PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

U t Ct C us, U t Ct , P g s

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

A t tu D t t

R s W N . RSW - MT - 01
D t Issu August 22, 2024

"HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Tt PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES"

COURSE NO. AND TITLE STUDENT NAME DATE DUE FINAL RATING

PP 412 - PROFESSIONAL GAÑALONGO. ABIGAIL N. AUG. 28, 2024

PRACTICE 2
INSTRUCTOR COURSE YEAR SECTION DATE SUBMITTED
AR. ALVEN T. BACTAD, UAP BS. ARCHITECTURE - 4A AUG. 28, 2024
F u t I st u t
 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE PROFESSION

IN THE PHILIPPINES

INTRODUCTION

'Architect' is a term that dates back many centuries in history. The architect, throughout history,

was the keystone of every large construction project and has been a master builder who held

responsibility for both the design and the construction of a building. However the architect as its

own recognised profession is a relatively modern concept. The term and what it represents has

evolved through history to its current form in which architects are seen as highly qualified and

educated professionals.

Origins Of Architecture

It is often assumed that architecture as a profession dates back to

the ancient Greeks, the Egyptians or the Romans, and although

the origins of the word date back to these times, it wasn't

until much later that the Architect became a

recognized profession in its own right.

Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c.

15 BC), is often considered as the first recognisable

'architect', known as a great Roman writer, engineer and builder. However Vitruvius wasn't strictly

an architect and did not conform to our perception of architects today.

After Vitruvius, the term architect fades into history, overshadowed by religious or political

figures.

It was the discovery by Florentine scholar Poggio Bracciolini

of Vitruvius of the lost great book,

De Architectura ('On architecture', published as 'Ten Books

on Architecture') during the early Renaissance period that

influenced and inspired the architectural movement and

was a significant contributor to developing

the architect as a profession in its own right.

The book, in part, was an attempt, to

summarise the professional knowledge of the

day, and to describe the graphic conventions of

classical design.

CONTENTS

1. FOUNDATIONS OF EARLY ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

During three hundred thirty years of Spanish colonization, the Philippine architecture was

dominated by the Spanish influences.

The Augustinian friars, along with other religious orders, built many grand churches and cathedrals

all over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino Bahay na bató (Filipino

for "house of stone") style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone

and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements.

ALTHOUGH architecture has been a part of the human instinct for survival and quest for beauty

since time in memorial, the practice of architecture in the Philippines was only institutionalized as

profession a century ago. The year 2021 is designated as the Centennial Year of the Architectural

Profession in the Philippines. The founding of the architectural profession in the Philippines was

formalized by virtue of Philippine Assembly Act 2985 (An Act to Regulate the Practice of the

Professions of Engineers and Architect) signed into law on Feb. 23, 1921. The celebration will be

spearheaded by the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) with affiliate organizations

through a year-long lineup of activities that commemorates pioneers, milestones and shapers of

our profession in the last 100 years. But the emergence of Filipino architects can be traced beyond

a century as our profession was molded in the institutions of colonialism and colonial tutelage.

At the onset of Spanish colonization, the construction of obras publi-cas or public works was

assigned to a corps of military engineers who were tasked to build defense structures and

government edifices. Spanish military engineers and, in later years, civil engineers and architects,

practiced their profession in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. In 1705, the Corps of

Engineers was established in Manila to take charge of all construction of churches, government

buildings, and other structures. On record, the first military engineer was Juan de Ciscara y

Ramirez, a native of Cuba, who arrived in October 1705.

The early churches were built under the direction of maestrosdeobras (master builders), many

of whom were priests. These friar-architects wishing to build or repair a church were required to

present to the bishop a presupuesto, a proposal detailing the drawings, plan, and cost estimates.

Aside from church-building, the friar-architects were sometimes engaged in the construction of

hospitals and schools and were consulted occasionally on government construction projects.

From the late sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century, there were about 19

architects on record.

In the Spanish colonial era, the architectural profession was essentially embodied by the

maestro de obras. There was no actual title of “architect.” Although architectural production was

influenced by amateur artisans and builders, the actual business of building was executed by the

maestros de obras. They were natives who apprenticed under friars, engineers, and other experts.

It was only during the mid-nineteenth century when numerous

professional architects and engineers arrived from Spain. It

was during this economic boom that the first Filipino

professional architect, Felix Rojas y Arroyo returned to

the Philippines in 1854 from his academic training

from the Real Academia de Notables Artes de San

Fernando, Madrid. In 1866, he was appointed interim

head of the Public Works Office.

There was no school of architecture in the

Philippines at this time. Instead,

the Escuela Practica y Profesional de Artes y Oficios de Manila,

founded by the Spanish government in 1890, granted the title maestro de obras. Among the first

graduates of this school were Arcadio Arellano, Juan Carreon, Julio Hernandez, and Isidro

Medina. Later, some private schools, such as the Liceo de Manila, granted the academic title of

maestro de obras. Francisco Agraran, Carlos Diaz, Antonio Goguico, Angel Tampinco, and Zoilo

Villanueva were among the first graduates of the Liceo. The Liceo, together with the Academia

de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas, the first professional organization of architects,

engineers, and surveyors founded in 1902, offered a four-year course in civil engineering and

architecture in 1904, thus becoming the first school of architecture in the Philippines. In 1903, it

was renamed Academia de Ingenieria, Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas. In 1911, the

engineers withdrew to form their own organization.

The Practice of Architecture in the Philippines

Republic Act (RA) 9266 or “The Architecture Act of 2004.” This is the art, science and

profession of planning, designing and constructing buildings in their totality, with due account of

their environment and in accordance with the principles of utility, strength and beauty. Many

other considerations are involved in the creative process that requires the designer to have a firm

grasp and understanding of many different factors such as the physical environment, geography,

ecology, sustainability, meteorological conditions of the site, human anthropometrics and even

the heritage of the locality. At least a basic understanding of different. Architecture as a

profession came about only in 1921 when the first registration of architects was implemented. In

1950, with Manila and the whole country just starting to rebuild from the ravages of the Second
World War, RA 545 or “The Architecture Law” was enacted to regulate the local practice of

architecture.

