Smart City View

A Report submitted under Project-Based Learning

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements for

“Web Technologies (22IT104001)”

Submitted By

Meghana Paruchuri 22102A040518

Guddeti Harshitha Reddy 22102A040509
Veeramaneni Harshitha 22102A040506
Palapati Pavani 22102A040502
Venkata Hari 22102A040508

Under the Guidance of

M.Surya

Department of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

School of Computing
MOHAN BABU UNIVERSITY
Sree Sainath Nagar, Tirupati – 517 102
2024-2025
 MOHAN BABU UNIVERSITY
Vision
To be a globally respected institution with an innovative and entrepreneurial culture that offers
transformative education to advance sustainability and societal good.

Mission
❖ Develop industry-focused professionals with a global perspective.

❖ Offer academic programs that provide transformative learning experience founded on the
spirit of curiosity, innovation, and integrity.

❖ Create confluence of research, innovation, and ideation to bring about sustainable and
socially relevant enterprises.

❖ Uphold high standards of professional ethics leading to harmonious relationship with

environment and society.

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

Vision
To lead the advancement of computer science research and education that has real-world
impact and to push the frontiers of innovation in the field.

Mission
❖ Instil within our students fundamental computing knowledge, a broad set of skills, and
an inquisitive attitude to create innovative solutions to serve industry and community.

❖ Provide an experience par excellence with our state-of-the-art research, innovation, and
incubation ecosystem to realise our learners’ fullest potential.

❖ Impart continued education and research support to working professionals in the

computing domain to enhance their expertise in the cutting-edge technologies.

❖ Inculcate among the computing engineers of tomorrow with a spirit to solve societal
challenges.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Vision
To become a Centre of Excellence in Computer Science and its emerging areas by imparting high
quality education through teaching, training and research.
 Mission
Imparting quality education in Computer Science and Engineering and emerging areas of IT
industry by disseminating knowledge through contemporary curriculum, competent faculty
and effective teaching-learning methodologies.

Nurture research, innovation and entrepreneurial skills among faculty and students to
contribute to the needs of industry and society.

Inculcate professional attitude, ethical and social responsibilities for prospective and
promising engineering professions.

Encourage students to engage in life-long learning by creating awareness of the

contemporary developments in Computer Science and Engineering and its emerging areas.
 B.Tech. Computer Science and Engineering
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

After few years of graduation, the graduates of B.Tech. CSE will be:
PEO1. Pursuing higher studies in core, specialized or allied areas of Computer Science, or
Management.
PEO2. Employed in reputed Computer and I.T organizations or Government to have a
globally competent professional career in Computer Science and Engineering
domain or be successful Entrepreneurs.
PEO3. Able to demonstrate effective communication, engage in teamwork, exhibit
leadership skills and ethical attitude, and achieve professional
advancement through continuing education.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

On successful completion of the Program, the graduates of B.Tech. CSE Program will be
able to:
PO1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
PO2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4. Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of
data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
PO12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

On successful completion of the Program, the graduates of B. Tech. (CSE) program will be
able to:
PSO1. Apply knowledge of computer science engineering, Use modern tools, techniques
and technologies for efficient design and development of computer-based systems
for complex engineering problems.
PSO2. Design and deploy networked systems using standards and principles, evaluate
security measures for complex networks, apply procedures and tools to solve
networking issues.
PSO3. Develop intelligent systems by applying adaptive algorithms and methodologies for
solving problems from inter-disciplinary domains.
PSO4. Apply suitable models, tools and techniques to perform data analytics for effective
decision making.

Course Code Course Title L T P S C

22IT104001 WEB TECHNOLOGIES 3 - 2 4 5

COURSE OUTCOMES: After successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
CO1. Demonstrate knowledge on web page design elements, dynamic content and database
connection.
CO2. Analyze user requirements to develop web applications.
CO3. Design client-server applications using web technologies.
CO4. Demonstrate problem solving skills to develop enterprise web applications.
CO5. Apply HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, Bootstrap and PHP technologies for device
independent web application development.
CO6. Apply web technologies to develop interactive, dynamic and scalable web applications for
societal needs.

