Gases exert pressure on the walls of the container in all the directions

by collision of molecules it is defined as the force per unit area and is

uniform in all the directions it is measured in newton or mm or
torr or bar . the device used to measure the pressure of the
atmosphere is called barometer .

The pressure expressed in terms of height of mercury column can be converted

into the units of force per unit area
1. Mercury has higher density : since the height of the column is inversely
proportional to density.. mercury supports the Colommn of a convenient
height.

2. Mercury is not volatile at ordinary temperature and therefore its vapour

pressure in the column above mercury can be neglected

3. does not stick to the glass

It consist of U Tube, one limb of the tube shorter than the other. the tube is
partially filled with mercury. the shorter limb connected to the vesel
containing the gas where is the longer limb is kept open. when the
stop-cock of the gas vessel is opened, the gas exerts its pressure in the
shorter limb since the longer limb is open, the mercury in this limb
experiences atmospheric pressure, the difference in mercury level in the
two limbs is due to the pressure difference between atmospheric pressure
& gas pressure .
 Q1. Oxygen is present in 1 L flask at a pressure of 7.6×10 mm of Hg calculate the
number of oxygen molecules in the flask at 0°C.

Ans. 2.68×10

Q 2. Calculate the volume occupied by 5.25 g of nitrogen at 26°C and 74.2 cm of

pressure .
Ans. 4.71 litre
Q 3. The weight of 350 ml of a diatomic gas at 0°C and 2 atm pressure is 1 g
the weight of one atom is .

a) 16 b) 32 c) 16N. d) 32N

Ans A
 Q 1. A gas is present at a pressure of 2atm . what should be the increase in pressure
so that the volume of the gas can be decreased to 1/4 of initial value if temperature is
maintained constant.

A. 6 atm. B. 8 atm. C. 12 atm. D. 4 atm

Q 2 what should be the percentage increase in pressure for a 5% decrease in volume

of gas at constant temperature?
A. 5. B. 5.26. C. 1.0526. D. Remains same
Q. 3 A gas is contained in a closed container of volume 14 L at 20 atm pressure. if
pressure is increased by 40% then calculate percentage change in volume assuming
temperature constant.

A. 40%. B. 50%. C. 28.6%. D. 20%

(Q 1). A gas was compressed to half of its volume at 30°C . To what temperature
it should be heated so that its volume increases to double of its original volume.
A 60°C. B. 303 K. C. 606 K. D. 1212 K
 Q 2. A balloon is blown with one mole of gas has a volume of 480 ml at 5°C .
This volume corresponds to ( 7/8 ) th of its maximum capacity calculate the
minimum temperature at which balloon will burst

A. 55°C. B 100°C C 44.67°C. D. 34.67°C

Q3 One mole of an ideal gas at constant atmospheric pressure is heated to

increase its volume by 50% of initial volume. the change in temperature made
was 300 Kelvin to T K . Then calculate the final temperature
Q Pressure of gas contained in a closed vessel is increased by 0.4% when heated by 1°C
calculate its final temperature assuming ideal nature.

A. 300 K B. 350 K C. 250K D 400K

Q. The density of neon will be highest at.

A. 0°C. B. 0°C , 2 atm C. 273°C , 1 atm. D. 273°C, 2 atm

Q. An open vessel at 27°C is heated until 3/5 of the air it has been expelled
assuming that volume of the Vesel remains constant find out
A. Temperature at which the vessel was heated.
B. Tha air escaped out if vessel is heated to 900 Kelvin
C The temperature at which half of the air escapes out
Q. Two flasks of equal volumes connected by narrow tube of negligible volume at.
27°C and contains 0.70 moles of hydrogen at 0.5 atm. one of the flask is then
immersed to a bath kept at 127° centigrade while the other remains at 27°C calculate
the final pressure and the number of moles of hydrogen in each flask
Q. Two glass bulb of equal volumes are connected by a narrow tube and filled with
gas at 0°C and presure of 76 cm of Hg . one of the bulb is then placed in a water
bath maintained at 62°C what is the new value of the pressure inside the bulb.
Ans 83.75cm of Hg
Q In a gaseous mixture at 20°C the total pressure is equal to 775 torr if the sum of
the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is 350 torr and the partial
volume of hydrogen is 19.4% what is the partial pressure of CO2

A. 225 torr. B 300 torr. C. 275 torr. D. 200 torr

 Q. The total pressure exerted by mixture of three gases A,B and C is 24 atm if
mole fraction of gas A is 0.3 and mole fraction of remaining two gases are same
calculate the partial pressure in atm of each gas
A. 8.4 B. 6.4 C. 4.2. D. 3.2

Q. 5 litres of nitrogen under a pressure of 2 atm , 2 L of oxygen at 5.5 atm and

3 L of carbon dioxide at 5 atm are mixed .the resultant volume of the mixture is
15 L calculate the total pressure of the mixture.
A. 2. B. 1.2. C. 2.4. D. 2.2
Q. Oxygen and helium are taken in equal weight in a vessel the pressure
exerted by helium in the mixture is.

