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Uniformly spaced array with uniform excitation amplitude

N Element Uniform Linear Arrays

At higher frequencies, for point to point communications it is necessary to

have a pattern with single beam radiation. Such highly directive single beam
pattern can be obtained by increasing the point sources in the arrow from 2
to n say. An array of n elements is said to be linear array if all the individual
elements are spaced equally along a line. An array is said to be uniform array
if the elements in the array are fed with currents with equal magnitudes and
with uniform progressive phase shift along the line.

Consider a general n element linear and uniform array with all the individual
elements spaced equally at distance d from each other and all elements are
fed with currents equal in magnitude and uniform progressive phase shift
along line as shown in the Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 Uniform, linear array of n elements

The total resultant field at the distant point P is obtained by adding the fields
due to n individual sources vectorically. Hence we can write,
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Note that ʋ= (βdcosʋ + α) indicates the total phase difference of the fields from
adjacent sources calculated at point P. Similarly α is the progressive phase shift
between two adjacent point sources. The value of α may lie between 0 and 180. If α
= 0 we get n element uniform linear broadside array. If α = 180 we get n
element uniform linear endfire array.

jʋ, we get,
Multiplying equation (1) by e

Subtracting equation (2) from (1), we get,

Simply mathematically, we get

According to trigonometric identity,

The resultant field is given by,

This equation (4) indicates the resultant field due to n element

array at distant point P. The magnitude of the resultant field is
given by,
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The phase angle θ of the resultant field at point P is given by,

Array of n elements with Equal Spacing and Currents Equal in Magnitude and Phase •

Broadside Array

Consider 'n' number of identical radiators carries currents which are equal in magnitude

and in phase. The identical radiators are equispaced. Hence the maximum radiation

occurs in the directions normal to the line of array. Hence such an array is known as

Uniform broadside array. Consider a broadside array with n identical radiators as shown in

the Fig. 10.

Fig 10 Array of n elements with Equal Spacing

The electric field produced at point P due to an element A0 is given by,

As the distance of separation d between any two array elements is very

small as compared to the radial distances of point P from A 0, A1, ...An-1,
we can assume r0, r 1, ...rn-1 are approximately same.

Now the electric field produced at point P due to an element A 1 will differ
in phase as r0 and r1 are not actually same. Hence the electric field due to
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A1 is given by,

Exactly on the similar lines we can write the electric field produced at
point P due to an element A2 as,

But the term inside the bracket represent E1

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From equation (2), substituting the value of E1, we get,

Similarly, the electric field produced at point P due to element An-1 is given by,

The total electric field at point P is given by,

Let βdcosʋ = ʋ, then rewriting above equation,

Consider a series given

2 by s
= 1 + r + r +..... +
n-1 j
r where r = e ʋ
... (i)
Multiplying both the sides of the equation (i)
2 n by r, s
. r = r + r +.+ r

Subtracting equation (ii) ... (ii)

from (i), we n get. s(1-r) =
1-r

Using equation (iii), equation (5) can be modified as,

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From the trigonometric identities,

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Equation (6) can be written

as,

The exponential term in equation (7) represents the phase shift. Now
considering magnitudes of the electric fields, we can write,

Properties of Broadside Array 1. Major lobe

In case of broadside array, the field is maximum in the direction normal

to the axis of the array. Thus the condition for the maximum field at
point P is given by,

0 0
Thus ʋ = 90 and 270 are called directions of principle maxima.

2. Magnitude of major lobe

The maximum radiation occurs when ʋ=0. Hence we can write,

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where, n is the number of elements in the array.

Thus from equation (10) and (11) it is clear that, all the field
components add up together to give total field which is ‘n’ times
the individual field when ʋ =
0 0
90 and 270 .
3. Nulls

The ratio of total electric field to an individual electric field is given by,

Equating ratio of magnitudes of the fields to zero,

The condition of minima is given by,

Hence we can write,

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where, n= number of elements in the array d=
spacing between elements in meter

λ= wavelength in meter

m= constant= 1, 2 , 3....