CO-PO-PSO Mapping Table:

Program Specific
Program Outcomes
Course Outcomes
Outcomes P P P P P P P P
PO PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO PSO
O O O O O O O O
1 0 1 2 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CO1 3 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 3 2 3 -
CO2 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 2 3 -
CO3 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 3 2 3 -
CO4 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - 2 2 3 -
CO5 3 2 2 2 2 3 - - - - - - 2 2 3 -
CO6 2 3 3
Course
Correlation 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3
Mapping

Correlation Levels: 3: High; 2: Medium; 1: Low

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Entitled

"Smart City View"

Submitted By

Meghana Paruchuri 22102A040518

Guddeti Harshitha Reddy 22102A040509
Veeramaneni Harshitha 22102A040506
Palapati Pavani 22102A040502
Venkata Hari 22102A040508

is the work submitted under Project-Based Learning in Partial Fulfillment of the Course
Requirements for “Web Technologies (22IT104001)” during 2024-2025.

Supervisor: Head:
M.Surya Dr. G. Sunitha
Professor & Head
Department of CSE Department of CSE
School of Computing School of Computing
Mohan Babu University Mohan Babu University
Tirupati. Tirupati.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. M. Mohan Babu, Chancellor, for his
unwavering support and vision that fosters academic excellence within the institution.

My gratitude also goes to Mr. Manchu Vishnu, Pro-Chancellor, for creating an environment
that promotes creativity and for his encouragement and commitment to student success.

I am deeply appreciative of Prof. Nagaraj Ramrao, Vice Chancellor, whose leadership has
created an environment conducive to learning and innovation.

I would like to thank Dr. K. Saradhi, Registrar, for his support in creating an environment
conducive to academic success.

My sincere thanks to Dr. B.M. Satish, Dean of the School of Engineering and Computing, for
his valuable support and guidance in all academic matters.

I am also grateful to Dr. G. Sunitha, Head of the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, for her valuable insights and support.

Finally, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my project supervisor, M.Surya,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering for continuous guidance, encouragement,
and expertise throughout this project.

Thank you all for your support and encouragement.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page

No. No.

Abstract 1

1 Introduction 2

1.1 Problem Statement 2

1.2 Importance of the Problem 2

1.3 Objectives 2

1.4 Scope of the Project 3

2 System Design 4

2.1 Architecture Diagram 4

2.2 Module Descriptions 4

2.3 Database Design 6

3 Implementation 9

3.1 Tools and Technologies Used 9

3.2 Front-End Development 9

3.3 Back-End Development 11

3.4 Integration 12

4 Testing, Results and Discussion 14

4.1 Test Cases 14

4.2 Testing Methods 14

4.3 Output Screenshots 17

4.4 Analysis of Results 27

5 Conclusion 28

5.1 Summary of Findings 28

5.2 Future Enhancements 28

6 Appendix 29

6.1 Code Snippets 29

 ABSTRACT

The "Smart City View" project envisions a future where cities are equipped with advanced
technology to improve the quality of life for residents. It demonstrates how smart city
solutions can enhance various aspects of urban living, from transportation and energy use to
waste management and public safety. This project presents a model of a city where every
system works together to create a more efficient, sustainable, and livable environment.

A primary focus of this project is to show how data and technology can be used to tackle
common urban challenges. For example, it highlights intelligent transportation systems that
can help reduce traffic congestion, energy-efficient buildings that lower power consumption,
and advanced waste disposal methods that promote recycling. By providing a glimpse of
these innovations, the project aims to inform users about the potential of smart city solutions
to transform urban spaces.

The Smart City View project also emphasizes environmental sustainability. Through features
such as smart energy grids, green spaces, and pollution monitoring systems, it illustrates how
cities can use technology to reduce their ecological footprint. By managing resources more
efficiently and reducing waste, smart cities contribute to a cleaner, greener world, setting an
example for environmentally responsible urban development.

Public safety and quality of life are other key themes in this project. It explores systems
designed to improve citizens' well-being, including emergency response networks, healthcare
accessibility, and safe public spaces. These features highlight the role of smart cities in
ensuring safety and convenience for all residents, making urban areas not only smarter but
also safer and healthier places to live.

Overall, the Smart City View project serves as an educational tool for anyone interested in the
future of urban life. By showcasing the possibilities of smart city technology, it encourages
individuals, communities, and policymakers to think about how these solutions could be
implemented in real cities. This project is a forward-looking exploration of how technology
can create cities that are better equipped to serve the needs of people and the planet.

Finally, smart cities encourage citizen engagement and participation through

technology. By providing platforms for communication, feedback, and collaboration,
cities can become more responsive to the needs and desires of their residents.
Digital interfaces, mobile apps, and online forums allow citizens to report issues,
participate in decision-making, and engage in community-driven projects. This not
only strengthens the relationship between local governments and residents but also
empowers individuals to take an active role in shaping the urban environment.