A. 1/8 of total pressure B 1/9th of total pressure

C. 2/9th of total pressure. D. 8/9th Of total pressure

Q. Equal volumes of two jars contain HCL, NH3 gases respectively at constant
temperature and pressure P. when one of the jar is inverted over another Jar so
that they mix up the pressure in either of the jar is .

A. 1 atm B. Equal to P. C. Becomes 0. D. P+P = 2P

Q. A mixture contains 55% N2, 20% O2. and 25% CO2 by mass a total pressure of 760
mm of Hg calculate the partial pressure of each gas .

Q. Two gases A and B having molecular weights 16 & 45 respectively are enclosed in
a vessel the weight of A is 0.50 g and that of B 0 .2 g . the total pressure of the mixture
750 mm. calculate the partial pressure of the two gases
Q The density of a mixture of O2 and N2 at NTP is 1.3 g/L calculate partial pressure of
O2 .
 When a gas is collected over water it becomes moist due to water vapour
which exerts its own vapour pressure known as aqueous tension of
water. The value of aqueous tension is constant at constant temperature
for example at 25°C the value of-aqueous tension of water is 23.8 mm of
Hg

Q A cylinder with piston contains N2 gas and small amount of liquid water at a
temperature of 25°C (aqueous tension of water is 23.8 mm of Hg) . the total
pressure inside the cylinder is 600 mm of mercury .the piston in the cylinder is
pushed downwards keeping the temperature constant to reduce the volume to
half of its initial volume what is the pressure at this condition
Q A jar Contains a gas and a few drops of water at T Kelvin the pressure in the jar
is 830 mm of mercury . the temperature of the jar is reduced by 1% the vapour
pressure of water at two temperatures are 30 and 25. mm of Hg . calculate the new
pressure in the jar .
Q A closed vessel contains air, saturated water vapours and excess of
water. the total pressure in the Vessel is 760 mm of mercury at 25°C . the
temperature is raised to 100°C. Calculate the total pressure in vessel at 100°
C aqueous tension of H2O at 25°C And 10 0°C are 24 mm and 760mm Hg .
Q. There are 201 rows of spectators sitting in the hall. a magician releases laughing
gas from the front and tear gas (176) from the back of the hall simultaneously.
which row spectators will have tendency to smile and weep simultaneously.

Ans 134 from the front or 67 from the back

 Q 2 grams of Helium diffused from a porous plate in 4 min how many grams of CH4
would diffuse through the same plate in same time under similar conditions

1). 4 g 2) 16 g. 3). 8 g. 4). 2g

Q. X ml of H2 effuses through a hole in a container in 5 seconds . The time taken for the
effusion of the same volume of the gas specified below under identical condition is

1). 10 sec : He. 2 ). 20 sec : O2 3). 25 sec : CO. 4) 35 sec :CO2

 Q. Four gas balloons A,B,C,D of equal volume containing H2, H2O, CO,
CO2 respectively were pricked with a sharp needle and immersed in a tank
containing CO2 which of them will shrink after sometime

1). A. 2.). B. 3). C. 4. A, B & C

Q. A certain gas difuses from two different vessel A and B the vesel A has circular
orifice while vessel B has square orifice of length equal to the radius of orifice of vessel A
the ratio of rates of diffusion of the gas from vessel A to vessel B assuming same
temperature and pressure is .
 After the experimental studies on gaseous behaviour attempts were made to
develope a theoretical model based on structure of gases which can correlate the
experimental facts . Maxwell in 1862 with other scientists developed kinetic theory of
gases based upon some postulates and derived an expression known as kinetic
equation by which all the gas laws were obtained theoretically

1. A gas consist of extremely small discrete particles called molecules. the

actual volume of the molecules is negligible compared to total volume of the gas
. the molecules of a given gas are identical and have the same mass .

2 gas molecules are in constant random motion with high velocities they move
in straight lines with uniform velocity and change direction on collision with other
molecules or the walls of container.