Fast forward to March 17, 2004 and RA 9266 was enacted by Congress. The law provided for a

more comprehensive regulation of the registration, licensing and practice of architecture, repealing

the RA 545 and all other laws inconsistent with its stipulations.

Public safety is the objective of regulating the design and construction of buildings. Architects

comply, consult and adhere to existing regulatory laws and all applicable codes in order to properly

protect and safeguard human lives and its surroundings such as the National Building Code of the

Philippines, Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008, The Accessibility Law, The Architectural Code

and many others. Entrusted with the safety of human lives vis-à-vis the use of buildings, an

architect can be held liable under Article 1723 of the Civil Code should the building he/she

designed collapse within 15 years from its completion.

Maestro de obras or Master builder - practice as an Architect

Escuela practica y Professional de Artes y oficio de manila, 1880 - First aacademic school to

train maestros

Felix Roxas y arroyo of binondo manila - First Filipino recorded architect

Liceo de Manila, 1990 - First Private school to offer an academic title for Meastro de Obras.

LPA – League of Philippines Architects

APGA – Association of Philippine Government Architects

PIA – Philippines institute of Architects

2. EARLY ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONALIZATION IN THE

PHILIPPINES

During the American colonial period, colonial tutelage was accomplished through the

pensionado scholarship program. The homecoming of pensionado architects spurred the

establishment of architectural schools where they were recruited as faculty members, advisers, and

consultants. Apart from the pensionados, these educational institutions employed the expertise of

some foreigners like the American architect Cheri Mandelbaum of the Bureau of Public Works

who worked as chief draftsman during William Parsons’s tenure. Overall, their architectural

training from the United States and Europe served as the backbone for the pedagogical framework

disseminated in these schools, which was basically oriented towards the Beaux-Arts method. This

institutionalized what American architects Parsons, Doane, Fenhagen, Mandelbaum, and even

Daniel Burnham himself had professed in their works in the Philippines as they were all nurtured

in American east coast Beaux-Arts tradition. Moreover, the pensionado architects were trained at

Cornell, Drexel, and Harvard — institutions firmly grounded in the Beaux-Arts pedagogy.

The curriculum for the Bachelor of Science in Architecture at the Mapua Institute of Technology

(MIT) and the University of Santo

Tomas (UST) reflected this French school lineage through the emphasis on rendered drawings

and perspectives, highly symmetrical planning and massing; and Classical Revival preferences in

details and motifs. Even up to now, vestiges of this Beaux-Arts system are still widely practiced

in architecture schools in the Philippines. The design problems done with rapidity are still called

esquisses, while complex problems are called charettes.

For the licensure examinations for architects, prospective architects still study the classic orders

of architecture and how to graphically represent them. It was through the teaching of Western

doctrines, technologies, and aesthetics within an academic institutional setting that the neoclassical

style was firmly entrenched and transmitted to future Filipino architects.

Apart from the training received from an academic setting, another form of tutelage was the

master-apprentice system that existed within the office of the Bureau of Public Works (BPW).

As the BPW was basically tasked to supervise the design and construction of public structures and

landscapes in the islands, it operated like an architectural firm. The office was headed by an

American consulting architect and a host of draftsmen. The office was a man’s world as the

employees were all male. Like in any architectural office, the main designer might be the principal

architect. The draftsmen, under the direct supervision of the consulting architect, churned out

construction plans, details, specifications, and blueprints for the office. The architects-to-be were

trained as interns, learning the rigors of the architectural practice in an actual office setup. In fact,

by the time of the Commonwealth period, almost all of the 96 registered architects in the

Philippines were either trained at an American university or the BPW. That is how pervasive

theinfluence and bearing of the BPW was on the creation of public architecture in the Philippines
during that time.

In Feb. 23 1921, Philippine Assembly Act 2895 was signed into law known as “Engineering

and Architecture Law.” The law officially recognized architecture as a state-regulated

profession. Under this act, two separate boards of examiners (one for engineering and another for

architecture) would be created to oversee the administering of licensure exams. Licensed maestro

de obras were also automatically granted the title “architect” under a grandfather clause in the act.

Through this legislation, the practice of architecture was officially recognized as a profession

subject to state regulation. The formation of the professional organization also served as a unifying

force among architects of the early 20th century.

For the record, Tomas Mapua became the first registered architect in the Philippines.

The male-dominated architectural profession welcomed the first female architect in 1934, when

Mercedes Raffiñan, a graduate of MIT, passed the board examination. She earned the distinction

as the first woman architect in the history of Philippine

architecture and the rest of Southeast Asia. She was also the first

woman to graduate with a degree in architecture in the country.

The Philippine Architects Society was established in 1933 as a

response to the growing number of architecture

professionals in the Philippines. The first president was

Juan Nakpil, with Tomas Mapua as vice-president,

Harold Keys as secretary, and Sidney Rowland and

Fernando Ocampo Sr. as directors. Some of the organization’s undertakings were the drafting of

its constitutions and by-laws, the “Rules of Charges and Professional Fees,” and the Canon of

Ethics of the Society. One of the aims of the society was to lobby for the passage of a law that

would protect the architectural profession and the interest of Filipino architects. This society of

architects would later evolve into the UAP in 1974 to promote the highest standards of ethical

conduct and excellence in the practice and service of the architectural profession as well as lifting

of the standards of architectural education

3. EMERGENCE OF FIRST FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

100 Years Architecture Profession in the Philippines.

Architecture in the Philippines has come a long way since it the profession was recognized 100

years ago. More than a century ago, one will not find a school for architecture in the land. The

closest one can get is to undertake studies to be a Maestro de Obra — then considered as builders.

If one wants to earn the title, seeking studies abroad is the best possible way.