1
 Introduction

1.1 Problem Statement: .

The current urban infrastructure in cities is struggling to manage the increasing complexity of
urban operations and services. There is a lack of real-time data integration, efficient resource
management, and citizen engagement, which leads to several issues.
It leads to issues such as Traffic Congestion and Inefficient Public Transport, High Energy
Consumption and Environmental Impact, Limited Public Safety and Emergency Response, Lack
of Citizen Engagement and Transparency, Fragmented Service Delivery.
The goal of the Smart City Platform is to develop a comprehensive, integrated solution that
improves the management and delivery of city services. This solution will use real-time data,
advanced analytics, IoT sensors, and machine learning to optimize urban systems and enhance
the quality of life for residents.

Title: Developing a Smart City Management System for Efficient Urban Operations and
Enhanced Quality of Life.

1.2 Importance of the problem statement:

The "Smart City View" project is a web-based simulation that illustrates how HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript can be used to represent the core concepts of a smart city. Designed as an
interactive digital model, it showcases how technology can be used to solve urban challenges
such as traffic management, energy conservation, waste handling, and public safety. By using
web technologies, the project provides users with an engaging, visual experience of what makes
a city “smart.”

In this project, HTML structures the smart city’s layout, defining key city zones and interactive
elements. CSS is then used to bring this layout to life by styling each component with color,
layout, and design, creating an attractive and user-friendly interface. JavaScript adds interactive
functionality, allowing users to click, explore, and understand each smart city feature. Through
this blend of technologies, the project demonstrates the integration of digital design and user
interactivity in web development.

A key objective of the Smart City View project is to educate users on how data-driven and
technology-based solutions can enhance urban life. For example, interactive elements simulate
how smart transportation systems help manage traffic, how energy-efficient grids monitor usage,
and how waste management technology improves environmental health. Each section of the
smart city model illustrates how web technologies can visualize complex concepts in a simple,
accessible way.

This project serves as both a demonstration of web development skills and an introduction to
ssssmart city technologies. By leveraging HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, the Smart City View
project enables users to experience a digital model that reflects real-world smart city innovations.
It is particularly valuable for students, developers, and urban planners who are interested in the
intersection of technology and urban planning.

In conclusion, the Smart City View project highlights the potential of web technologies to create
an interactive, educational model of a smart city. By simulating the functions of a technologically
enhanced city, the project inspires users to consider the possibilities of smart urban
development and the role of web development in visualizing future cities.

2
1.3 Objectives:

1. Educate users on the essential components of a smart city.

2. Demonstrate the impact of technology on improving urban services.

3. Promote sustainable urban practices through smart city concepts.

4. Highlight the role of data and IoT in smart city infrastructure.

5. Encourage interactive exploration of smart city features.

6. Showcase real-time solutions for managing urban challenges.

7. Provide a visual model of energy-efficient systems in cities.

8. Raise awareness of smart transportation and traffic management.

9. Introduce the benefits of smart waste and pollution management.

10. Inspire students and planners to innovate with urban technology.

1.4 Scope of the project:

The scope of the "smart city" view is broad and multifaceted, encompassing a variety of
technological, infrastructural, social, and governance-related aspects aimed at improving urban
life. A smart city integrates information technology (IT) and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions
with urban systems to enhance the quality of life, reduce costs, and make urban areas more
sustainable, resilient, and efficient.

Features

User Side:
1) Real-Time Traffic and Transportation Updates.
2) Smart Utility Management.
3) Health and Safety Alerts.
4) Smart Governance and Civic Services.
5) Sustainability and Environment.
6) Smart Building and Home Integration.
7) Local Economy and Job Opportunities.
8) Sustainability and Environment.

Admin Side:
1)Dashboard and Analytics.
2)Traffic and Mobility Management.
3)Public Safety and Emergency Response.
4)Environmental Monitoring.
5)Smart Infrastructure Management.

3
 2. System design
21.Architecture Diagram
Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)

Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) are used to graphically represent the flow of data within a Smart City
information system. DFDs describe how data moves through various city systems, from input
collection to storage and report generation, ensuring efficient management of urban services like
traffic control, energy monitoring, and public safety.

DFDs can be divided into logical and physical representations. The logical DFD outlines how data
flows through smart city systems to perform specific functions, such as processing traffic data
or managing utility consumption. The physical DFD focuses on the actual implementation of
these logical processes, showing how data is handled by specific devices, servers, and
databases within the smart city infrastructure.