3 The distance between the molecules are very large and it is assumed that
vanderwall attractive force between them do not exist . thus gas molecule can
move freely independent of each other.

4 all collisions are perfectly ellastic hence there is no loss of kinetic energy of a
molecule during a collision.
5 The pressure of a gas is caused by the collision of molecules on the walls of
container.

6. The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional to

absolute temperature
The equation expresses PV of a gas in terms of the number of molecules,
molecular mass and molecular velocity .

Let us consider a certain mass of gas enclosed in a cubicle box at a fixed

temperature . suppose that
length of each side of box. = l cm
The total number of molecules. =n
Mass of one molecule. =m
Velocity of a molecule. =v

The kinetic Gas equation may be derived by following steps

1. Resolution of velocity V of a single molecule along X,Y & Z axis

2 The number of collision per second on face A due to one molecule

3 total change of momentum on all the faces of the box due to one molecule only

4 total change of momentum due to impact of all molecules on all the faces of box

5 calculation of pressure from change of momentum

1. Resolution of velocity V of a single molecule along X, Y, Z axis

According to kinetic theory a molecule of a gas can move with velocity V in any direction
velocity is a Vector quantity and can be resolved into the components Vx ,Vy and Vz
along X, Y, and Z axis the components are related to velocity V by the following
expression

Now let’s consider the motion of a single molecule moving with the component
velocities independently in each direction
2 The number of collision per second on face A caused due to one molecule

Consider a molecule moving in OX direction between opposite faces a A and B. it will

strike the face A with velocity Vx and rebounce with velocity -Vx . to hit the same face
again .the molecule most travel L centimetre to opposite face B and then again L
centimetre to return to face A .
3 The total change of momentum on all the faces of the box due to one molecule only

The total change of momentum per second on face A caused by one molecule
 The change of momentum on both the opposite faces A and B along X axis would be
double

Hence the overall change of momentum per second on all the faces of the box due to one
molecule will be
 4 total change of momentum due to impact of all the molecules on all the faces of the
box

5 Calculation of pressure from change of momentum

While deriving kinetic gas equation it was assumed that all molecules in a gas
have the same velocity but it is not so .
when any two molecules collide, one molecule transfers Kinetic energy to the
other molecules
. The velocity of the molecule which gains energy increases and that of other
decreases.
Millions of such molecular collisions are taking place per second. Therefore the
velocities of molecules are changing constantly. Since the number of molecules
is very large fraction of molecules will have the same particular velocity.
In this way there is a broad distribution of velocity over different fraction of
molecules
In1860 Maxwell calculated the distribution of velocity is from laws of probability
Q. By increasing the pressure hundred times what will be the effect on velocity
 Q. At 400 Kelvin the RMS speed of gas X ( MW = 40) is equal to most probable speed
of gas Y at 60 Kelvin. the molecular weight of gas Y is

A. 4 B. 6. C. 8. D. 10

Q. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 140 Kelvin to 560 Kelvin, if at
140 Kelvin the RMS velocity of gas molecules is V at 560 it becomes

A. 5V. B. 2V. C. V/2. D. V/4.

Q The ratio between RMS velocity of hydrogen at 50 Kelvin and that of oxygen at 800
Kelvin is.
A. 4. B. 2. C. 1. D. 1/4

Q The average velocity of gas molecule is 400 m/s calculate its RMS velocity at the same
temperature.

A. 434. B. 634. C. 834. D. 934.

Q Two bulbs A and B of equal capacity are filled with helium and SO2
respectively at the same temperature
1. If the pressure in the two bulbs is same calculate the ratio of RMS for them
2 At what temperature RMS velocity of SO2 becomes half of the RMS velocity of
helium molecules at 27°C
3. How will the speeds be effected if half of the molecules of SO2 are removed
from B

Since RMS is independent of number of molecules and there is no effect on the

speed by changing the number of molecules
Comments
1 A fraction of molecules having either very low speed or very high speed are smaller
in number
2 The peak of the curve corresponds to the speed occupied by majority of molecules
known as most probable speed that is the largest fraction of molecules corresponding
to the highest point in the curve
1. The peak shifts forward showing that Vmp increases.

2 The peak shifts downward showing that fraction of molecule or number of

molecules possessing Vmp decreases.

3. The curve becomes broader in the middle showing that more molecules posses
speed near to Vmp the distribution of speed is wider at higher temperature then at a
lower temperature .