Despite not having architecture schools at that time, Maestro de Obras and surveyors established

the first organization of architecture as interest in this field grew. More and more Filipinos were

able to study abroad and return to the country to practice their profession. In 1921, the Engineers

and Architects Law was passed, stating the separation of board of examination for engineers and
architects. The same law also mandated Maestro de Obras to be automatically registered as

architects, with Tomas Mapua as the first licensed Filipino architect.

Three separate associations of architects were established from the early 1930s to the late 50s.

These are the League of Philippine Architects, the Association of the Philippine Government

Architects, and the Philippine Institute of Architects. However, it took over a few more decades

before the profession saw a clearer path towards professional unity.

After careful and meticulous process of incorporation, the United Architects of the Philippines

(UAP) was finally established in 1975 and was recognized by the Professional Regulation

Commission (PRC) as the duly accredited professional organization of architects in the country.

With a pool of more than 50, 000 members and a strong network of 181 chapters from various

regions across the globe, the UAP is a prime mover in making the architecture profession known

not only in the country, but also in the international arena. It is an award-winning professional

organization which has clinched the PRC’s Most Outstanding Accredited-Professional

Organization Award or the APO Award for several consecutive years since 2002 — a testament

that it is serving its purpose of protecting the profession.

Today, architects are considered as master builders of all vertical structures, working hand-in-hand

with allied professionals in creating builds and designs. Considered not only as a lucrative career,

but also a fulfilling path for every builder, the profession has paved the way for notable Filipino

architects to showcase their creations not just in the Philippines, but also abroad.

We have renowned architects we all look up to for their distinct designs — National Artist Leandro
V. Locsin, who is the talent behind The Cultural Center of the Philippines;

Juan Felipe Nakpil, who designed the Manila Jockey Club, Magsaysay Building, and Rufino

Building among others; and Francisco “Bobby” Mañosa who designed the San Miguel Corp.

Headquarters inspired by the Banaue Rice Terraces. These architects are the representation of what

the Filipino talent truly has — love for country, creativity, vibrancy, and innovation.

We continue this with a new breed of contemporary architects of equal caliber who are carving

their names in their respective fields. In the UAP’s pool of members are laudable professionals in

various specializations — from commercial and residential designs, industrial, landscaping,

interior, green design and urban design buildings, and many others.All of their contribution are

part and parcel of a bigger role — to help the country in building a nation that is adaptive,

sustainable, and livable for more generations to come.

This year, as we celebrate the 100 years of architecture in the Philippines, it is the UAP’s vision

to see architecture continuing to thrive in these trying times, and emerge as a leading profession

not on in the building industry, but in rebuilding society as well. Architects take the challenge of

giving helpful contributions in adapting to the needs of the times.

Furthermore, we believe that architecture is a primary mover towards modernization while

highlighting the importance of the past. As architects and gatekeepers of architectural gems

sprawled in various places in the country, it is our goal to help in pushing for thriving cities while
still doing our duty of architectural heritage conservation — one of the greatest manifests of our

identity that we are forever embedded in.

This celebration serves as a motivation for the UAP to continue living up to its mission of

protecting the profession and its members through various programs that not only enrich and

cultivate learning among them, but also give the inspiration to do more and contribute more for

the betterment of the country. With its Member-First Policy, a flagship campaign of the current

administration, the UAP is anchored in the mission of serving its members by providing tangible

benefits that would up their skills and talents in the field, even amidst an ongoing global crisis.

The UAP works not only within their internal organization. It also puts emphasis on external affairs

— promoting their profession with its “Get An Architect” advocacy campaign, an award-winning

drive of making the professional known to the public, specifically to the masses. It also comes

with a stream of active corporate social responsibility projects in various regions, with the aid of

its chapters, by providing pro bono professional consultations, volunteer works, and donations to

both public and private sectors for housing problems, environmental conservation and promotion

of socio-economic development.

Despite facing hurdles to protect the interest of the professionals, the profession in general, and

the laws that govern it in the past years, the UAP believes that architecture is here, not only to stay

but to continue soaring. It will not cease from flying high to reach lofty pursuits.

The UAP aims to maintain the architecture profession in the country in the next hundreds of years,

through its thousands of Filipino architects ready to take on the challenge of making a better,
livable spaces for everyone.

4. GROWTH OFARCHITECTURAL AND PROFESSIONALIZATION IN THE

PHILIPPINES

UNITED ARCHITECTS OF THE PHILLIPINES (UAP)

UAP became the first accredited professional organization on May 12, 1975 with the professional

regulation commission issuing certificate no. 001 to the UAP as the duly accredited professional

organization for architects in the Philippines. On June 12, 1976, the UAP informed the Union

Internationale des Architectes (UIA) of the integration of the three architectural organizations

under the United Architects of the Philippines and requested for recognition of the UIA as its

National Section in the Philippines. On March 22-25, 1979, the UAP organized a National

Conference on Architectural Education at the Development Academy of the Philippines in

Tagaytay City. The result of the Conference was the endorsement of a new ladder-type curriculum

for architectural education, which was approved by the Ministry of Education and Culture and

adopted by schools and colleges of architecture in the Philippines. The same year saw the approval

of the new Architects` National Code by the Professional Regulation Commission. This code was

prepared by the UAP as a standard of ethics and practice of architecture in the Philippines. In

recognition of UAP`s involvement in government program and activities, the Metro Manila

Commission appointed the UAP members to constitute the Board of Advisers for urban design

and development for Metro Manila. Here are important events over the past years relative to the
Regulated Profession of Architecture in the Philippines (June 1950 thru September 2008)

June 1950

Passage of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 544, the Civil Engineering (CE) law; the law does not mention

that civil engineers (CEs) can prepare, sign and seal architectural plans and documents

June 1950

Passage of R.A. No. 545, the organic Architecture law; this special law specifically mentions that

only registered and licensed architects can prepare, sign and seal architectural

June 1956

Passage of R.A. No. 1581, the amended Architecture law; the amended portion specifically

delineate the responsibility and liability of the architect in contrast to the CE; there is

therefore no overlap in professional function.

