Dynamics

Newton’s first law states that a body stays at rest or continues to move at constant velocity
unless a resultant force acts on it.
Newton’s second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to
the resultant force acting on it. The resultant force and the change momentum are in the same
direction.

Inertia is the property of a body to stay in a state of rest or uniform velocity. Mass is a
measure of the inertia of a body to change in velocity.
Linear momentum of a body is the product of its mass and velocity.

Impulse is the product of the force and the time. It also is the change in momentum.
Hence , by finding change in momentum . time , you can find resultant force.

Collision

In all collisions , the initial momentum = final momentum

In elastic collisions ,
● Initial KE and final KE are the same
● Speed of approach = Speed of separation

This can be further utilised in 2 special cases:

1. Explosions

a.
2. Glancing Collisions
a. Split the momentum into vertical and horizontal momentum (same as
resolving forces)
Work Energy Power
Work done by a force on the body is defined as the product of the force and the
displacement in the direction of the force. ( 𝑊 = 𝑓𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ) where x is the displace and θ is
the angle between the force and the displacement.

In graphical form , work done is the area under a force-displacement graph

𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Power is work done over time ; Efficiency is 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Energy
2
1 2 𝑝
1. 2
𝑚𝑣 → KE → 2𝑚
2. 𝑚𝑔ℎ → GPE
1 2
3. 2
𝑘𝑥 → Elastic Potential energy (this is also the area under a Force to Extension
graph)
Energy may be transformed from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Motion in Circle

Angular = Angle 😲 θ
Angular Velocity = ω = 𝑡
Angular Momentum = mvr
Linear Velocity = rω
2
2 𝑣
Acceleration = ω r = 𝑟
2
Centripetal Force = mω r

Since in a circle , the direction is constantly changing , hence the velocity will be constantly
changing in something known as centripetal acceleration. When there is no resultant force
acting on the ball , it will fly off to the tangent of the circle at that point

Centripetal isn't a real force but instead it is a type of force in circular motion. For example ,
when a car is driving in circles , friction acts as the centripetal force. Centripetal force is
just any force that is directed towards the centre. Just identify a force that points towards
the centre of the circle. Centripetal force is the minimum amount of force to remain in
circular motion in calculation questions

When an object is in constant circular motion , while the speed is constant , there will be
constantly changing velocity. Since speed is constant , the change in velocity is perpendicular
to motion and directed towards the centre of circular motion. Hence the acceleration acts
towards the centre of circular motion which results in the formation of a resultant force
towards the centre.
Non Uniform Circular Motion

In some cases , for example vertical circular motion , the motion is not constant. This will
then be calculated via the Law of Conservation. Steps:
1. Find Velocity by law of conservation
2. Find Centripetal Force at the point they want u to see
3. Draw a force diagram at the focus point to see what the Centripetal Force represents
4. Calculate

When labelling the forces , just find the normal

contact force + the weight and the resultant. The
centripetal force does not have to be the resultant
force.

🥱
Gravitational Field
Memorisation Spam :
● A field of force is a region of space in which a force is experienced.
● A gravitational field is a region of space in which gravitational force is experienced
by a mass placed in the region.
● The gravitational field strength at a point in a gravitational field is defined as the
gravitational force exerted per unit mass acting on a small mass placed at that point.
● Newton’s Law of Gravitation states that the mutual gravitational force of attraction
between two point masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart.
● Why GPE is negative
○ Gravitational potential energy of a mass at a point is the work done on the
mass in moving it from infinity to that point.
○ At infinity , GPE = 0
○ Since the kinetic energy of mass at infinity remains constant, the force exerted
by the external agent (to keep its speed constant cuz it will accelerate without this) is equal and
opposite to the gravitational force at every point of the path during the
displacement. Therefore, work done by the external agent will be negative.
○ The gravitational potential, defined as the work done per unit mass is therefore
negative.
● A satellite in geostationary orbit remains above a fixed point on the Earth’s equator.
○ West to East
○ Period = 24 hours
○ Directly above the equator
Formulas:
● G-Field stuff:
𝐺𝑚1𝑚2
○ 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 2
𝑟
𝐺𝑚1
○ 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2
𝑟
𝐺𝑀
○ Gravitational Potential = − 𝑟
𝐺𝑚1𝑚2
○ 𝐺𝑃𝐸 = − 𝑟
−11
○ G = 6. 67 × 10
● Circular Orbit (Gravitational Force is the Centripetal force to derive the below)
2
4π 3 2 3
○ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇 = 𝐺𝑀
𝑟 (or u can use kepler’s third law 𝑇 ∝ 𝑟 )
𝐺𝑀𝑚
○ 𝐾𝐸 = 2𝑟
Escape speed is when KE = GPE , basically all the questions are conservation of energy
Equipotential lines are lines with the same gravitational potential , the denser the lines , the
stronger the field strength there
Binary Systems
● Orbital periods are equal
● Orbital radius is the distance between the
centre of mass of the planet to the centre of
mass of the 2 planets

For the graphs just refer to the table on top. I feel most of it can be derived using maths.

Satellites

Pros of Geostationary:
● It is stationary at a point so its good for communications
● It is far away so it can view a large chunk of the earth instead of a small point

Disadvantages:
● Low quality cuz its very far away
● Delay → Lag

Polar orbits are the ones that are close to the earth’s surface.

Pros:
● High resolution
● Less Lag
Cons:
● It is constantly moving so it only goes back to the same spot every 2 hours → can't
capture continuously → need to constantly change direction of satellite dish