INTRODUCTION

Strings are amongst the most popular types in Python. We can create them simply
by enclosing characters in quotes. Python treats single quotes the same as
double quotes. Creating strings is as simple as assigning a value to a
variable.
For example −
var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"

ACCESSING VALUES IN STRINGS

Python does not support a character type; these are treated as strings of
length one, thus also considered a substring.
To access substrings, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index
or indices to obtain your substring.

Example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
print ("var1[0]: ", var1[0])
print ("var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5])

Output:
var1[0]: H
var2[1:5]: ytho

UPDATING STRINGS
You can "update" an existing string by (re)assigning a variable to another
string. The new value can be related to its previous value or to a completely
different string altogether.

Example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
print ("Updated String :- ", var1[:6] + 'Python')

Output:
Updated String :- Hello Python

SLICING OF STRINGS
To access a range of characters in the String, method of slicing is used.
Slicing in a String is done by using a Slicing operator (colon).

Example:
String1 = “SmileStudents"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String1)
print("\nSlicing characters from 3-12: ")
print(String1[3:12])
print("\nSlicing characters between " +"3rd and 2nd last character: ")
print(String1[3:-2])

Output:
Initial String:
SmileStudents
Slicing characters from 3-12:
leStudent
Slicing characters between 3rd and 2nd last character:
leStuden

FORMATTING OF STRINGS
Strings in Python can be formatted with the use of format() method which is
very versatile and powerful tool for formatting of Strings. Format method in
String contains curly braces {} as placeholders which can hold arguments
according to position or keyword to specify the order.

# Default order
String1 = "{} {} {}".format(‘Very', ‘Clever', ‘Students')
print("Print String in default order: ")
print(String1)

# Positional Formatting
String1 = "{1} {0} {2}".format(‘Clever', ‘Very', ‘Students')
print("\nPrint String in Positional order: ")
print(String1)

# Keyword Formatting
String1 = "{v} {c} {s}".format(v= ‘Very', c = ‘Clever', s = ‘Students')
print("\nPrint String in order of Keywords: ")
print(String1)

Output:
1. Print String in default order:
Very Clever Students
2. Print String in Positional order:
Very Clever Students
3. Print String in order of Keywords:
Very Clever Students

BUILT IN FUNCTIONS
1. capitalize()
It returns a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.
Syntax
str.capitalize()
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print ("str.capitalize() : ", str.capitalize())
Output:
str.capitalize() : This is string example....wow!!!

2. count()
The count()method returns the number of occurrences of substring sub in the
range [start, end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in
slice notation.
Syntax
str.count(sub, start = 0,end = len(string))
Parameters
sub− This is the substring to be searched.
start− Search starts from this index. First character starts from 0 index. By
default search starts from 0 index.
end− Search ends from this index. First character starts from 0 index. By
default search ends at the last index.
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
sub = 'i'
print ("str.count('i') : ", str.count(sub))
sub = 'exam'
print ("str.count('exam', 10, 40) : ", str.count(sub,10,40))

Output:
str.count('i') : 3
str.count('exam', 10, 40) : 1

3. find()
The find()method determines if the string str occurs in string, or in a
substring of string if the starting index beg and ending index end are given.
Syntax
str.find(str, beg = 0 end = len(string))
Parameters
str− This specifies the string to be searched.
beg− This is the starting index, by default its 0.
end− This is the ending index, by default its equal to the length of the
string.
Example
str1 = "this is string example....wow!!!"
str2 = "exam“
print (str1.find(str2))
print (str1.find(str2, 10))
print (str1.find(str2, 40))

Output:
15
15
-1

4. index()
The index()method determines if the string str occurs in string or in a
substring of string, if the starting index beg and ending index end are given.
This method is same as find(), but raises an exception if sub is not found.
Syntax
str.index(str, beg = 0 end = len(string))
Parameters
str− This specifies the string to be searched.
beg− This is the starting index, by default its 0.
end− This is the ending index, by default its equal to the length of the
string.
Example
str1 = "this is string example....wow!!!"
str2 = "exam"; print (str1.index(str2))
print (str1.index(str2, 10))
print (str1.index(str2, 40))

Output:
15
15
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 7, in <module>
print (str1.index(str2, 40))
ValueError: substring not found shell returned 1

5. len()
The len()method returns the length of the string.
Syntax
len( str )
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print ("Length of the string: ", len(str))

Output:
Length of the string: 32

6. join()
The join()method returns a string in which the string elements of sequence have
been joined by str separator.
Syntax
str.join(sequence)
Parameters
sequence− This is a sequence of the elements to be joined.
Return Value
This method returns a string, which is the concatenation of the strings in the
sequence seq. The separator between elements is the string providing this
method.
Example
s = "-"
seq = ("a", "b", "c") # This is sequence of strings.
print (s.join( seq ))

Output:
a-b-c
7. lower()
The method lower()returns a copy of the string in which all case-based
characters have been lowercased.
Syntax
str.lower()
Example
str = "THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!"
print (str.lower())

Output:
this is string example....wow!!!