June 1956

Passage of R.A. No. 1582, the amended CE law; the amended portion (Sec. 24) specifically

delineate the responsibility and liability of the CE in contrast to the architect; there is therefore no

overlap in professional function

1975

The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP)was formed out of the union of the Philippine

Institute of Architects (PIA), the League of Philippine Architects (LPA) and the Association of
Philippine Government Architects (APGA)

Feb-1977

Promulgation of Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 1096, otherwise known as the 1977 National

Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP) by Philippine Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos

1979

Publication and dissemination of copies of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of P.D.

No. 1096 by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and of part of the IRR of

R.A. No. 1581 (the Amended architecture law of 1956) i.e. the Architects’ National Code

(otherwise known as the UAP Documents 200 through 208) were promulgated by the Professional

Regulation Commission (PRC) in Sep 1979 as part of the IRR of R.A. No. 1581/545

(the amended/ organic laws on architecture)

mid-1980s

Architects who are Members of the National Legislature i.e. Batasan Pambansa, led by Arch.

Pentong Gaite and the leading lights of the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP), lobby for

the passage of a new Architecture law.

early-1990s

Initial amendments to IRR of P.D. No. 1096; R.A. No. 7160 (The Local Government Code of

1991) becomes law; surprisingly, its Article Seven Sec. 477 allows the Municipal/City Engineers

(MCEs) of local government units (LGUs) who are in charge of horizontal works, to act
simultaneously as the building official (BO) in charge of vertical works; this turn of events has

forged an apparently unholy alliance Currently, there is a legislative hearing and coordination for

the new and unified building permit. As well as the call of architects on the overlapping scope

work of civil engineers on the architectural drawings.

Under the New – By Laws (Article 1, Section 4) of the United Architect of the Philippines, In

order to project the value and importance of the role of the architect in nation building and public

service, the UAP has adopted the following objectives:

a. To establish and promote the highest standards of ethical conduct and professional

excellence in the practice and service of architecture, through strict adherence to the

Architects National Code, Code of Ethical Conduct (UAP Doc. 200) and Standards of

Professional Practice (UAP Docs. 201-208).

b. To maintain the highest standards of architectural education, through the conduct of

research, accumulation and dissemination of information in architecture, environmental

design, ecology, technology, culture and other related fields;

c. To cooperate and coordinate with other allied professions, trade and industry;

To participate in matters concerning national and regional development of the country;

d. To cooperate with the Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture (PRBoA),

 Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), and other government agencies in matters

concerning licensing and regulation of the profession;

e. To cooperate with the Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture (PRBoA),

Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), and other government agencies in matters

concerning licensing and regulation of the profession;

f. To cooperate and coordinate with international organizations in the fields of architecture,

environmental design, and other fields of arts, science and technology;

g. To render any lawful and appropriate assistance to any of the members;

h. To develop progressive ideas in architecture and environmental concerns as well as their

practical application for the welfare of the community, and to ensure active participation

of the UAP in the global context

5. DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Reorienting the Filipino Architect

Architectural education in the Philippines began towards the end of the Spanish era and continued

to the American regime. These schools of architecture were established for the training of Master
Builders or Maestro de Obras who were allowed to design wooden two-storey structures only.

Faced with the enormous task of building up the Philippines, the American colonial government

sent some Filipinos (scholars or pensionados) to undergo architectural training abroad. Upon their

return to the country, the new architects brought with them foreign design concepts and styles that

led to the emergence of an architecture that is quite unconventional to the Filipino culture. In the

years that followed, architectural schools that conferred academic degrees were established.

The earliest architectural curriculum was patterned from abroad. It has undergone several

expansions and revisions in order to adapt to the needs of the times. Today, with about 45 schools

of architecture in the country adopting a national curriculum, nowhere in the past and current

programs can one find a specific study of western architecture and a semester in Asian architecture

with only a few hours apportioned to Philippine study.

Mapua Institute of Technology MIT was a pioneer architectural school established in 1925 by

Tomas Mapua after his return from the United States. MIT, originally a night school for working

students, offered courses leading to degrees in architecture and engineering. In 1930, University

of Santo Tomas UST established its School of Architecture and Fine Arts. Soon after, Adamson

University opened its architecture program in 1941. That same year, the Philippine College of

Design was founded and recruited the luminaries of the design profession in the Philippines as its

faculty. However, the Pacific War halted its operation and never reopened after the war. Other

schools of architecture outside Manila would also institute architecture courses after World War

II such as the Cebu Institute of Technology (1946)

Today's architectural curriculum explains the current state of architecture in our country and the

kind of architectural thinking our professional architects have. There is an utter disregard for the

preservation of our architectural legacies while countries abroad are doing massive restoration and

conservation on theirs. This is regrettable considering that the Philippines is a culturally rich

country. There is a need for the reorientation of the future Filipino architect and this must begin

now. After all, architecture is the best cultural showcase of a nation.

6. THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE

PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Architecture, as practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish era, was not by virtue of an

academic title. There were no architectural schools in the country and the only architects with

academic degrees were Spaniards. However, the first Filipino recorded architect was Felix Roxas

y Arroyo of Binondo, Manila. The closest the Filipino could aspire to practice as an architect was

as Maestro de Obras or Master Builder. The first academic school to train these maestros was the

Escuela Practica y Professional de Artes y Oficio de Manila, founded by the Spanish

government in 1880. In 1900 the first private school to offer an academic title for Maestro de

Obras was the Liceo de Manila.

For the early 1930`s to the late 50`s, associations of architects came and went, but three of these
survived until the early 70`s. These were the League of Philippine Architects (LPA), the

Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA), and the Philippine Institute of

Architects (PIA).

The profession of Architecture was given its first separate statute on June 17, 1950 with

the enactment of Republic Act 545, An Act to Regulate the Practice of Architecture in the

Philippines. In December 1971, President Ferdinand E. Marcos officially declared the second

week of December as Architecture Week. President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued PD 223 in June

1973 creating the Professional Regulation Commission with the duty of regulating all

the professions and accrediting only one professional organization to represent each profession.