DFDs provide a visual representation of the functions or processes that capture, manipulate,
store, and distribute data between different components of a Smart City system and its external
environment. This helps to improve communication between city planners, developers, and
administrators, ensuring that urban services are efficiently managed.

The structure of DFDs allows for a hierarchical approach, starting from a broad overview and
expanding into more detailed levels. In Smart City systems, DFDs are often represented in three
levels: 0-level DFD (high-level overview), 1-level DFD (detailed breakdown of major processes),
and 2-level DFD (further decomposition into specific tasks or components).

These levels provide a clear and structured understanding of how data flows within a smart city,
helping developers and city officials design and optimize urban systems.

2.2 Module Descriptions:

Levels in Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)

0-level DFD:

● Residents provide inputs like feedback, requests, or data from smart devices (e.g., smart
meters).
● Government Agencies send and receive regulatory data, policy updates, or emergency
notifications.
● Third-Party Service Providers might offer external services or infrastructure like

4
 Fig : 0-level DFD

1- LEVEL DFD

In 1-level DFD, the context diagram is decomposed into multiple bubbles/processes. In this level
we highlight the main functions of the system and break down the high-level process of 0-level
DFD into sub processes.

5
 Fig : 1-level DFD

2-level DFD:

2-level DFD goes one step deeper into parts of 1-level DFD. It can be used to plan or record the
specific/necessary detail about the system’s functioning.

6
 Fig : 2-leven DED

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD) FOR USER DATA

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) for user data focuses on how user-related information is collected,
processed, and stored within a system. In the context of a smart city or similar system, user data
typically involves information such as personal profiles, preferences, service requests, activity
logs, and interactions with various city services (e.g., transportation, healthcare, utilities).

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD) FOR ADMIN DATA

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) for user data focuses on how user-related information is collected,
processed, and stored within a system. In the context of a smart city or similar system, user data
typically involves information such as personal profiles, preferences, service requests, activity
logs, and interactions with various city services (e.g., transportation, healthcare, utilities).

7
2.3 database Design:

ER Diagram

Entity relationship diagram displays the relationships of entity sets stored in a database. In other
words, we can say that ER diagrams help you to explain the logical structure of databases. At
first look, an ER diagram looks very similar to the flowchart. However, ER Diagram includes many
specialized symbols, and its meanings make this model unique.

Components of the ER Diagram

This model is based on three basic concepts: Entities, Attributes,

Relationships.

8
Entities: Entities represent real-world objects or concepts, such as people,
places, or things, that are stored in a database. Each entity is depicted as a
rectangle in the ER diagram, with its name written inside.

Attributes: Attributes describe the properties or characteristics of entities.

They provide details about each entity and are represented as ovals
connected to their respective entity rectangles in the ER diagram.

Relationships: Relationships illustrate how entities are connected or

associated with each other within the database. They depict the interactions
and dependencies between entities. Relationships are represented as
diamond shapes connecting the related entities, and they typically have
names that describe the nature of the association.
ENTITY RELATIONAL (ER) MODEL

Is a high-level conceptual data model diagram. ER modeling helps us to analyze data

requirements systematically to produce a well-designed database. The Entity-Relation model
represents real-world entities and the relationship between them. It is considered a best
practice to complete ER modeling before implementing one’s database.

It displays the relationships of entity sets stored in a database. In other words, we can say
that ER diagrams help us to explain the logical structure of databases. At first look, an ER
diagram looks very similar to the flowchart. However, ER Diagram includes many specialized
symbols, and its meanings make this model unique. The purpose of ER Diagram is to
represent the entity framework infrastructure.

The Entity-Relationship (ER) model, beyond its basic elements, facilitates hierarchical
organization, normalization principles, and representation of complex relationships. It
supports extended notations for intricate scenarios and semantic modeling for real-world
relevance. Moreover, it serves as a foundation for mapping to the relational model. ER
diagrams are visualized through software tools, aiding in design, documentation, and
communication. Overall, the ER model provides a versatile and intuitive framework for
conceptualizing database structures, essential for effective database design and
management.

ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model. It is a high-level data model. This model is
used to define the data elements and relationship for a specified
system.
It develops a conceptual design for the database. It also develops a very simple and easy to
design view of data.
In ER modeling, the database structure is portrayed as a diagram called an entity-relationship
diagram.