8. upper()
The upper()method returns a copy of the string in which all case-based
characters have been uppercased.
Syntax
str.upper()
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print ("str.upper : ",str.upper())

Output:
str.upper : THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!

9. title()
The title()method returns a copy of the string in which first characters of all
the words are capitalized.
Syntax
str.title()
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.title())

Output:
This Is String Example....Wow!!!

10.max()
The max()method returns the max alphabetical character from the string str.
Syntax
max(str)
Example
str = "this is a string example....really!!!"
print ("Max character: " + max(str))
str = "this is a string example....wow!!!"
print ("Max character: " + max(str))

Output:
Max character: y
Max character: x
11.min()
The min()method returns the min alphabetical character from the string str.
Syntax
min(str)
Example
str = "www.google.com"
print ("Min character: " + min(str))
str = “ALPHABET"
print ("Min character: " + min(str))

Output:
Min character: .
Min character: A

12.replace()
The replace()method returns a copy of the string in which the occurrences of
old have been replaced with new, optionally restricting the number of
replacements to max.
Syntax
str.replace(old, new[, max])
Parameters
old− This is old substring to be replaced.
new− This is new substring, which would replace old substring.
max− If this optional argument max is given, only the first count occurrences
are replaced.
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!! this is really string"
print (str.replace("is", "was"))
print (str.replace("is", "was", 3))

Output:
thwas was string example....wow!!! thwas was really string
thwas was string example....wow!!! thwas is really string

13.split()
The split()method returns a list of all the words in the string, using str as
the separator (splits on all whitespace if left unspecified), optionally
limiting the number of splits to num.
Syntax
str.split(str="", num = string.count(str)).
Parameters
str− This is any delimeter, by default it is space.
num− this is number of lines to be made
Return Value
This method returns a list of lines.
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.split( ))
print (str.split('i',1))
print (str.split('w'))
Output:
['this', 'is', 'string', 'example....wow!!!']
['th', 's is string example....wow!!!']
['this is string example....', 'o', '!!!']

14.swapcase()
The swapcase()method returns a copy of the string in which all the case-based
characters have had their case swapped.
Syntax
str.swapcase();
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.swapcase())
str = "This Is String Example....WOW!!!"
print (str.swapcase())

Output:
THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!
tHIS iS sTRING eXAMPLE....wow!!!

15.center()
The method center()returns centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fillchar. Default filler is a space.
Syntax
str.center(width[, fillchar])
Parameters
width− This is the total width of the string.
fillchar− This is the filler character.
Return Value
This method returns a string that is at least width characters wide, created by
padding the string with the character fillchar (default is a space).
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print ("str.center(40, 'a') : ", str.center(40, 'a'))

Output:
str.center(40, 'a') : aaaathis is string example....wow!!!aaaa

16.startswith()
The startswith()method checks whether the string starts with str, optionally
restricting the matching with the given indices start and end.
Syntax
str.startswith(str, beg = 0,end = len(string));
Parameters
str− This is the string to be checked.
beg− This is the optional parameter to set start index of the matching
boundary.
end− This is the optional parameter to set start index of the matching
boundary.
Return Value
This method returns true if found matching string otherwise false
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.startswith( 'this' ))
print (str.startswith( 'string', 8 ))
print (str.startswith( 'this', 2, 4 ))

Output:
True
True
False

17.endswith()
It returns True if the string ends with the specifiedsuffix, otherwise return
False optionally restricting the matching with the given indicesstartandend.
Syntax
str.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])
Parameters
suffix− This could be a string or could also be a tuple of suffixes to look
for.
start− The slice begins from here.
end− The slice ends here.
Example
Str = 'this is string example....wow!!!'
suffix = '!!'
print (Str.endswith(suffix))
print (Str.endswith(suffix,20))
suffix = 'exam'
print (Str.endswith(suffix))
print (Str.endswith(suffix, 0, 19))

Output:
True
True
False
True

18.ljust()
The method ljust()returns the string left justified in a string of length
width. Padding is done using the specified fillchar (default is a space). The
original string is returned if width is less than len(s).
Syntax
str.ljust(width[, fillchar])
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print str.ljust(50, '*')

Output:
this is string example....wow!!!******************

19.rjust()
The rjust()method returns the string right justified in a string of length
width. Padding is done using the specified fillchar (default is a space). The
original string is returned if width is less than len(s).
Syntax
str.rjust(width[, fillchar])
Parameters
width− This is the string length in total after padding.
fillchar− This is the filler character, default is a space.
Example
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.rjust(50, '*'))

Output:
******************this is string example....wow!!!