Recognizing the need to formally integrate the three architectural associations, APGA, LPA and

PIA each appointed three representatives to form the Panel of Negotiation in May 1973.

To implement the terms of integration agreed upon by the three architectural organizations, a

15 man Ad-Hoc Commission was authorized to prepare the Constitution and By-Laws of the

newly integrated association. One year later, the respective Board of Directors of the three

organizations on December 12, 1974 unanimously approved the Constitution and By-Laws. In

order to effectively pursue the objectives and perform its task and duties under the resolution, the

Ad-Hoc Commission was authorized to sit as the Interim Board to administer, implement and

coordinate the various activities of the new organization

until the first regular Board of Directors and Officers was duly elected.

The new integrated society was called, the United Architects of the Philippines (UAP).
Membership of the three organizations numbering a total of 1,300, automatically became members

of the UAP and during its first year, 700 members officially registered for active membership.

On March 26, 1976, the United Architects of the Philippines registered with the Securities and

Exchange Commission. UAP became the first accredited professional organization on May 12,

1975 with the professional regulation commission issuing certificate no. 001 to the UAP as the

duly accredited professional organization for architects in the Philippines. On June 12, 1976, the

UAP informed the Union Internationale des Architectes (UIA) of the integration of the three

architectural organizations under the United Architects of the Philippines and requested for

recognition of the UIA as its National Section in the Philippines.

On March 22-25, 1979, the UAP organized a National Conference on Architectural Education at

the Development Academy of the Philippines in Tagaytay City. The result of the Conference was

the endorsement of a new ladder-type curriculum for architectural education, which was approved

by the Ministry of Education and Culture and adopted by schools and colleges of architecture in

the Philippines. The same year saw the approval of the new Architects` National Code by the

Professional Regulation Commission. This code was prepared by the UAP as a standard of ethics

and practice of architecture in the Philippines.

In recognition of UAP`s involvement in government program and activities, the Metro

Manila Commission appointed the UAP members to constitute the Board of Advisers for urban

design and development for Metro Manila. In September 1979, UAP became a founding member

of the Architects Regional Council Asia (ARCASIA) and Arcasia Board of Architectural
Education (ABAE) organized in Jakarta, Indonesia. Its primary objective is to foster friendly,

intellectual, artistic, educational and scientific relations among national institutes of Architects in

Asia. Later this was changed to Arcasia Council of Architectural Education (ACAE). In the

same year, the UAP also became a founding member of the ASEAN Association for Planning

and Housing (AAPH). In December 1979, the UAP organized a 4-month activity entitled

“Filipino Technology in the 80`s in collaboration with the five professional organizations, two

ASEAN Organizations, fourteen government agencies and schools of architecture. At the closing

of the "Filipino Technology of the 80`s, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Letter of Instruction

1000 directing all government ministries and agencies to authorize and support only PRC

accredited professional organizations like the UAP in organizing and hosting national

and international conferences and to give priority to the members of the organizations in the hiring

of employees and in the engagement of professional service. On March 28, 1981, the UAP

initiated the preparation of the document entitled "International Code of Ethics on Consulting

Services" during the Arcasia Workshop held in Manila. It was later formally adopted by

ARCASIA in its meeting in Hong Kong on August 6, 1981.

After several documents were submitted by UAP to the Union Internationale des Architectes

(UIA) concerning the laws of the Philippines and the status of the UAP as a follow up of its

application to the UIA, the UIA Bureau during its meeting at Honolulu, Hawaii on June 4-5 1982

concluded that "legally according to the laws of the Philippines, the UAP is the only organization

with the right to represent the Filipino architects either in the Philippines or internationally and

particularly with regards to the UIA.

The result of this meeting was forwarded to the UAP and upon request of UIA, the UAP paid its

annual dues on August 24, 1982. On January 24-26, 1983 during the meeting of the the UIA

Council at Santiago de Chile, Chile, the Council passed Resolution No. 9 stating the "following

the laws of the Philippines and the UIA Statutes, UAP legally became the National Section".

A certification to this effect was issued to the UAP in April 1983.

The meeting of ARCASIA in Lahore, Pakistan in 1983 approved the proposal for UAP to host

and organize the First Asian Congress of Architects (ACA-1) in Manila in October 1984 (The

Sixth Asian Congress of Architects was also held in Manila in

December 1994).

The United Architects of the Philippines today claims a

membership of over 8,000 architects scattered over 3

strategic areas of the country: Area A, comprising

the central and northern portion of the Island of

Luzon including Metropolitan Manila comprises 5

regional districts; Area B composing southern

Luzon as well as the members from the islands of

Mindoro, Masbate and Palawan contains five regional

districts; Area C comprises members from the Visayan Islands as well as Mindanao. This area

comprises four regional districts.

In the Beginning

The magic that attends all beginnings, the pains that accompany all births - these are privileged

memories that belong to our founding fathers.

They were there when an emergent UAP burst into the light in 1975, a news-born whose proud

genealogy could be traced back to the Spanish era, the descendant of many transmutations of

brilliants genes. Its parents were the best architects in this land who in their youthful energies

conceived, nurtured and labored to give it birth.

Lest we forget pure time, let us go back in time - to understand the proud origin of what we now

casually call the UAP.

The Prologue

During Spanish time there were no schools of Architecture in the Philippines. The closest a Filipino

could aspire to the title of an Architect or practice Architecture was to be a Maestro de Obra. The

first school of Maestro de Obra was founded by the Spanish government: the Escuela Practica y

Professional de Artes Oficios de Manila. There were two classes: first, was with academic title

Maestro de Obras-Academico; and second, those who acquired their expertise through practical

experience licensed by the Ayuntamiento de Manila called Maestro de Obras-Practico. The first

Filipino graduates were Julio Hernandez (1891), Isidro Medina (1894), Arcadio Arellano (1894)

and Juan Carreon (1896).