4 kinetic energy of molecules increases as temperature increases it follows that

fraction of molecules having higher speed range increases and lower speed range
decreases.

5. The total area under each of the curve remain same .

Q Two gases A and B with molecular weight M and M . it is observed that at a
certain temperature T the mean velocity of A is equal to rms of B .thus the mean
velocity of A can be made equal to the mean velocity of B ,if

1. A is at temperature T and B at T such that T>T

2. A is lowered to a temperature T < T while B is at T
3 Both A and B are raised to a higher temperature
4 Both A and B are lowered in temperature
Q which of the following statement is true

1. The ratio of mean speed to the RMS speed is independent of temperature

2 The square of the mean speed of the molecules is equal to square of the RMS speed
at a certain temperature

3 The mean Kinetic energy of the gas molecules at any given temperature is
independent of the mean speed

4 The difference between RMS speed and mean speed at any temperature for different
gases diminishes when larger molar masses are considered
 A gas that confirms to the assumptions of KTG is called as ideal gas .It obeys
basic laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure, however later on it
was found that none of the gas present in universe obeys gas laws perfectly thus
an ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure volume and temperature is
completely described by ideal gas equation. ideal gas behaviour is shown by gas at
LPHT

Gases which deviates from ideal behaviou are called non ideal or real
gases these gases obey the gas laws under moderate conditions of
temperature and pressure.

1. Volume occupied by the molecule is negligible in comparison to total volume of the gas
2 The molecule exert no force of attraction upon one another

These two assumptions are valid only for ideal gas and or not valid for real gases

1. The molecules of a gas how ever do occupy certain volume as can be seen from
the fact that gases can be liquefied and solidified at low temperature and high
pressure. on decreasing the temperature of gas thermal energy of molecules
decreased .the gas molecule loses kinetic energy .the slow moving molecules then
aggregate due to attraction between them and converted to liquid
2. The effect of applying high-pressure is to bring the molecules closer to one another
thereby increasing the forces of attraction amongst them . the gas molecules come
closer by compression and coalesce to form liquid both these factors favours
liquefication
molecules in a gas also have weak forces of attraction called as Vanderwall forces
1. At Very low pressure for all these gases Z is approximately equal to 1 this
indicates that at low pressure real gases exhibits ideal behaviour

2. As the pressure is increased hydrogen shows a continuous increase in Z.

(from Z equal to 1) thus the hydrogen,curve lies above the ideal gas curve at all
pressure.

3. For nitrogen , carbon dioxide and methane Z first decreases it passes through
minimum and then increase continuously with Pressure (z>1)

4. Gases which are easy liquefied z dipps sharply below the ideal line in the low-
pressure region
A = forces in all Ideal pressure is higher
the direction because of absence of
are balanced IMFOA
and net force =0 Real pressure is lower
because of IMFOA.
Larger is this term , larger will be the net force of attraction with which the molecule will
be dragged behind . this result in a greater decrease in the velocity of the molecule B
and hence a greater decrease in the velocity of the molecule B and hence a greater
decrease in the rate of Change of momentum consequently the correction factor has
has a larger value .
Note. :: Numerical value of b is four times the actual volume occupied
by molecule

Excluded volume is 4 times the actual volume of molecule

The excluded volume is not equal to actual volume of the gas molecule, in fact it
is four times the actual volume of molecule and can be calculated as follows
Because of the small mass of hydrogen molecule attraction between the molecules
are negligible hence the value of a is extremely small for this gases as they are
difficult to liquefy . so the term a /v becomes negligible hence Z is always greater
than one. and it increases with increase of pressure
 Two vanderwalls gases having same value of b but different values of a which
of these would occupy greater volume under identical conditions

The gas having smaller value of a will occupy lesser volume because the gas with
larger value of a have a larger force of attraction and hence lesser distance
between them

Two vanderwall gas have the same values of a but different values of b which
would be more compressible

The smaller the value of b larger with the compressibility because the gas with
smaller value of b will occupy lesser volume and hence will be more
compressible

Calculate the volume correction and pressure correction for 4.4 g of CO2 kept in 1 L flask
Given that a= 3.6 L mol. and b = 0.04 Lmol for CO2
A gas can be liquified by lowering the temperature and increasing the pressure.
Andrew studied the P-T condition of several gases . he established that for every gas
There is a temperature below which the gas can be liquified. this temperature is called
the critical temperature of gas .
Observation
At high-temperature the curve look like those of an ideal gas

At low temperature the curves have altogether different appearance they are
discontinuous