Thus equation (13) gives direction of nulls

4. Side Lobes Maxima

The directions of the subsidary maxima or side lobes maxima can be

obtained if in equation (8),

Hence sin(nʋ/2), is not considered. Because if nʋ/2=π/2 then sin nʋ/2

=1 which is the direction of principle maxima.
Hence we can skip sin nʋ/2 = ±π/2 value Thus, we get

Now equation for ʋ can be written as,

The equation (15) represents directions of subsidary maxima or side lobes

maxima.

5. Beamwidth of Major Lobe

Beamwidth is defined as the angle between first nulls. Alternatively

beamwidth is the angle equal to twice the angle between first null
and the major lobe maximum direction. Hence beamwidth between
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first nulls is given by,

Also

Hence

Taking cosine of angle on both sides, we get

If γ is very small, then sin γ ≈ γ. Substituting n above equation we get,

For first null i.e. m=1,

But nd≈ (n-1)d if n is very large. This L= (nd) indicates total length of the
array.

BWFN in degree is written as,

Now HPBW is given by,

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HPBW in degree is written as,

6. Directivity

The directivity in case of broadside array is defined as,

where, U0 is average radiation intensity which is given by,

From the expression of ratio of magnitudes we can write,

or
For the normalized condition let us assume E0 = 1, then

Thus field from array is maximum in any direction θ when ʋ = 0.

Hence normalized field pattern is given by,

Hence the field is given by,

where ʋ = βdcosʋ

Equation (23) indicated array factor, hence we can write electric

field due to n array as
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Assuming d is very small as compared to length of an array,

Then,

Substituting value of E in equation (24) we get

Let

Rewritting above equation we get,

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For large array, n is large hence nβd is also very large (assuming
tending to infinity). Hence rewriting above equation.

Interchanging limits of integration, we get

By integration formula,

Using above property in above equation we can write,

From equation (23), the directivity is given by,

But Umax = 1 at ʋ = 90° and substituting value of U0 from equation (28),
we get,

But β= 2π/λ

Hence

The total length of the array is given by, L = (n - 1) d ≈ nd, if n is very large.
Hence the directivity can be expressed in terms of the total length of the array

as,
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Array of n Elements with Equal Spacing and Currents Equal in Magnitude but with

Progressive Phase Shift - End Fire Array

Consider n number of identical radiators supplied with equal current which

are not in phase as shown in the Fig. 11. Assume that there is progressive
phase lag of βd radians in each radiator.

Fig.11 End fire array

Consider that the current supplied to first element A 0 be I0. Then the
current supplied to A1 is given by,

Similarly the current supplied to A2 is given by,

Thus the current supplied to last element is

The electric field produced at point P, due to A0 is given by,

The electric field produced at point P, due to A1 is given by,

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But r1 = r0 – dcosʋ

Let ʋ = βd(cosʋ -1)

The electric field produced at point P, due to A2 is given by,

Similarly electric field produced at point P, due to An-1 is given by,

The resultant field at point p is given by,

Considering only magnitude we get,

Properties of End Fire Array 1. Major lobe

For the end fire array where currents supplied to the antennas are equal in
amplitude

but the phase changes progressively through array, the phase angle is
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given by,

ʋ = βd(cosʋ -1) ...(9)

In case of the end fire array, the condition of principle maxima is given
by,

ʋ = = 0 i.e.

i.e. cosʋ

= 1
0
i.e. ʋ = 0 ...(11)
0
Thus ʋ = 0 indicates the direction of principle maxima.

2. Magnitude of the major lobe

The maximum radiation occurs when ʋ= 0. Thus we can write,

where, n is the number of elements in the array.