20.rfind()
The rfind()method returns the last index where the substring str is found, or -
1 if no such index exists, optionally restricting the search to
string[beg:end].
Syntax
str.rfind(str, beg = 0 end = len(string))
Example
str1 = "this is really a string example....wow!!!"
str2 = "is"
print (str1.rfind(str2))
print (str1.rfind(str2, 0, 10))
print (str1.rfind(str2, 10, 0))
print (str1.find(str2))
print (str1.find(str2, 0, 10))
print (str1.find(str2, 10, 0))

Output:
5 5 -1 2 2 -1

21.rindex()
Therindex()method returns the last index where the substring str is found, or
raises an exception if no such index exists, optionally restricting the search
to string[beg:end].
Syntax: str.rindex(str, beg = 0 end = len(string))
Example
str1 = "this is really a string example....wow!!!"
str2 = "is"
print (str1.rindex(str2))
print (str1.rindex(str2,10))

Output:
5 Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 5, in <module>
print (str1.rindex(str2,10))
ValueError: substring not found

22.strip()
The strip()method returns a copy of the string in which all chars have been
stripped from the beginning and the end of the string (default whitespace
characters).
Syntax
str.strip([chars]);
Parameters
chars− The characters to be removed from beginning or end of the string.
Return Value
This method returns a copy of the string in which all chars have been stripped
from the beginning and the end of the string.
Example
str = "*****this is string example....wow!!!*****"
print (str.strip( '*' ))

Output:
this is string example....wow!!!

23.lstrip()
The lstrip()method returns a copy of the string in which all chars have been
stripped from the beginning of the string (default whitespace characters).
Syntax: str.lstrip([chars])
Example:
str = " this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.lstrip())
str = "*****this is string example....wow!!!*****"
print (str.lstrip('*'))

Output:
this is string example....wow!!!
this is string example....wow!!!*****

24.rstrip()
The rstrip()method returns a copy of the string in which all chars have been
stripped from the end of the string (default whitespace characters).
Syntax: str.rstrip([chars])
Example
str = " this is string example....wow!!! "
print (str.rstrip())
str = "*****this is string example....wow!!!*****"
print (str.rstrip('*'))

Output:
this is string example....wow!!!
*****this is string example....wow!!!

25.isalnum()
Theisalnum()method checks whether the string consists of alphanumeric
characters.
Syntax
str.isa1num()
Example
str = "this2016" # No space in this string
print (str.isalnum())
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.isalnum())

Output:
True
False

26.isalpha()
The isalpha()method checks whether the string consists of alphabetic characters
only.
Syntax
str.isalpha()
Example
str = "this"; # No space & digit in this string
print (str.isalpha())
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.isalpha())

Output:
True
False

27.isdigit()
The method isdigit()checks whether the string consists of digits only.
Syntax
str.isdigit()
Example
str = "123456"; # Only digit in this string
print (str.isdigit())
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.isdigit())

Output:
True
False

28.islower()
The islower()method checks whether all the case-based characters (letters) of
the string are lowercase.
Syntax
str.islower()
Example
str = "THIS is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.islower())
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.islower())

Output:
False
True
29.isnumeric()
The isnumeric()method checks whether the string consists of only numeric
characters. This method is present only on unicode objects.
Syntax
str.isnumeric()
Example
str = "this2016"
print (str.isnumeric())
str = "23443434"
print (str.isnumeric())

Output:
False
True

30.isspace()
The isspace()method checks whether the string consists of whitespace.
Syntax
str.isspace()
Example
str = " "
print (str.isspace())
str = "This is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.isspace())

Output:
True
False

31.istitle()
The istitle()method checks whether all the case-based characters in the string
following non-casebased letters are uppercase and all other case-based
characters are lowercase.
Syntax
str.istitle()
Example:
str = "This Is String Example...Wow!!!"
print (str.istitle())
str = "This is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.istitle())

Output:
True
False

32.isupper()
The isupper()method checks whether all the case-based characters (letters) of
the string are uppercase.
Syntax
str.isupper()
Example
str = "THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!"
print (str.isupper())
str = "THIS is string example....wow!!!"
print (str.isupper())

Output:
True
False