22520

CO/CM/IF/CW
Advanced Computer network
Summer 2023 Paper
Question 2

2. Attempt any THREE of the following: (12M)

(a) Explain classful addressing mechanism of IPv4.

=> Classful addressing was an early method of allocating IP addresses in IPv4.

Classful IP addressing is a way of organizing and managing IP addresses, which
are used to identify devices on a network. Think of IP addresses like street
addresses for houses; each device on a network needs its unique address to
communicate with other devices. It divided the IP address space into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E. Each class had a predetermined number of bits for the network
ID and host ID portions of the address.

How it Works

• IP Address Structure: An IPv4 address is 32 bits long, typically represented in

dotted decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.100).
• Class Identification: The first bit of the address determines the class.
• Network ID: The initial bits of the address (depending on the class) represent
the network ID.
• Host ID: The remaining bits represent the host ID within the network.

Address Classes
Class Default Mask Network Bits Host Bits Address Range

A 255.0.0.0 8 24 1.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255

B 255.255.0.0 16 16 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

C 255.255.255.0 24 8 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

D - 32 0 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 (Multicast)

E - 32 0 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 (Reserved)

 Limitations of Classful Addressing

• Inefficient Address Allocation: Large networks were forced to use class A or

B addresses, wasting address space.
• Limited Number of Networks: The number of available networks was
restricted by the class definitions.
• Subnetting Difficulties: Subnetting was complex and inefficient.

(b) Differentiate between TCP and UDP.

=>
Characteristics TCP UDP
Connection TCP is connection-oriented Protocol UDP is connection less
Protocol
Reliability It provides reliable delivery of It provides unreliable delivery of
messages messages

Error Handling TCP makes checks for errors and UDP does error checking but no
reporting reporting.

Flow controlling TCP has flow control UDP has no flow control

Data TCP gives guarantee that the order No guarantee of the data
transmission of the data at the receiving end is the transmission order
order same as the sending end

Header Size 20 bytes 8 bytes

Acknowledgment TCP acknowledges the data UDP has no acknowledgment
reception Section
Use Used where reliability is Used where time sensitivity is
important more important.

Overhead Low Very low

Speed High Very high
Application FTP, Telnet, SMTP, DNS, DNS, BOOTP, DHCP,
HTTP, POP TFTP, RIP
(c) Describe HTTP response message format.

=> HTTP Response sent by a server to the client. The response is used to provide
the client with the resource it requested. It is also used to inform the client that the
action requested has been carried out. It can also inform the client that an error
occurred in processing its request.

An HTTP response contains the following things:

1. Status Line
2. Response Header Fields or a series of HTTP headers
3. Message Body

1. Status Line

In the response message, the status line is the first line. The status line contains three
items:

a) HTTP Version Number

It is used to show the HTTP specification to which the server has tried to make the
message comply.

Example

1. HTTP-Version = HTTP/1.1

b) Status Code

It is a three-digit number that indicates the result of the request. The first digit defines
the class of the response. The last two digits do not have any categorization role.
There are five values for the first digit, which are as follows:

Code and Description

1xx: Information: It shows that the request was received and continuing the process.

2xx: Success: It shows that the action was received successfully, understood, and
accepted.

3xx: Redirection: It shows that further action must be taken to complete the request.
4xx: Client Error: It shows that the request contains incorrect syntax, or it cannot be
fulfilled.

5xx: Server Error: It shows that the server failed to fulfil a valid request.

c) Reason Phrase

It is also known as the status text. It is a human-readable text that summarizes the
meaning of the status code.

An example of the response line is as follows:

1. HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Here, HTTP/1.1 is the HTTP version, 200 is the status code, OK is the reason phrase.

2. Response Header Fields

The HTTP Headers for the response of the server contain the information that a client
can use to find out more about the response, and about the server that sent it. This
information is used to assist the client with displaying the response to a user, with
storing the response for the use of future, and with making further requests to the
server now or in the future.

1. response-header = Accept-Ranges
2. | Age
3. | ETag
4. | Location
5. | Proxy-Authenticate
6. | Retry-After
7. | Server
8. | Vary
9. | WWW-Authenticate

The name of the Response-header field can be extended reliably only in combination
with a change in the version of the protocol.

3. Message Body

The response's message body may be referred to for convenience as a response body.
The body of the message is used for most responses. The exceptions are where a
server is using certain status codes and where the server is responding to a client
request, which asks for the headers but not the response body.
For a response to a successful request, the body of the message contains either some
information about the status of the action which is requested by the client or the
resource which is requested by the client.

(d) Explain Network address translation.

=>

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method of mapping one IP address space

into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets
while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.

How NAT works

• Private Network: A private network uses private IP addresses (those not

routable on the internet) to communicate within its boundaries.
• Public IP Address: A single public IP address is assigned to the network's
router or firewall.
• Translation: When a device on the private network sends a packet to the
internet, the NAT device replaces the private source IP address with the public
IP address.
• Port Number: To differentiate between multiple devices on the private
network using the same public IP address, NAT also modifies the source port
number.
• Inbound Traffic: When a response packet arrives from the internet, the NAT
device uses the public IP address and port number to identify the
corresponding private IP address and port number.

Types of NAT

• Static NAT: A one-to-one mapping between a private IP address and a public

IP address.
 • Dynamic NAT: Assigns a public IP address from a pool to a private IP address
on demand.
• Port Address Translation (PAT): Allows multiple private devices to share a
single public IP address by using different port numbers.

Benefits of NAT

• Address Conservation: Efficient use of public IP addresses.

• Security: Protects private network devices from external threats.
• Simplified Network Management: Reduces the need for IP address
management on private networks.

Drawbacks of NAT

• Increased Complexity: NAT can introduce complexity in network

troubleshooting and communication.
• Restrictions on Services: Some applications may not work correctly behind a
NAT device due to port restrictions or address information loss.
• Difficulty in Peer-to-Peer Connections: NAT can hinder peer-to-peer
applications.

In essence, NAT acts as a gateway between a private network and the public internet,
enabling multiple devices to share a single public IP address. It has been essential in
addressing the IPv4 address shortage but also introduces certain challenges.

*****All The Best Students*****

Keep Learning…… Happy Learning……..