9
 3.Implementation

3.1 Tools and Technologies Used

In a Smart City, a variety of tools and technologies are employed to create

interconnected systems that enable efficient management of urban services,
improve the quality of life for citizens, and promote sustainability. These
technologies enhance various aspects of urban living, such as transportation,
healthcare, energy, public safety, and environmental management. This makes
the searching of the records easier than the existing system.

Software Requirements

❖ Front End Tools

• HTML

• CSS

• JAVA SCRIPT

• PHP

❖ Back End Tools

• MySQL

3.2Front-End Development

The frontend design for the Smart City View and result system utilizes a combination of HTML,
CSS, JavaScript, and PHP integrated development environment to create a robust and user-
friendly interface.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):

HTML serves as the standard markup language for creating the structure and content of web
pages and applications within the Smart City View . It defines elements such as headings,
paragraphs, lists, links, images, forms, and other essential components necessary for presenting
exam questions, results, and navigation.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):

9 CSS plays a crucial role in styling HTML elements and defining the layout of web pages within
the online examination system. It allows developers to control the appearance of exam
interfaces by specifying properties such as colors, fonts, margins, padding, and positioning. CSS
ensures consistency in design and enhances the visual presentation of Smart City View , results,
and user interfaces.

10
JavaScript:
JavaScript enables interactive and dynamic behavior on enhancing user engagement and
functionality within the Smart City View . It facilitates features such as form validation, real-time
updates, interactive elements, and dynamic content loading. JavaScript ensures a seamless and
interactive user experience during exam taking, result viewing, and navigation.

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor):

PHP serves as the server-side scripting language used for backend processing, database
interactions, and dynamic content generation within the online examination system. It enables
functionalities such as user authentication, result processing, and database management. PHP
integrates seamlessly with HTML, allowing developers to embed dynamic content, execute
server-side scripts, and generate personalized exam interfaces based on user interactions.

Integration:

The integration of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP within the Smart City View provides a
comprehensive toolkit for frontend development. HTML defines the structure and content of city
view interfaces, CSS styles the presentation and layout, JavaScript adds interactivity and
dynamic behavior, while PHP handles server-side processing and dynamic content generation.
This integrated approach ensures the creation of dynamic, responsive, and user friendly exam
interfaces that enhance the overall user experience.

Benefits:

By leveraging a combination of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP, the online examination system
offers a robust and versatile frontend design. HTML provides the foundational structure and
content, CSS enhances the visual presentation and layout, JavaScript adds interactivity and
dynamic behavior, and PHP enables server-side processing and dynamic content generation.
This integrated approach ensures the development of a feature-rich, responsive, and user
friendly online examination and result system .

3.3Back-End Development:

The back-end of the online examination and result system will be developed and managed using
MySQL, a powerful open-source relational database management system. Here's a detailed
breakdown of MySQL's features and its role within the system:

MySQL (Relational Database Management System):

❖ MySQL is utilized for the permanent storage of records within the system, ensuring data
integrity, reliability, and scalability.
❖ It is the most popular open-source SQL database management system, developed, distributed,
and supported by Oracle Corporation.
❖ MySQL databases are relational, storing data in separate tables organized into physical files
optimized for speed.
❖ The logical model includes objects such as databases, tables, views, rows, and columns,
offering a flexible programming environment for managing relationships between different data
fields.

11
 TESTING
4.1 UNIT TESTING

Unit testing is a level of software testing where individual units/ components of software are
tested. The purpose is to validate that each unit of the software performs as designed. A
unit is the smallest testable part of any software. It usually has one or a few inputs and
usually a single output.

In procedural programming, a unit may be an individual program, function, procedure, etc. in

object-oriented programming, the smallest unit is a method, which may belong to a base/
super class, abstract class or derived/ child class. (Some treat a module of an application as
a unit. It is concerned with functional correctness of the standalone modules. The main aim
is to isolate each unit of the system to identify, analyze and fix the defects. A unit test is a
way of testing a unit – the smallest piece of code that can be logically isolated in a system.
In most programming languages, that is a function, a subroutine, a method or property. The
isolated part of the definition is important.

4.2 Unit Testing Techniques:

❖ Black Box Testing - Using which the user interface, input and output are tested.

❖ White Box Testing - used to test each one of those functions behaviors is tested.

❖ Gray Box Testing - Used to execute tests, risks and assessment methods.