3. Nulls

The ratio of total electric field to an individual electric field is given by,

Equating ratio of magnitudes of the fields to zero,

The condition of minima is given by,

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Hence we can write,

Substituting value of ʋ from equation (9), we get,

But β= 2π/λ

Note that value of (cosʋ-1) is always less than 1. Hence it is always

negative.
Hence only considering -ve values, R.H.S., we get

where, n= number of elements in the array d=

spacing between elements in meter
λ= wavelength in meter
m= constant= 1, 2 , 3....

Thus equation (15) gives direction of

nulls Consider equation(14),

Expressing term on L.H.S. in terms of halfangles, we get,

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4. Side Lobes Maxima

The directions of the subsidary maxima or side lobes maxima can be

obtained if in equation (8),

Hence sin(nʋ/2), is not considered. Because if nʋ/2=±π/2 then sin nʋ/2

=1 which is the direction of principle maxima.
Hence we can skip sin nʋ/2 = ±π/2 value Thus, we get

Putting value of ʋ from equation (9) we get

Now equation for ʋ can be

written as,But β = 2π/λ

Note that value of (cosʋ-1) is always less than 1. Hence it is always negative.
Hence
only considering -ve values, R.H.S., we get
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5. Beamwidth of Major Lobe

Beamwidth is defined as the angle between first nulls. Alternatively

beamwidth is the angle equal to twice the angle between first null
and the major lobe maximum direction.

From equation (16) we get,

ʋminis very low

Hence sin ʋmin/2 ≈ ʋmin/2

But nd≈ (n-1)d if n is very large. This L= (nd) indicates total length
of the array. So equation (20) becomes,

BWFN is given by,

BWFN in degree is expressed as

For m=1,

6. Directivity

The directivity in case of endfire array is defined as,

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where, U0 is average radiation intensity
which is given by, For endfire array, Umax =

1and

The total length of the array is given by, L = (n - 1) d ≈ nd, if n is very large.
Hence the directivity can be expressed in terms of the total length of the array
as,

Multiplication of patterns

In the previous sections we have discussed the arrays of two isotropic

point sources radiating field of constant magnitude. In this section the
concept of array is extended to non-isotropic sources. The sources
identical to point source and having field patterns of definite shape and
orientation. However, it is not necessary that amplitude of individual
sources is equal. The simplest case of non-isotropic sources is when two
short dipoles are superimposed over the two isotopic point sources
separated by a finite distance. If the field pattern of each source is given
by

Then the total far-field pattern at point P becomes

...(1)

where
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Equation (1) shows that the field pattern of two non-isotropic point sources (short
dipoles) is equal to product of patterns of individual sources and of array of point
sources. The pattern of
array of two isotropic point sources, i.e., cos ʋ/2 is widely referred as an array

factor. That is ET= E (Due to reference source) x Array factor

This leads to the principle of pattern multiplication for the array of

identical elements. In general, the principle of pattern multiplication can
he stated as follows:

The resultant field of an array of non-isotropic hut similar sources is the product of the
fields of individual source and the field of an array of isotropic point sources, each
located at the phase centre of individual source and hating the relative amplitude and
phase. The total phase is addition of the phases of the individual source and that of
isotropic point sources. The same is true for their respective patterns also.

The normalized total field (i.e., ETn), given in Eq. (1), can re-written as

where E1(θ) = sin θ = Primary pattern of array

= Secondary pattern of array.

Thus the principle of pattern multiplication is a speedy method of sketching the

field pattern of complicated array. It also plays an important role in designing an
array. There is no restriction on the number of elements in an array; the method
is valid to any number of identical elements which need not have identical
magnitudes, phase and spacing between then). However, the array factor

varies with the number of elements and their arrangement, relative

magnitudes, relative phases and element spacing. The array of
elements having
identical amplitudes, phases and spacing provides a simple arrayfactor. The
array factor does not depend on the directional characteristic of the array
elements; hence it can be formulated by using pattern multiplication
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techniques. The proper selection of the individual radiating element and their
excitation are also important for the performance of array. Once the array
factor is derived using the point- source array, the total field of the actual
array can be obtained using Eq. (2).