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Crystal Defect - MJ - Lec02

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14 views7 pages

Crystal Defect - MJ - Lec02

........ggfchjb

Uploaded by

imrankpc2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Crystal Symmetry

• Lecture 01: Fundamentals

• Lecture 02: Structure of metals

• Lecture 03: Crystal defects


• Lecture 04: Miller indices

• Lecture 05: X-ray diffraction (application)

• Lecture 06: Structure of Si, Ge, N and P

Imperfections in Solids

• Solidification- result of casting of molten material


– 2 steps
• Nuclei form
• Nuclei grow to form crystals – grain structure

• Start with a molten material – all liquid

nuclei crystals growing grain structure


liquid

• Crystals grow until they meet each other

1
Why are defects important?

Defects have a profound impact on the various properties of


materials:

Bonding + Crystal Structure + Defects Properties

Production of advanced semiconductor devices require not only a rather


perfect Si crystal as starting material, but also involve introduction of
specific defects in small areas of the sample.

Defects are responsible for color (& price) of a diamond crystal.

Forging a metal tool introduces defects … and increases strength of the


tool.

Imperfections in Solids
ISSUES TO ADDRESS

• What are the solidification mechanisms?

• What types of defects arise in solids?

• Can the number and type of defects be varied


and controlled?

• How do defects affect material properties?

• Are defects undesirable?

2
Types of Imperfections

• Vacancy atoms
• Interstitial atoms Point defects
• Substitutional atoms

• Dislocations Line defects

• Grain Boundaries Area defects

Point Defects in Metals


• Vacancies:
-vacant atomic sites in a structure.

Vacancy
distortion
of planes

• Self-Interstitials:
-"extra" atoms positioned between atomic sites.

self-
interstitial
distortion
of planes

3
Line Defects

Dislocations:
• are line defects,
• slip between crystal planes result when dislocations move,
• produce permanent (plastic) deformation.

Schematic of Zinc (HCP):

• before deformation • after tensile elongation

slip steps

Line Defects

Linear Defects (Dislocations)


– Are one-dimensional defects around which atoms are
misaligned

• Edge dislocation:
– extra half-plane of atoms inserted in a crystal structure
– b perpendicular () to dislocation line

• Screw dislocation:
– spiral planar ramp resulting from shear deformation
– b parallel () to dislocation line

4
Motion of Edge Dislocation
• Dislocation motion requires the successive bumping of a half plane of atoms
(from left to right here).

• Bonds across the slipping planes are broken and remade in succession.

Atomic view of edge


dislocation motion from
left to right as a crystal
is sheared.

Click once on image to start animation


(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Imperfections in Solids

Screw Dislocation
Screw Dislocation

b
Dislocation
line
Burgers vector b (b)
(a)

5
Edge, Screw, and Mixed Dislocations

Mixed

Edge

Screw

Polycrystalline Materials

Grain Boundaries
• regions between crystals
• transition from lattice of
one region to that of the
other
• slightly disordered
• low density in grain
boundaries
– high mobility
– high diffusivity
– high chemical reactivity

6
• Point, Line, and Area defects exist in solids.

• The number and type of defects can be varied


and controlled (e.g., T controls vacancy conc.)

• Defects affect material properties (e.g., grain


boundaries control crystal slip).
• Defects may be desirable or undesirable
(e.g., dislocations may be good or bad, depending
on whether plastic deformation is desirable or not.)

Semiconductor Materials

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