Integration Testing
Integration Testing is a level of software testing where individual units are combined and
tested as a group. The purpose of this level of testing is to expose faults in the interaction
between integrated units. Test drivers and test stubs are used to assist in Integration
Testing. It is defined as a type of testing where software modules are integrated logically
and tested as a group. A typical software project consists of multiple software modules,
coded by different programmers. The purpose of this level of testing is to expose defects in
the interaction between these software modules when they are Integrated Integration
Testing focuses on checking data communication amongst these modules.

Approaches, Strategies, Methodologies of Integration Testing

Software Engineering defines variety of strategies to execute Integration testing, viz.

❖ Big Bang Approach
❖ Incremental Approach: which is further divided into the following
▪ Top-Down Approach
▪ Bottom-Up Approach
▪ Sandwich Approach - Combination of Top Down and Bottom Up

12
System Testing
System Testing is a level of testing that validates the complete and fully integrated software
product. The purpose of a system test is to evaluate the end-to-end system specifications.
Usually, the software is only one element of a larger computer-based system. Ultimately, the
software is interfaced with other software/hardware systems. System Testing is actually a
series of different tests whose sole purpose is to exercise the full computerbased system.

System Testing is carried out on the whole system in the context of either system
requirement specifications or functional requirement specifications or in the context of both.
System testing tests the design and behavior of the system and also the expectations of the
customer. It is performed to test the system beyond the bounds mentioned in the software
requirements specification (SRS).

In system testing, integration testing passed components are taken as input. The goal of
integration testing is to detect any irregularity between the units that are integrated together.
System testing detects defects within both the integrated units and the whole system. The
result of system testing is the observed behavior of a component or a system when it is
tested. System Testing is basically performed by a testing team that is independent of the
development team that helps to test the quality of the system impartial. It has both
functional and nonfunctional testing. System Testing is a black-box testing. It is performed
after the integration testing and before the acceptance testing.

Types of System Testing

Performance Testing: Performance Testing is a type of software testing that is carried out
to test the speed, scalability, stability and reliability of the software product or application.

Load Testing: Load Testing is a type of software Testing which is carried out to determine
the behavior of a system or software product under extreme load.

Stress Testing: Stress Testing is a type of software testing performed to check the
robustness of the system under the varying loads.

Scalability Testing: Scalability Testing is a type of software testing which is carried out to
check the performance of a software application or system in terms of its capability to scale
up or scale down the number of user request load.

Secure Authentication and Access Control System for Student and Admin Accounts

In our project we are testing whether the student is authorized or not. When student want to
register themselves, it will check whether the user name entered is the same as in the
database. If authorized student has login, they can register themselves. If not authorized
then, back to main page. We are also checking the admin login whether it is authorized or
not. Only authorized admin can login. No one can register themselves as admin. Admin can
change username and password in admin page only. Member login is also verified from the
database values.

13
4.3 Output Screens

Fig : Home

Fig : Student Category

14
Fig : Business Category

Fig : Tourisam Category

15
 Fig : Admin_Dashboard

Fig : Add Students Category

16
Fig : Manage_Students_Category

Fig : Add_business_category

Fig : Manage_business_category

17
Fig : Manage_students_category

Fig : Manage_categories

Fig : Add Post

18
 Fig : Manage Posts

4.4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS:

❖ A Smart City View provides a comprehensive framework for integrating various

technologies to enhance urban living and city management. The primary goal of a
Smart City is to use digital technologies, data, and intelligent systems to improve
the quality of life, optimize resource use, and create more sustainable, livable
urban environments.
❖ Some of the advantages of smart city view are Improved Quality of Life,Enhanced
Efficiency and Resource Optimization,Sustainability and Environmental Benefits,
Real-time Data and Decision-Making,Improved Public Safety and Security,Cost
Savings,Better Healthcare,Enhanced Urban Planning and Development.
❖ The Smart City View offers numerous benefits, ranging from increased efficiency
in public service delivery to sustainability, economic growth, improved public
safety, and enhanced citizen engagement.
❖ It enables cities to leverage advanced technologies such as IoT, AI, big data
analytics, and smart infrastructure to tackle urban challenges in an innovative,
efficient, and sustainable manner.

5.CONCLUSION

5.1 summary of findings:

While Smart Cities hold significant potential to improve the quality of urban life, enhance
sustainability, and optimize resource usage, their development comes with various limitations
and challenges. Overcoming these limitations requires careful planning, collaboration, and
strategic investments. It’s crucial for city planners, governments, and technology providers to
address these challenges, ensuring that the benefits of smart cities are realized while minimizing
their risks. Public trust, data privacy, sustainability, affordability, and inclusivity should be at the
core of any smart city initiative to ensure that these technologies serve all urban residents
equitably.