However, the First Filipino Architect was Felix Roxas y Arroyo who was schooled in London and

began his architectural practice in 1858. In 1877 – 1880, he was employed by the Spanish

government, as the Municipal Architect of Manila. His outstanding works were the Santo Domingo

Church and the Ayuntamiento de Manila in Intramuros, which, unfortunately, were both destroyed

during the Second World War.

The 1st Organization

In 1902 the first organization of architects was formed with the surveyors: Academia de

Arquitectura y Agremensura de Filipinas. (AAAF). This was headed by Guillermo Gardiner

(Maestro de Obras and Surveyor) as President; Arcadio Arellano (Maestro de Obras and Surveyor)

as vice President, Jose Perez Siguereza, (Surveyor) Secretary, Tomas Arguelles (Maestro de Obras

– Surveyor) and Jose Paras (Maestro de Obras – Surveyor) as Directors.

1903

In 1903 the organization was transformed as the Academia de Arquitectura, Ingenieria y

Agremnsura de Filipinas (AIAAF). The Academia promulgated the first standards of professional

practice for the practice of civil engineering and architecture, known as the Tarifa de Honorios.

which was patterned from the AIA documents.

1921

In 1921, the founding of the architectural profession in the Philippines was formalized by virtue of

Philippine Assembly Act No. 2985 (An Act to Regulate the Practice of the Professions of
Engineers and Architect) signed into law on February 23, 1921, prepared by AIAAF. This law

created separate Board of Examiners for Architecture and Civil Engineering. The law also allowed

practicing Maestro de Obras to be automatically registered as Architects Tomas Mapua was given

the number 1 license as architect and Carlos Barreto and Antonio Toledo as numbers 2 and 3. All the

three of them graduated in Architecture abroad.

1933

In 1933 the organization was transformed as the Philippine Architects’ Society with Don Juan Nakpil

as president, Tomas Mapua as Vice president, Harold Keyes as Secretary-Treasurer, Carlos Baretto

and Fernando Ocampo as Directors. The Constitution and Bylaws of the Society was patterned after

American Institute of Architects.

1938

In 1938, the Society drafted Bill Number 1850, proposing the separate statute for the practice of

Architecture from that of Engineering, which was approved in the second reading by the National

Assembly.

1941

In 1941 the Society’s National Convention, with 96 members, was celebrated with a message from

President Manuel L. Quezon, speeches from Vice President Sergio Osmena and the Manila Mayor

Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. The Professional Services of the Philippine Architects Society was

promulgated. The architects in government service were allowed to become members of PAS,
thus, Juan Arellano, Antonio Toledo and Elias Ruiz joined the society.

Then the Second World War came. The Architects formed a civilian group stationed in Fort Santiago

through Harold Keyes (co-founder of PAS) as appointed by the U. S. Army Corps. The civilian group

included Gabino de Leon, Angel Nakpil, Edmundo Lucero, and Arsenio Topacio. Carlos Arguelles

served as a member of the 32nd Armored regiment, First Reconnaissance Battalion of the U.S. Army

stationed in the Philippines.

1945

After the war, in 1945, the Philippine Architect’s Society re-organized with Fernando Ocampo as

President, Cesar H. Concio as Vice President, Jose Zaragoza as Secretary, Luis Ma. Araneta as

Treasurer; Juan Nakpil, Andres Luna de San Pedro, Gines Rivera and Gabriel Formoso as Directors.

The name of the organization was changed to the Philippine Institute of Architects and Planners

(PIAP) which was later changed to the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA) by a Resolution

presented by Carlos da Silva.

1948

In 1948, PIA presented to the President of the Philippines Elpidio Quirino a resolution offering

professional services of its members to the government to assist in the preparation of plans for public

works projects under the War Damage Commission.

A group of members of the PIA incorporated as United Architects, Inc. as a corporate body so that

the members of the Institute composed of selected members can enter into Agreement with the
Department of National Defense on the Design of the Veteran’s Memorial Hospital. However this

much sought of project was awarded to another group of architects and engineers.

At about this time 15 members of PIA formed another organization: the League of Philippine

Architects (LPA) headed by eminent architects of the time – Pablo S. Antonio, Antonio V. Bañas,

Pablo D. Panlilio, Jose L. Reynoso and Elias L. Ruiz – the splinter group elected the much younger

Jose V. Herrera as its first president.

Under the 6th President of the PIA Cesar H.Concio, therepealing of Act No. 2985 was approved by

Congress which was vetoed by President Quirino.

During these past five years, PIA was working on the preparation of the Documents for the Practice

of the Profession, such as the standard Forms of Membership, Architectural Competition, Awards,

etc.

1975

In 1947, the first Architectural Exhibition was held at the lobby of the Consolidated Investment

Building at Plaza Goiti as part of the 3-day PIA Annual Convention, which was held at the Manila

Hotel. The highlight of the Convention was in the Convention’s Honor Dinner wherein the first

Architect of the country Carlos Barretto, one of the founders of PAS and surviving member of AAIF,

was elevated as PIA Fellow.

1948

In 1948, Congress enacted Republic Act No. 472, amending Administrative Code, Section 1901;

which legalized the awarding of the design of public works and buildings to private architects and

engineers, which may be considered as the magna carta of the practice of private architects against

bureaucratic architecture and engineering.

1949

In 1949 the Law which separates the statutes of the Architects from the Engineers was passed as

Republic Act No. 544 and Republic Act No. 545 (R.A. 545 has been repealed as R.A. 9266, as R.A.

544 still governs).

1950

In 1950, the first Gold Medal Award for a Filipino Architect was given to Andres Luna de San Pedro

for the famous “Crystal Arcade “

1951

In 1951, the Standards of Professional Practice prepared by the PIA was printed and released.

1953

In 1953, during the 20th Annual Convention of PIA, President Quirino hosted a cocktail part in

Malacanang, the first time the Architects were honored as guests by the President of the Philippines.
thus, Juan Arellano, Antonio Toledo and Elias Ruiz joined the society.

