another addition: 1011+11 = ?

• Notice how the only carry digit can only ever be 1.


• This is important for computer hardware.
Binary Multiplication
• Binary multiplication can be done using grade school
algorithm too.
• Easy because we only need to multiply by 0 and 1.
• Then add.
Negative numbers?
• In decimal numbers we represent negative numbers
using a negative sign before the number.
• What can we do in binary numbers to represent
negative numbers?
• “Two’s complement”
• Usually consider with fixed width binary numbers
(i.e., a given size, 8 bit, 16 bit, etc.)
Two’s Complement
• We will use the most significant digit for representing
whether a number is positive or negative.
– The most significant digit is the first digit when
reading left-to-right.
• The remaining digits (not including the most
significant) will represent the number (without the
sign).

1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
Two’s Complement - Positive
• Most significant digit is 0
• Remaining numbers represent a binary number as
we’ve seen.
• To fit in a fixed width, may have additional leading
zeroes.
• e.g., +13 as an 8-bit number.
Two’s Complement - Negative
How do we get two’s complement of a number -X ?

1. Take the binary representation of (+X) (with sign bit)

2. Flip all the bits, including the sign bit.

3. Add 1 to this number, ignoring any overflow.


Two’s Complement
• What is bin(-119) as an • Add the binary
8-bit number? representations of 119
• Hint: we already and -119.
showed that bin(119) =
1110111
Two’s Complement
• Add the binary representations of 119 and -119.
Other Numeration Systems?
• We could play the same game with other numbers to
form other numeration systems.
– E.g., octal numbers are numbers in base 8.
– 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,20,21…
• Hexadecimal systems are important in computer
systems.
Hexadecimal Numbers
• Hexadecimal numbers (base 16) are important in
computer science.
– Digits are 0,1,2,…,9,a,b,c,d,e,f
– Digits 0-9 are used as normal
– Digit a means 10, digit b means 11, digit c means
12, …. digit f means 15.
• Represent numbers using powers of 16.
Hexadecimal Hands
• It’s impossible to get AI to generate an image of
hands with eight fingers.
Hexadecimal Examples
• Use dec(X) to represent the value of a hexadecimal
number in decimal.
• dec(9f)

• dec(bee)

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