19
 5.2 future enhancements:

❖ The future scope of Smart Cities is vast and continuously evolving, driven by
advancements in technology, data science, and urban planning. As cities
increasingly adopt digital solutions to tackle urban challenges, the future of smart
cities holds the potential for more sustainable, efficient, and inclusive urban
environments. Below are several key areas where the scope of Smart City Views
can expand and transform in the coming years.
❖ The future scope of Smart Cities is characterized by integration, innovation, and
sustainability.
❖ The future vision of smart cities also includes better public safety, personalized
citizen services, and enhanced public health, all supported by advanced digital
infrastructure.
❖ Cities will become smarter, more adaptive, and better equipped to tackle complex
challenges related to urbanization, climate change, and social inequality.

REFERENCES
During the development of our system, we have taken the reference from Books and journals,
These books acted as our tutors during the system development..
 System Analysis And Design
- Kenneth E. Kendall, Julie E. Kendall
 An Analysis and Design of Information Systems
- Grayce M. Booth
 Software Engineering
- Roger S. Pressman
 Database Management System
- James A. Larson
 PHP: A Beginner’s Guide
- RiwantoMegosinarso

These are the following links which assist me at each and every step in completing this project,
Software Testing Tutorial
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
https://www.w3schools.com/
https://programmer2programmer.net
https://projectworld.in
https://1000projects.org

20
 6.Appendix
6.1 Code Snippets:

Snippets of codes include are:

1.Home

2.Student Category

3.Business Category

4.Tourisam Category

5.Admin Dashboard

6.Add students category

7.Manage students category

8.Add business category

9.Manage business category

10.Manage students category

11.Manage categories

12.Add posts

13.Manage posts

HOME PAGE:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Smart City</title>
<style>
body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0; background-color: #f4f4f9; }
header { background: #0073e6; color: white; text-align: center; padding: 15px; }
nav { background: #333; text-align: center; }
nav a { color: white; padding: 14px 20px; text-decoration: none; display: inline-block; }
nav a:hover { background: #ddd; color: black; }
.container { padding: 20px; text-align: center; }
.map { width: 100%; height: 300px; background: #ddd; margin: 20px 0; }
footer { background: #333; color: white; text-align: center; padding: 10px; position: fixed; bottom:
0; width: 100%; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<header>
<h1>Smart City Dashboard</h1>
<p>Explore the future of urban living</p>
</header>

21
<nav>
<a href="#overview">Overview</a>
<a href="#map">Map</a>
<a href="#stats">Statistics</a>
</nav>

<div id="overview" class="container">

<h2>Welcome to the Smart City</h2>
<p>Connecting technology with urban spaces to improve quality of life.</p>
</div>

<div id="map" class="container">

<h2>City Map</h2>
<div class="map">
<!-- Replace with an actual map iframe if needed -->
<p>Interactive map coming soon...</p>
</div>
</div>

<div id="stats" class="container">

<h2>Real-Time Stats</h2>
<p>Traffic: Moderate | Weather: 22°C | Energy Consumption: 75%</p>
</div>

<footer>
<p>&copy; 2024 Smart City. All Rights Reserved.</p>
</footer>

</body>
</html>

Admin Dashboard

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Smart City Admin Dashboard</title>
<style>
body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0; }
.sidebar { width: 250px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; background: #333; color: white;
padding-top: 20px; }
.sidebar a { display: block; padding: 15px; color: white; text-decoration: none; }
.sidebar a:hover { background: #575757; }
.main { margin-left: 250px; padding: 20px; }
.stats { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.stat-box { width: 30%; padding: 20px; background: #0073e6; color: white; text-align: center;
border-radius: 8px; }
footer { background: #333; color: white; text-align: center; padding: 10px; position: fixed; width:
100%; bottom: 0; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<!-- Sidebar -->

<div class="sidebar">
<h2 style="color: white; text-align: center;">Smart City Admin</h2>
<a href="#">Dashboard</a>

22
 <a href="#">Statistics</a>
<a href="#">Map</a>
<a href="#">Settings</a>
</div>

<!-- Main Content -->

<div class="main">
<h1>Welcome to the Smart City Dashboard</h1>

<!-- Dashboard Stats -->

<div class="stats">
<div class="stat-box"><h3>Traffic</h3><p>Moderate</p></div>
<div class="stat-box"><h3>Weather</h3><p>22°C</p></div>
<div class="stat-box"><h3>Energy</h3><p>75%</p></div>
</div>