Then the Second World War came. The Architects formed a civilian group stationed in Fort Santiago

through Harold Keyes (co-founder of PAS) as appointed by the U. S. Army Corps. The civilian group

included Gabino de Leon, Angel Nakpil, Edmundo Lucero, and Arsenio Topacio. Carlos Arguelles

served as a member of the 32nd Armored regiment, First Reconnaissance Battalion of the U.S. Army

stationed in the Philippines.

1945

After the war, in 1945, the Philippine Architect’s Society re-organized with Fernando Ocampo as

President, Cesar H. Concio as Vice President, Jose Zaragoza as Secretary, Luis Ma. Araneta as

Treasurer; Juan Nakpil, Andres Luna de San Pedro, Gines Rivera and Gabriel Formoso as Directors.

The name of the organization was changed to the Philippine Institute of Architects and Planners

(PIAP) which was later changed to the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA) by a Resolution

presented by Carlos da Silva.

1948

In 1948, PIA presented to the President of the Philippines Elpidio Quirino a resolution offering

professional services of its members to the government to assist in the preparation of plans for public

works projects under the War Damage Commission.

A group of members of the PIA incorporated as United Architects, Inc. as a corporate body so that

the members of the Institute composed of selected members can enter into Agreement with the
1954

In 1954, during the 96th Anniversary of the American Institute of Architects, Carlos da Silva was

honored as AIA Honorary Member, which was a recognition and honor to the Filipino Architect by

the American Architects.

1957

On January 23, 1957, the Philippine Institute of Architects was officially admitted as the National

Section of the Union Internationale Des Architects (UIA).

In 1957 through the initiative of the PIA Committee on Professional Practice, PIA and LPA had joint

meetings to reach an agreement on the Standard Schedule of Fees. This was an effort for the two

organizations to be as one.

1958

In 1958, the Architects employed in the government formed themselves into another organization

Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA).

In the early sixties, another group of young architects tried to organize another architects’ group,

which was called Molave. This did not prosper.

Through many years, much effort had been exerted to bridge the gap among the three groups.
(APGA) as Treasurer together with some 14 young architects from the 3 organizations, the committee

were formed. Margie Poblete. Of Architectscope was the Over-all Coordinator. It was a very

successful affair, held at the Manila Polo Club. Most of the big names in the 3 organizations attended

the affair as if there was only one organization of architects. Pablo Ocampo, Cesar H. Concio, Juan

Nakpil, Gines Rivera, Eric Nubla Ariston Nakpil Otillo Arellano, Anastacio Bernal, Edilberto

Florentino, Manuel Manosa, Deogracias Atienza, Contantino Agbayani, Jose Herrera, Aquiles

Paredes, Luciano Aquino, Norberto Nuke, Gabriel Formoso, Leandro Locsin, Felipe Mendoza,

among more than one hundred architects, joined the celebration. Oscar Mapua, representing his

father was awarded as the holder of the number one Architectural license in the country and then

Senator Helena Z. Benitez ( later given a UAP Honorary Membership ) as a special friend in the

government.

The first one hundred architects were acknowledged and awarded.

During this time the members of LPA and APGA under the name of the Council of Filipino

Architects endorsed the resolution which designated the second week of December as the Nationwide

Architecture Week by President Ferdinand E. Marcos.

Looking Forward to Professional Unit

The year 1973 was the year when the illusive goal of professional unity was explicitly

conceptualized.
In April 1973, the LPA President Arch. Edilberto Florentino invited PIA President Ariston

Nakpil to a meeting which started a series of conferences between the two organizations and

eventually with Deogracias Atienza, APGA President. This culminated to the formation of the

Panel of Negotiators

1973

The Panel of Negotiators representing the 3 organizations was created by the 3 incumbent

Presidents: Deogracias Atienza of APGA; Edilberto Florentino of LPA and Ariston Nakpil of PIA

composed of 3 the Presidents together with Benjamin Meamo and Alfredo Tungpalan for APGA;

Luisito Guiang and Ricardo Poblete for LPA and Otillo Arellano and Carmencita L. Rosales for

PIA. Antonio Asiniero of Marblecraft acted as the Moderator in all the meetings of the Panel of

Negotiators and at the same time of hosted the group, together with other concerned members

present at the Architectural Center Club Inc. (ACCI) at the ABC Building, Ayala Avenue.

June

On June 1973 President Ferdinand Marcos issued PD 223 creating the Professional Regulation

Commission (PRC) for the purpose of regulating the practice of all professions.
July

On July 13, 1973, APGA-LPA-PIA Fellowship Affair was held at the Architectural Center Club

Inc. (ACCI).

September

On September 4, 1973 – after a long span of time, enough to heal the bruised knuckles and egos of

the members of the three organizations, the Panel of Negotiators after the approval of each of the

Boards of the 3 Organizations signed the Joint Comunique defining the principles and guidelines of

the Integration of the three Organizations headed by the incumbent Presidents

October

On October 13, the Council of Filipino Architects endorsed the integration move, while the Panel

of Negotiators formally communicated with the Board of Architecture on the proposed integration

on October 24, 1973.

December

On December 9-10, the Architecture Week was jointly celebrated by APGA-LPA-PIA, highlighted

on December 10, by the passing of the Joint Board Resolution of Integration of PIA, LPA and

APGA. This Joint Resolution was ratified without objection in a joint general assembly on December

16, 1973 at the Architectural Center in Makati.

The Joint Board Resolution laid down the objectives and concepts of the integration and created the

Ad-Hoc Commission to implement the terms of integration and to prepare the constitution and

bylaws of the proposed organization.

The members of the Ad-Hoc Commission were: From PIA came Adolfo Benavides (President),

Ariston Nakpil, Otillo Arellano, Felipe Mendoza and Cesar Canchela; for LPA, Norberto Nuke

(President), Edilberto Florentino, Aquiles Paredes, Victor Tiotuyco, and Jose Herrera; and for

APGA, Deogracias Atienza (President), Benjamin Meamo, Alfredo Tungpalan, Benjamin Feliciano

and Luciano Aquino.