<!-- Real-Time Data -->

<div class="card">
<h3>Real-Time City Data</h3>
<p><strong>Air Quality:</strong> Good</p>
<p><strong>Water Supply:</strong> Stable</p>
<p><strong>Waste Management:</strong> Efficient</p>
</div>
</div>

<!-- Footer -->

<footer>&copy; 2024 Smart City Admin</footer>

</body>
</html>

Add and Manage Students category:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Manage Students</title>
<style>
body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0; padding: 20px; }
table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 20px; }
th, td { padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #ddd; text-align: left; }
th { background-color: #0073e6; color: white; }
input, button { padding: 8px; margin: 5px; }
button { background-color: #0073e6; color: white; border: none; cursor: pointer; }
button:hover { background-color: #005bb5; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Manage Students</h1>

<!-- Add Student Form -->

<form id="studentForm">
<input type="text" id="name" placeholder="Name" required>
<input type="number" id="age" placeholder="Age" required>
<input type="text" id="course" placeholder="Course" required>
<button type="submit">Add Student</button>
</form>

23
 <!-- Student List Table -->
<table id="studentTable">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>Course</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody></tbody>
</table>

<script>
document.getElementById('studentForm').addEventListener('submit', function(event) {
event.preventDefault();

// Get input values

const name = document.getElementById('name').value;
const age = document.getElementById('age').value;
const course = document.getElementById('course').value;

// Create new row and append it to the table

const row = `<tr><td>${name}</td><td>${age}</td><td>${course}</td></tr>`;
document.querySelector('#studentTable tbody').innerHTML += row;

// Clear form fields

document.getElementById('studentForm').reset();
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Add and Manage Business Category:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Manage Businesses</title>
<style>
body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px; }
table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 20px; }
th, td { padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #ddd; text-align: left; }
th { background-color: #0073e6; color: white; }
input, button { padding: 8px; margin: 5px; }
button { background-color: #0073e6; color: white; border: none; cursor: pointer; }
button:hover { background-color: #005bb5; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Manage Businesses</h1>

<!-- Add Business Form -->

<form id="businessForm">
<input type="text" id="businessName" placeholder="Business Name" required>
<input type="text" id="businessType" placeholder="Business Type" required>

24
 <input type="text" id="businessLocation" placeholder="Location" required>
<button type="submit">Add Business</button>
</form>

<!-- Business List Table -->

<table id="businessTable">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Business Name</th>
<th>Business Type</th>
<th>Location</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody></tbody>
</table>

<script>
document.getElementById('businessForm').addEventListener('submit', function(event) {
event.preventDefault();

// Get input values

const name = document.getElementById('businessName').value;
const type = document.getElementById('businessType').value;
const location = document.getElementById('businessLocation').value;

// Create new row and append it to the table

const row = `<tr><td>${name}</td><td>${type}</td><td>${location}</td></tr>`;
document.querySelector('#businessTable tbody').innerHTML += row;

// Clear form fields

document.getElementById('businessForm').reset();
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

Add and Manage Posts:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Manage Posts</title>
<style>
body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px; }
table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 20px; }
th, td { padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #ddd; text-align: left; }
th { background-color: #0073e6; color: white; }
input, textarea, button { padding: 8px; margin: 5px; width: 100%; max-width: 400px; }
textarea { height: 100px; }
button { background-color: #0073e6; color: white; border: none; cursor: pointer; }
button:hover { background-color: #005bb5; }
.form-container { margin-bottom: 20px; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Manage Posts</h1>

25
 <!-- Add Post Form -->
<div class="form-container">
<form id="postForm">
<input type="text" id="postTitle" placeholder="Post Title" required>
<textarea id="postContent" placeholder="Post Content" required></textarea>
<button type="submit">Add Post</button>
</form>
</div>

<!-- Post List Table -->

<table id="postTable">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Content</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody></tbody>
</table>

<script>
document.getElementById('postForm').addEventListener('submit', function(event) {
event.preventDefault();

// Get input values

const title = document.getElementById('postTitle').value;
const content = document.getElementById('postContent').value;

// Create new row and append it to the table

const row = `<tr><td>${title}</td><td>${content}</td></tr>`;
document.querySelector('#postTable tbody').innerHTML += row;

// Clear form fields

document.getElementById('postForm').reset();
});
</script>

</body>
</html>

26