The Journey to UAP

On January 1, 1974, the Ad-Hoc Commission assumed its function and formulated the Constitution

and By-Laws of the proposed new organization, which was approved on December 19, and ratified

by the membership of APGA, LPA, and PIA on January 15, 1974.

1974

A name for the organization had to be chosen. A Committee on Organizational Name was constituted

on June 8, 1974, and composed of Architects Felipe M. Mendoza (PIA), Jose V. Herrera (LPA) and

Deogracias Atienza (APGA) was tasked to submit to the Ad-Hoc Commission a list of names from

which one may be chosen, suitable for adoption by the new national organization.

After a thorough analysis, review and evaluation, many drawn to the name United Architects of the

Philippines and was chosen because it directly expressed the central concept on which the

organization was founded: unity.

December

On December 12, 1974, after the Ad-hoc Commission completed its task, the Boards of all three

founding organizations unanimously approved the Constitution and By-Laws of the United

Architects of the Philippines.

To take over the task of administering the affairs of UAP until the first Regular Board of Directors

would have been elected, the life of the Ad-Hoc Commission was extended to become the Interim

Board.

1975

On March 26, 1975, UAP was incorporated and was registered with the Securities and Exchange

Commission with Registration No. 60782 and on May 12, the Professional Regulation Commission

with Architect Eric Nubla as the first Commissioner, issued Certificate No. 001 to UAP as the duly

accredited professional organization of architects in the Philippines.

The members of the Interim Board were: Norberto Nuke (President), Cesar Canchela (VP for Private

Practice), Deogracias Atienza (VP for Government Services), Aquiles Paredes (VP for Allied Fields),

Benjamin Meamo (Secretary), Alfredo Tungpalan (Treasurer) and Luciano Aquino, Otilio Arellano,

Benjamin Feliciano, Edilberto Florentino, Bernandino Lozad, Arturo Mañalac, Ariston Nakpil,

Victor Tiotuyco and Evelio Valdes as directors.

December

Finally on December 12, 1975, the members of the UAP elected the First Regular Board of

Directors, namely: Jose Herrera (President), Manuel Mañosa, Jr. (VP for Private Practice),

Ruperto Gaite (VP for Government Service), Cesar Concio (VP for Allied Fields), Urbano Caasi,

Jr. (Secretary), Librado Macalinao (Treasurer), and Felipe Mendoza, Ricardo Poblete, Constantino

Agbayani, Corazon Tandoc, Jesse Mackay, Antonio Ascalon, Johnny Sulit as directors while

Norberto Nuke as ex-officio.

Meanwhile, a group of PIA members led by Adolfo Benavides and some members of the Board of

the PIA, did not choose to become members of the United Architects of the Philippines. PIA did not

dissolve. Some members, while registered as members of UAP remained as members of PIA. Until

came a time, during the presidency of Felipe Mendoza, UAP has drafted a Board Resolution, and

later became part of the Bylaws of UAP, dual membership to UAP and PIA was not allowed. This

led to the existence of PIA as another separate Professional Organization.

1976

In 1976, UAP became one of the founding members of the

Philippine Federation of Professional Organizations

(PFPA), the Philippine Technological Council (PTC),

and the Philippine

Council for Planning and Housing (PCPH).

1979

In 1979, UAP became one of the founding members of the Architects Regional Council of Asia.

1988

In 1988 UAP became the National Section of UIA

7. PIONEERS OF MODERN PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

Early Filipino architects who pioneered modern architecture in the Philippines while integrating

Filipino cultural elements played a key role in shaping the country's architectural identity. Here

are some notable figures:

1. Leandro V. Locsin (1928-1994)

Pioneering Contributions: Locsin is widely regarded as a central figure in modern Philippine

architecture. His work is known for its innovative use of concrete and a blend of modernist and

traditional Filipino elements.

Notable Works:

• Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP): A landmark that combines modernist form with

traditional Filipino motifs, such as the use of local materials and the integration of Filipino

symbolism.

• Philippine International Convention Center (PICC): Another significant project that

reflects his modernist approach while incorporating cultural nuances

2. Francisco Mañosa (1931-2019)

Pioneering Contributions: Mañosa is renowned for his work in modern Filipino architecture,

particularly in incorporating traditional Filipino design elements into modernist frameworks.

Notable Works:

• Coconut Palace: Designed for the 1978 Miss Universe pageant, it features a distinctive use

of local materials and traditional forms within a modernist structure.

• Amanpulo Resort: Exemplifies the fusion of modern design with traditional Filipino

architectural elements, using local materials and craftsmanship.

3. Juan F. Nakpil (1899-1986)

Pioneering Contributions: While Nakpil's work often bridged the gap between traditional and

modern architecture, he was influential in the development of modernist architecture in the

Philippines.

Notable Works:

o Quezon Hall at the University of the Philippines: Reflects his early embrace of modernist

principles.

o Rizal Memorial Sports Complex: Combines modernist design with elements of Filipino

heritage.
4. José María Zaragoza (1912-1982)

Pioneering Contributions: Zaragoza integrated modernist principles with traditional Filipino

designs, focusing on local materials and forms.

Notable Works:

o Sto. Domingo Church: Features a modernist approach while integrating traditional Filipino

elements such as the use of local materials and traditional design motifs.

5. Carlos A. Santos-Viola (1911-1994)

Pioneering Contributions: His modernist designs incorporated Filipino elements and were

influential in the development of modern architecture in the Philippines.

Notable Works:

• National Museum of the Philippines: Combines modernist design with elements reflective of

Filipino culture.

These architects helped shape the trajectory of Philippine architecture, combining the clean lines

and functionality of modernism with a deep respect for Filipino cultural and traditional elements

Their work remains influential and is a testament to the rich architectural heritage of the

Philippines.
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